Lecture 4 Intro to Gross Anatomy Skull

7/24/2019 Lecture 4 Intro to Gross Anatomy Skull

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Lecture 4: Introduction to Gross Anatomy; Skull

Introduction to Gross Anatomy

Objectives

1.

Describe the anatomical position, supine and prone position.

2.

Use anatomical terms, body sections, body regions, relative positions and directions to describe

location of structures and abnormalities.

3.

Identify the body cavities and their subdivisions: dorsal cavity, cranial cavity, ventral cavity, thoracic

cavity, mediastinum and abdomino-pelvic cavity.

4.

Differentiate the serous membranes: visceral vs. parietal, and indicate their common function.

5.

Name the nine regions and four quadrants of the abdomino-pelvic cavity.

6.

Use anatomical terms of movement and laterality to describe action of the muscles: flexion,

extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction, supination, pronation,

eversion, inversion, protrusion, retraction, elevation and depression.

1. Describe the anatomical position, supine and prone position.

Anatomical positionis a standard position anatomists refer to when they are describing location of

structures or pathologies. A person in an anatomical position stands erect with their head and eyes

directed to the front, upper limbs by the sides, palms front, lower limbs close together and toes directed

to the front.

A person in a prone or supine position keeps body parts in the same relation to each other as the person

in an anatomical position. A person in a supine positionlies flat on the back, face up. A person in a

prone positionlies face down.


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2. Use anatomical terms, body sections, body regions, relative positions and directions to describe

location of structures and abnormalities.

Some clinical terms are based on Greek or Latin words.

A planeis an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body.

A sectionis one of the two 2 surfaces (pieces) that results when the body is cut by a plane passing

through it.

Medianor midsagittal planepasses vertically through the center of the body and divides body into

equal left and right halves. There is only one median plane. Planes that run parallel to the median planeare called parasagittal. There can be many parasagittal planes.

Coronal (frontal) planesare passing vertically at the right angle to the median plane. Coronal planes

divide body to the anterior and posterior portion. There can be more than one coronal plane.


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Transverse planesare passing horizontally at the

right angle to the median and coronal plane.

Transverse plane divides body to the superior and

inferior portion.

Oblique planesare not parallel to the median,

coronal and transverse planes.

Terms of laterality: Symmetrical and paired

structures occurring on the both sides of the body

or having left and right members are called

bilateral(kidneys, nostrils).

Structures which only occur in one side of the body

are called unilateral (spleen, appendix).

Ipsilateral refer to the structure or event that

occurs on the same side of the body, e.g. injury to

the peripheral nerve in the right arm is causing

muscle paralysis in the right hand.

Contralateral means on the opposite side of the

body, e.g. paralysis of the right arm caused

hypertrophy of the muscles of the left arm.

3. Identify the body cavities and their subdivisions: dorsal cavity, cranial cavity, ventral cavity, thoracic

cavity, mediastinum, abdomino-pelvic cavity.


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Cavities are spaces or potential spaces

inside the body.

Two major cavities are ventral cavity and

dorsal cavity.

Ventral cavityis derived from embryonic

gut, in humans it is divided by diaphragm

into thoracic (above diaphragm) and

abdominopelviccavities.

Dorsal cavitydevelops from the

embryonic neural tube: in humans it is

divided into cranialcavitythat is formed

by the skull and holds the brain and spinal

(vertebral) canalthat holds the spinal

cord.

Body cavities are usually lined by

connective tissue membranes. Dorsal

cavity is lined by meninges. Ventral cavity

is lined by fascia and serous membranes.

Serous membranes separate and wrap

organs of the ventral cavity.

Pleurais a serous membrane around lungs. Pericardiumis a serous membrane around the heart.

Peritoneumis a serous membrane around the abdominal viscera.

There are two layers of serous capsule: viscerallayer is the layer closest to the organ, it is difficult to

remove visceral layer and not damage the organ; parietallayer is the lining of the cavity. The space

between visceral and parietal layers usually contains a small amount of fluid produced by serous

membranes.

Thoracic cavity is filled with lungs and mediastinum -the space between lungs. Heart, esophagus,

trachea as well as important nerves and blood vessels are located in the mediastinum.


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5. Name the nine regions and four quadrants of the abdomino-pelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic cavityis the largest. It is conventionally divided either into four quadrantsor nine

regions.

Abdominal quadrantsare defined by two planes: median and transumbilical, passing through the bellybutton at a right angle to median. (RUQright upper quadrant, LUQleft upper quadrant, RLQright

lower quadrant and LLQleft lower quadrant).

Abdominal regions are defined by two vertical midclavicularplanes: passing vertically from middle of

the clavicle, and two horizontal planes: subcostalplane, through the inferior border of 10thcostal

cartilage (rib) and transtubercularplane through iliac tubercles (RH - right hypochondriac, E-epigastric,

LH - left hypochondriac, RLright lateral (lumbar), U-umbilical, LLleft lateral (lumbar), RIright

inguinal, Ppubic (hypogastric), LI- left inguinal).


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6. Use anatomical terms of movement and laterality to describe action of the muscles: flexion,

extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction, supination, pronation,

eversion, inversion, protrusion, retraction, elevation, depression.

Please learn terms of movement: M&A Fig. 1.4 pp. 5-6; Types of JointsTable 1.2 pp. 15; Types ofSynovial Joints Table 1.3. pp. 16 and Bone Markings pp. 11-12.

Skull

Objectives

1.

Identify the bones of the skull: 8 cranial vs. 14 facial bones.

2.

Identify the bone markings of the skull.3.

Explain structural and functional divisions of the nervous system: central vs. peripheral, somatic

vs. autonomic, sensory vs. motor.

4.

Know the parts of the brain.

5.

Identify parts of the spinal cord and location of different types of neurons in spinal cord, spinal

nerves and adjacent ganglia.


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1. Identify the bones of the skull: 8 cranial vs. 14 facial bones.

Identify these

bones:

Cranial bones

(neurocranium):

frontal, parietal (2),

temporal (2),

occipital, sphenoid

and ethmoid.

Facial bones

(viscerocranium):

nasal (2), maxilla

(2), lacrimal (2),

zygomatic (2),

inferior concha (2),

palatine (2),

mandible and

vomer.

2. Identify the bone

markings of the skull.


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Foramina and apertures: magnum(CN XI, medulla, vertebral arteries and spinal arteries),jugular (CN IX,

X and XI), carotid canal(internal carotid artery), ovale(CN V-mandibular), lacerum, rotundum (CN V-

maxillary), spinosum, stylomastoid,optic(CN II), hypoglossal canal (CN XII), superior orbital fissure (CN

III, IV, V-ophthalmic & max.

Processes: occipital condyles, mastoid process , styloid pcs (of temporal bone); coronoid process

(mandible), mental protuberance, zygomatic arch, pterygoid process.

3. Explain structural and functional divisions of the nervous system: central vs. peripheral, somatic vs.

autonomic, sensory vs. motor.

Structurally, the nervous system consists of two major divisions: CNS (central nervous system)and PNS

(peripheral nervous system).The function of CNS is to integrate and coordinate neural signals and

perform higher mental functions (thinking and learning). The CNS is made up of brain and spinal cord.

Brain and spinal cordoccupy the dorsal cavity and constitute the central nervous system. Brain occupies

the cranial cavity. Spinal cord occupies the vertebral canal. The PNS is located outside of the dorsal

cavity. It consists of peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal), ganglia, receptors and enteric plexus. The

function of PNS is to carry signals to and from CNS. Sensoryfibersconduct impulses from receptors

(sensors) to the CNS. Motorfibersconduct impulses from CNS to the effectors (muscles or glands).


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Motor division of the nervous system consists of SNS- somatic (voluntary)nervous system, which

controls skeletal muscles (soma - body), and ANS-autonomic (involuntary or visceral)nervous system,

which controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscles and glands. ANS is divided into sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisions.

Neurocranium accommodates brain, which is the biggest organ of neural system. Floor of the cranium

has three fossae: anterior, middle and posterior. Please identify the bones that form these fossa and

contents of each fossa.


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There are 12 pairs of cranial peripheral nerves, which arise from the brain and exit the cranium through

foramina.

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which arise from the spinal cord and exit the vertebral canal through

the intervertebral foramina.

4. Know the parts of the brain.

Identify major parts of the brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, mesencephalon

(midbrain), pons, medulla, pituitary gland, corpus collosum and nucleiin different plans and sections.

Identify the parts of the brain in the following gross Anatomy images and CT scans.


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Ganglia(singularganglion) are

collections of the neural cell bodies

located outside of CNS.

Collections of the neural cell bodies inside

CNS are referred to as nuclei(singular

nucleus).

Blue Box in M&A pp. 498 Fractures of

Cranium

Lecture 4 Intro to Gross Anatomy Skull

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