Lecture Note Asas Psikologi(the Biological Perspective)

8/18/2019 Lecture Note Asas Psikologi(the Biological Perspective)

1/66

Copyright ©2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights resered.

Psychology , !ourth Edition

"aundra #. Ciccarelli $ %. &oland 'hite

C(AP)E* 2

the biological perspectie

psychologypsychology+ourth edition+ourth edition


2/66


All rights resered.



earning -becties

2.1 'hat are the nerous syste/, neurons, and neres, and ho do they relate to oneanother

2.2 (o do neurons use neurotrans/itters to co//unicate ith each other and iththe body

2.3 (o do the brain and spinal cord interact, and hat are so/e /isconceptions aboutthe brain, and hat is neuroplasticity

2.4 (o do the so/atic and autono/ic nerous syste/s allo people and ani/als tointeract ith their surroundings and control the bodys auto/atic +unctions

2.5 (o do the hor/ones released by glands interact ith the nerous syste/ anda++ect behaior

2.6 (o do psychologists study the brain and ho it or3s

2.7 'hat are the di++erent structures o+ the hindbrain and hat do they do

2.8 'hat are the structures o+ the brain that control e/otion, learning, /e/ory, and/otiation

2.9 'hat parts o+ the corte4 control the di++erent senses and the /oe/ent o+ the body

2.10 'hat parts o+ the corte4 are responsible +or higher +or/s o+ thought, such aslanguage

2.11 (o does the le+t side o+ the brain di++er +ro/ the right side

2.12 'hat are so/e potential causes o+ attentionde+icit6hyperactiity disorder


3/66


All rights resered.



-erie o+ &erous "yste/

• &erous syste/

7 an e4tensie netor3 o+ specialied cells that

carry in+or/ation to and +ro/ all parts o+ the

body

• &euroscience

7 deals ith the structure and +unction o+

neurons, neres, and nerous tissue 7 relationship to behaior and learning

- 2.1 'hat Are the &erous "yste/, &eurons, and &eres


4/66


All rights resered.



"tructure o+ the &euron

• &euron

7 the basic cell that /a3es up the nerous

syste/ and receies and sends /essages

ithin that syste/



5/66


All rights resered.



"tructure o+ the &euron

• Parts o+ a neuron

7 dendrites9 branchli3e structures that receie

/essages +ro/ other neurons

7 so/a9 the cell body o+ the neuron, responsible

+or /aintaining the li+e o+ the cell

7 a4on9 long, tubeli3e structure that carries the

neural /essage to other cells



6/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.2 The Structure of the Neuron

)he electron/icrograph on the le+t shos /yelinated a4ons.


7/66


All rights resered.



-ther )ypes o+ :rain Cells

• ;lial cells are grey +atty cells that9

7 proide support +or the neurons to gro on

and around

7 delier nutrients to neurons

7 produce /yelin to coat a4ons



8/66


All rights resered.



-ther )ypes o+ :rain Cells

•


9/66


All rights resered.



;enerating the


10/66


All rights resered.



;enerating the


11/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.3 The Neural Imul!e "ction #otential

In the graph belo, oltage readings are shon at a gien place on the neuron oer a period o+ 20 or =0 /illiseconds

>thousandths o+ a second?. At +irst the cell is resting@ it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. A+ter

a brie+ hyperpolariation period, the cell returns to its resting potential.


12/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.3 $continue%& The Neural Imul!e "ction #otential

In the graph belo, oltage readings are shon at a gien place on the neuron oer a period o+ 20 or =0 /illiseconds

>thousandths o+ a second?. At +irst the cell is resting@ it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. A+ter

a brie+ hyperpolariation period, the cell returns to its resting potential.


13/66


All rights resered.



Co//unication :eteen &eurons

• "ending the /essage to other cells

• A4on ter/inals9 rounded areas at the end

o+ the branches at the end o+ the a4on

7 responsible +or co//unicating ith other

nere cells

- 2.2 (o &eurons se &eurotrans/itters to Co//unicate


14/66


All rights resered.



&euron Co//unication

• "ynaptic esicles9 sac3li3e structures

+ound inside the a4on ter/inal containing

che/icals

7 neurotrans/itter9 che/ical +ound in the

synaptic esicles hich, hen released, has

an e++ect on the ne4t cell



15/66


All rights resered.




• synapse6synaptic gap9 /icroscopic +luid+illed

space beteen the rounded areas on the end o+

the a4on ter/inals o+ one cell and the dendrites

or sur+ace o+ the ne4t cell

• receptor sites9 holes in the sur+ace o+ the

dendrites or certain cells o+ the /uscles and

glands, hich are shaped to +it only certain

neurotrans/itters



16/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.4 'euta(e of )oamine

Bopa/ine is re/oed +ro/ the synapse by reupta3e sites. Cocaine acts by bloc3ing dopa/ine reupta3e sites, alloing

dopa/ine to re/ain actie in the synapse longer.


17/66


All rights resered.




18/66


All rights resered.




• &eurons /ust be turned -& and -!!

7 e4citatory neurotrans/itter9 neurotrans/itter

that causes the receiing cell to +ire

7 inhibitory neurotrans/itter9 neurotrans/itter

that causes the receiing cell to stop +iring



19/66


All rights resered.




• Che/ical substances can a++ect neuronal

co//unication

7 agonists9 /i/ic or enhance the e++ects o+ a

neurotrans/itter on the receptor sites o+ the

ne4t cell, increasing or decreasing the actiity

o+ that cell

7 antagonists9 bloc3 or reduce a cells responseto the action o+ other che/icals or

neurotrans/itters



20/66


All rights resered.




21/66


All rights resered.



Cleaning up the "ynapse

• reupta3e9 process by hich

neurotrans/itters are ta3en bac3 into the

synaptic esicles

• eny/e9 co/ple4 protein that is

/anu+actured by cells

7 one eny/e speci+ically brea3s up

acetylcholine because /uscle actiity needsto happen rapidly@ reupta3e ould be too slo



22/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.5 An -erie o+ the &erous "yste/


23/66


All rights resered.



Central &erous "yste/

• Central nerous syste/ >C&"?9 part o+ the

nerous syste/ consisting o+ the brain

and spinal cord

7 spinal cord9 a long bundle o+ neurons that

carries /essages to and +ro/ the body to the

brain that is responsible +or ery +ast,

li+esaing re+le4es

- 2.= (o the :rain and "pinal Cord Interact


24/66


All rights resered.



)he *e+le4 Arc9 )hree )ypes o+ &eurons

• "ensory neuron9 a neuron that carries

in+or/ation +ro/ the senses to the central

nerous syste/

7 also called an a++erent neuron

•


25/66


All rights resered.




• Interneuron9 a neuron +ound in the center

o+ the spinal cord that receies in+or/ation

+ro/ the sensory neurons and sends

co//ands to the /uscles through the/otor neurons

7 interneurons also /a3e up the bul3 o+ the

neurons in the brain



26/66


All rights resered.




• &europlasticity9 the ability to constantly

change both the structure and +unction o+

cells in response to e4perience or trau/a



27/66


All rights resered.



Peripheral &erous "yste/

• Peripheral nerous syste/ >P&"?9 all

neres and neurons that are not contained

in the brain and spinal cord but that run

through the body itsel+ 7 diided into the9

so/atic nerous syste/

autono/ic nerous syste/

- 2. "o/atic and Autono/ic &erous "yste/s


28/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.7 )he Peripheral &erous "yste/


29/66


All rights resered.



"o/atic &erous "yste/

• "o/a D bodyF

• "o/atic nerous syste/9 diision o+ the

P&" consisting o+ neres that carry

in+or/ation +ro/ the senses to the C&"

and +ro/ the C&" to the oluntary

/uscles o+ the body

7 sensory pathay9 neres co/ing +ro/ the

sensory organs to the C&" consisting o+

sensory neurons



30/66


All rights resered.



"o/atic &erous "yste/

• "o/atic nerous syste/ >contd?

7 /otor pathay9 neres co/ing +ro/ the C&"

to the oluntary /uscles, consisting o+ /otor

neurons



31/66


All rights resered.



Autono/ic &erous "yste/

• Autono/ic nerous syste/ >A&"?

7 diision o+ the P&" consisting o+ neres that

control all o+ the inoluntary /uscles, organs,

and glands@ sensory pathay neres co/ing+ro/ the sensory organs to the C&"

consisting o+ sensory neurons



32/66


All rights resered.



Autono/ic &erous "yste/

• Autono/ic &erous "yste/ >A&"?

>contd?

7 sy/pathetic diision >+ightor+light syste/?9

part o+ the A&" that is responsible +or reactingto stress+ul eents and bodily arousal

7 parasy/pathetic diision9 part o+ the A&" that

restores the body to nor/al +unctioning a+terarousal and is responsible +or the daytoday

+unctioning o+ the organs and glands



33/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.8 !unctions o+ the Parasy/pathetic and "y/pathetic Biisions o+ the &erous "yste/


34/66


All rights resered.



)he Endocrine ;lands

• Endocrine glands9 glands that secrete

che/icals called hor/ones directly into

the bloodstrea/

7 hor/ones9 che/icals released into the

bloodstrea/ by endocrine glands

- 2.5 (o (or/ones Interact ith the &erous "yste/ and A++ect :ehaior


35/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.9 )he Endocrine ;lands


36/66


All rights resered.




• pituitary gland9 gland located in the brain that

secretes hu/an groth hor/one and in+luences

all other hor/onesecreting glands >also 3non

as the master gland ?• pineal gland9 endocrine gland located near the

base o+ the cerebru/ that secretes /elatonin

• thyroid gland9 endocrine gland +ound in the nec3

that regulates /etabolis/

• pancreas9 endocrine gland that controls the leels

o+ sugar in the blood



37/66


All rights resered.




• gonads9 the se4 glands@ secrete hor/ones thatregulate se4ual deelop/ent and behaior as ell as

reproduction

7 oaries9 the +e/ale gonads

7 testes9 the /ale gonads

• adrenal glands9 endocrine glands located on top o+

each 3idney

7 secrete oer thirty di++erent hor/ones to deal ith stress,

regulate salt inta3e

7 proide a secondary source o+ se4 hor/ones a++ecting the

se4ual changes that occur during adolescence



38/66


All rights resered.



oo3ing inside the iing :rain

• Clinical "tudies

7 deep lesioning9 insertion o+ a thin, insulated

ire into the brain through hich an electrical

current is sent that destroys the brain cells atthe tip o+ the ire

7 electrical sti/ulation o+ the brain >E":?9

/ilder electrical current that causes neurons

to react as i+ they had receied a /essage

7 hu/an brain da/age

- 2.G "tudy o+ the :rain and (o It 'or3s


39/66


All rights resered.



oo3ing inside the iing :rain

• Clinical "tudies

7 transcranial magnetic stimulation >)tBC"?, 7 hu/an brain da/age

- 2.G "tudy o+ the :rain and (o It 'or3s


40/66


All rights resered.




41/66


All rights resered.




42/66


All rights resered.




43/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.12 *a+or Structure! of the ,uman -rain


44/66


All rights resered.



)he (indbrain

• )he (indbrain

7 /edulla9 +irst large selling at the top o+ the

spinal cord, +or/ing the loest part o+ the

brain responsible +or li+esustaining +unctions such as

breathing, salloing, and heart rate

7 pons9 larger selling aboe the /edulla that

connects the top o+ the brain to the botto/

plays a part in sleep, drea/ing, le+t7right body

coordination, and arousal

- 2. "tructures and !unctions o+ the :otto/ Part o+ :rain


45/66


All rights resered.



)he (indbrain

7 reticular +or/ation >*!?9 area o+ neurons

running through the /iddle o+ the /edulla and

the pons and slightly beyond

responsible +or selectie attention 7 cerebellu/9 part o+ the loer brain located

behind the pons

controls and coordinates inoluntary, rapid, +ine

/otor /oe/ent

- 2. "tructures and !unctions o+ the :otto/ Part o+ :rain


46/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.13 The im/ic S!tem


47/66


All rights resered.



"tructures under the Corte4

• i/bic syste/9 a group o+ seeral brain

structures located under the corte4 and

inoled in learning, e/otion, /e/ory, and

/otiation 7 thala/us9 part o+ the li/bic syste/ located in

the center o+ the brain

relays sensory in+or/ation +ro/ the loer part o+ thebrain to the proper areas o+ the corte4

processes so/e sensory in+or/ation be+ore

sending it to its proper area

- 2.8 "tructures that Control E/otion, earning,


48/66


All rights resered.




• i/bic "yste/ >contd?

7 hypothala/us9 s/all structure in the brain

located belo the thala/us and directly aboe

the pituitary gland responsible +or /otiational behaior such as sleep,

hunger, thirst, and se4

7 hippoca/pus9 cured structure located ithin

each te/poral lobe responsible +or the +or/ation o+ longter/ /e/ories

and the storage o+ /e/ory +or location o+ obects



49/66


All rights resered.




• i/bic "yste/ >contd? 7 a/ygdala9 brain structure located near the

hippoca/pus

responsible +or +ear responses and the /e/ory o++ear

7 cingulate corte4: the li/bic structure actually+ound in the corte4

plays i/portant roles in cognitie and e/otionalprocessing



50/66


All rights resered.



Corte4

• corte49 outer/ost coering o+ the brain

consisting o+ densely pac3ed neurons

7 responsible +or higher thought processes and

interpretation o+ sensory input

• corticaliation9 rin3ling o+ the corte4

7 allos a /uch larger area o+ cortical cells to

e4ist in the s/all space inside the s3ull

- 2.J Parts o+ Corte4 Controlling "enses and


51/66


All rights resered.



Cerebral (e/ispheres

• cerebral he/ispheres9 the to sections o+

the corte4 on the le+t and right sides o+ the

brain

• corpus callosu/9 thic3 band o+ neurons

that connects the right and le+t cerebral

he/ispheres



52/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.14 The o/e! of the -rain


53/66


All rights resered.



!our obes o+ the :rain

• occipital lobe9 section o+ the brain located

at the rear and botto/ o+ each cerebral

he/isphere containing the isual centers

o+ the brain 7 pri/ary isual corte49 processes isual

in+or/ation +ro/ the eyes

7 isual association corte49 identi+ies and/a3es sense o+ isual in+or/ation



54/66


All rights resered.




• parietal lobes

7 sections o+ the brain located at the top and

bac3 o+ each cerebral he/isphere containing

the centers +or touch, taste, and te/peraturesensations

7 so/atosensory corte49 area o+ neurons

running don the +ront o+ the parietal lobes

responsible +or processing in+or/ation +ro/ the

s3in and internal body receptors +or touch,

te/perature, body position, and possibly taste



55/66


All rights resered.



Figure 2.15 The *otor an% Somato!en!or orte


56/66


All rights resered.




• te/poral lobes9 areas o+ the corte4 located

ust behind the te/ples containing the

neurons responsible +or the sense o+

hearing and /eaning+ul speech 7 pri/ary auditory corte49 processes auditory

in+or/ation +ro/ the ears

7 auditory association corte49 identi+ies and/a3es sense o+ auditory in+or/ation



57/66


All rights resered.




• +rontal lobes9 areas o+ the corte4 located in

the +ront and top o+ the brain@ responsible

+or higher /ental processes and decision

/a3ing as ell as the production o+ +luentspeech

7 /otor corte49 section o+ the +rontal lobe

located at the bac3@ responsible +or sending/otor co//ands to the /uscles o+ the

so/atic nerous syste/



58/66


All rights resered.



Association Areas o+ Corte4

• association areas9 areas ithin each lobe

o+ the corte4 responsible +or the

coordination and interpretation o+

in+or/ation, as ell as higher /entalprocessing

- 2.10 Parts o+ Corte4 *esponsible +or (igher )hought


59/66


All rights resered.




• :rocas aphasia9 condition resulting +ro/

da/age to :rocas area >usually in le+t

+rontal lobe?

7 causes the a++ected person to be unable tospea3 +luently, to /ispronounce ords, and to

spea3 haltingly



60/66


All rights resered.




• 'ernic3es aphasia9 condition resulting

+ro/ da/age to 'ernic3es area >usually

in le+t te/poral lobe?

7 causes the a++ected person to be unable tounderstand or produce /eaning+ul language


+ C


61/66


All rights resered.




• spatial neglect9 condition produced by

da/age to the association areas o+ the

right he/isphere

7 results in an inability to recognie obects orbody parts in the le+t isual +ield


" li : i * h


62/66


All rights resered.

Psychology , !ourth Edition"aundra #. Ciccarelli $ %. &oland 'hite

"plit:rain *esearch

• Cerebru/9 the upper part o+ the brain

consisting o+ the to he/ispheres and the

structures that connect the/

- 2.11 Bi++erences beteen the e+t and *ight "ides o+ the :rain

" lit : i * h


63/66


All rights resered.


"plit:rain *esearch

• "plit:rain *esearch

7 study o+ patients ith seered

corpus callosu/

7 inoles sending /essages toonly one side o+ the brain

7 de/onstrates right and le+t

brain specialiation



64/66


All rights resered.


* lt + " lit : i * h


65/66


All rights resered.


*esults o+ "plit:rain *esearch

• le+t side o+ the brain

7 see/s to control language, riting, logical thought,

analysis, and /athe/atical abilities

7 processes in+or/ation seKuentially, and enables one to

spea3

• right side o+ the brain

7 controls e/otional e4pression, spatial perception,

recognition o+ +aces, patterns, /elodies, and e/otions 7 it processes in+or/ation globally and cannot in+luence

speech


Att ti B +i it6( ti it Bi d


66/66

AttentionBe+icit6(yperactiity Bisorder

• Causes o+ AB(B hae highlighted the

li3elihood o+ /ore than one cause and

/ore than one brain route to AB(B

• Current research is loo3ing at a ariety o+

areas including eniron/ental +actors

such as loleel lead e4posure, genetic

in+luences, the role o+ heredity and +a/ilial+actors, and personality +actors

- 2.12 "o/e Potential Causes o+ AttentionBe+icit6(yperactiity Bisorder

Lecture Note Asas Psikologi(the Biological Perspective)

Documents

Transcript of Lecture Note Asas Psikologi(the Biological Perspective)