ASAS PSIKOLOGI learning

Chapter 5: Learning

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Learning: Definition

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience– Distinguishes between

changes due to maturation and changes brought about by experience

– Distinguishes between short-term changes in performance and actual learning


Classical Conditioning

Type of learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response



A stimulus that, before conditioning,does not naturally bring about the response of interest

A stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned



A natural, innate response that is not associated with previous learning



A NS that has been paired with a UCS to bring about a response formerly caused only by the UCS

A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus


Before Conditioning


During Conditioning


After Conditioning



Extinction– Occurs when a previously

conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears

Spontaneous recovery– The re-emergence of an

extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest



Stimulus generalization– Occurs when a conditioned

response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Stimulus discrimination– Ability to differentiate

between stimuli

Conditioned Stimulus

New Stimulus


Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning– Learning in which a

voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

Law of effect– Responses that lead to

satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and responses followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated



Reinforcement– The process by which a

stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

Reinforcer– Any stimulus that increases

the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again



Primary reinforcer– Satisfies some biological

need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s prior experience

Secondary reinforcer– A stimulus that becomes

reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcement


Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment

Positive Reinforcement– A stimulus added to the

environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

Negative reinforcement– Unpleasant stimulus

whose removal from the environment leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will occur again in the future

– Escape conditioning– Avoidance

conditioning


Punishment

Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again– Positive punishment

weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus

– Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant


Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement– Behavior that is reinforced

every time it occurs Partial reinforcement

– Behavior that is reinforced some but not all of the time



Fixed-ratio schedule– Reinforcement is given only

after a certain number of responses

Variable-ratio schedule– Reinforcement occurs after

a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number



Fixed-interval schedule– Provides reinforcement for a

response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, overall rates of response are relatively low

Variable-interval schedule– Time between

reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed



Stimulus Control Training– Behavior is reinforced in the

presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence

Discriminative stimulus– Signals the likelihood that

reinforcement will follow the response

Stimulus generalization


Superstitious behavior Shaping

– Process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Biological constraints– Built-in limitations in the

ability of animals to learn particular behaviors



Cognitive-Social Approaches to Learning

Latent learning– A new behavior is learned

but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided for displaying it

Observational learning– Learning through observing

the behavior of another person called a model

ASAS PSIKOLOGI learning

Education

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