Skull, Bones, Anatomy

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    Introduction

    Bones of the Skull

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    The Axial Skeleton

    Eighty bones segregated into three regions

    Skull

    Vertebral column

    Bony thorax

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    Axial Skeleton

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    The Skull

    Formed by the cranium and facial bones

    Cranium

    protects the brain

    site of attachment for head and neck muscles

    Facial bones

    Provide framework of the face, the sense organs,

    and the teeth Provide openings for the passage of air and food

    Anchor the facial muscles of expression

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    Skull: Anterior View

    Figure 7.2a

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    Anatomy of the Cranium

    Eight cranial bones two parietal, two

    temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and

    ethmoid

    Cranial bones are thin and remarkably strong

    for their weight

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    Frontal Bone

    Forms the anterior portion of the cranium

    Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones

    via the coronal suture

    Major landmarks include

    supraorbital margins,

    anterior cranial fossa,

    frontal sinuses

    (internal and lateral to the glabella)

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    Skull: Anterior View

    Figure 7.2a

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    Skull: Posterior View

    Figure 7.2b

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    Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures

    Figure 7.3a

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    Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures

    Coronal suture articulation between parietal

    bones and frontal bone anteriorly

    Sagittal suture where right and left parietal

    bones meet superiorly

    Lambdoid suture where parietal bones meet

    the occipital bone posteriorly

    Squamosal or squamous suture where

    parietal and temporal bones meet

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    Occipital Bone and its Landmarks Major landmarks

    include

    posterior cranialfossa,

    foramenmagnum,

    occipitalcondyles,

    hypoglossalcanal

    Figure 7.2b

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    Occipital Bone and its Landmarks

    Figure 7.4b

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    Temporal Bones

    Divided into four major regions

    squamous,

    tympanic,

    mastoid,

    petrous

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    Temporal Bones

    Major landmarks include

    the zygomatic, styloid, and mastoid processes,

    and the mandibular and middle cranial fossae

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    Temporal Bones

    Major openings include

    the stylomastoid and jugular foramina,

    the external and internal auditory meatuses,

    and the carotid canal

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    Temporal Bones

    Figure 7.5

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    Sphenoid Bone

    Butterfly-shaped bone that spans the width of the middlecranial fossa

    Forms the central wedge that articulates with all othercranial bones

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    Sphenoid Bone

    Figure 7.6a, b

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    Sphenoid Bone

    Consists of

    central body,

    greater wings,

    lesser wings, and pterygoid processes

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    Sphenoid Bone

    Figure 7.6a, b

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    Sphenoid Bone

    Major landmarks:

    the sella turcica,

    hypophyseal fossa,

    and the pterygoid processes

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    Sphenoid Bone

    Figure 7.6a, b

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    Sphenoid Bone

    Major openings include:

    the foramina rotundum, ovale, and spinosum;

    the optic canals;

    and the superior orbital fissure

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    Sphenoid Bone

    Figure 7.6a, b

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    Ethmoid Bone

    Most deep of the skull bones; lies between

    the sphenoid and nasal bones

    Forms most of the bony area between the

    nasal cavity and the orbits

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    Ethmoid Bone

    Figure 7.7

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    Ethmoid Bone

    Major landmarks include

    cribriform plate,

    crista galli,

    perpendicular plate,

    nasal conchae,

    and the ethmoid sinuses

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    Ethmoid Bone

    Figure 7.7

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    Facial Bones

    Fourteen bones of which only the mandible

    and vomer are unpaired

    The paired bones are the maxillae, zygomatics,

    nasals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior

    conchae

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    Anterior Aspects of the Skull

    Figure 7.2a

    M dibl d I M ki

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    Mandible and Its Markings

    The mandible (lower jawbone) is the largest,strongest bone of the face

    Its major markings include the coronoid process,

    mandibular condyle,

    the alveolar margin,

    and the mandibular and mental foramina

    M dibl d It M ki

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    Mandible and Its Markings

    Figure 7.8a

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    Maxillary Bones

    Medially fused bones that make up the upper

    jaw and the central portion of the facial

    skeleton

    Facial keystone bones that articulate with all

    other facial bones except the mandible

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    Maxillary Bone

    Figure 7.8b

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    Maxillary Bone

    Their major markings include

    palatine, frontal, and zygomatic processes,

    the alveolar margins,

    inferior orbital fissure,

    and the maxillary sinuses

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    Maxillary Bone

    Figure 7.8b

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    Zygomatic Bones

    Irregularly shaped bones (cheekbones) that

    form the prominences of the cheeks and the

    inferolateral margins of the orbits

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    External Lateral Aspects of the Skull

    Figure 7.3a

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    Anterior Aspects of the Skull

    Figure 7.2a

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    Other Facial Bones

    Nasal bones thin medially fused bones that

    form the bridge of the nose

    Lacrimal bones contribute to the medial walls

    of the orbit and contain a deep groove called thelacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac

    Palatine bones two bone plates that form

    portions of the hard palate, the posterolateralwalls of the nasal cavity, and a small part of the

    orbits

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    Anterior Aspects of the Skull

    Figure 7.2a

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    External Lateral Aspects of the Skull

    Figure 7.3a

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    Other Facial Bones

    Vomer

    plow-shaped bone that forms part of

    the nasal septum

    Inferior nasal conchae paired, curved bones

    in the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral

    walls of the nasal cavity

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    Midsagittal Lateral Aspects of the Skull

    Figure 7.3b

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    Inferior Portion of the Skull

    Figure 7.4a

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    Inferior Portion of the Skull

    Figure 7.4b

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    Orbits

    Bony cavities in which the eyes are firmly

    encased and cushioned by fatty tissue

    Formed by parts of seven bones frontal,

    sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine,

    lacrimal, and ethmoid

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    Orbits

    Figure 7.9b

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    Nasal Cavity

    Constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage

    Roof formed by the cribriform plate of the

    ethmoid

    Lateral walls

    formed by the superior and middleconchae of the ethmoid, the perpendicular plate

    of the palatine, and the inferior nasal conchae

    Floor

    formed by palatine process of the maxillaeand palatine bone

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    Nasal Cavity

    Figure 7.10a

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    Nasal Cavity

    Figure 7.10b

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    Paranasal Sinuses

    Mucosa-lined, air-filled sacs found in five skull

    bones the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and

    paired maxillary bones

    Air enters the paranasal sinuses from the

    nasal cavity and mucus drains into the nasal

    cavity from the sinuses

    Lighten the skull and enhance the resonanceof the voice

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    Paranasal Sinuses