LECTURE 3 Basics of atmospheric composition and physics AOSC 434 AIR POLLUTION Russell R. Dickerson.

LECTURE 3

Basics of atmospheric composition and physics

AOSC 434

AIR POLLUTION

Russell R. Dickerson

Ib. ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS

Seinfeld & Pandis: Chapter 1Finlayson-Pitts: Chapter 2

1.Pressure: exponential decay2.Composition3.Temperature

The motion of the atmosphere is caused by differential heating, that is some parts of the atmosphere receive more radiation than others and become unstable.

VERTICAL PROFILES OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATUREMean values for 30oN, March

Tropopause

Stratopause

N2

O2

Ar

O3

Inert gasesCO2

H2

←SO2, NO2,CFC’s, etc

PM

COCH4

N2O

Composition of the Earth’s Troposphere

Banded iron formation.

Smithsonian in DC

About 3E9 years ago, cyanobacteria began producing O2 in photosynthesis; initially consumed by iron and organic matter in oceans. O2 is toxic to anaerobic organisms – the first great extinction. (Range of PO2 estimates)

Units of pressure:

1.00 atm. = 14.7 psi = 1,013 mb = 760 mm Hg (torr) = 33.9 ft H₂O

= 29.9” Hg = 101325 Pa

A Pascal is a Nm⁻² (kg m s-2 m-2 ) thus hPa = mb.

Units of Volume: liter, cc, ml, m³

Units of temp: K, °C

Units of R: 0.08206 L atm mole-1 K-1

8.31 J mole-1 K-1

R’ = R/Mwt = 0.287 J g-1K-1

For a mole of dry air which has the mass 29 g.

Problem for the student: calc Mwt. Wet (2% H₂O vapor by volume) air.

1A. Derive Hypsometric EquationStart with The Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT or P = ρR’T or P = R’T/α

Where R’ = R/Mwt

Mwt = MOLE WT. AIR

ρ = DENSITY AIR (g/l)

α = SPECIFIC VOL AIR = 1/ρ

We assume that the pressure at any given altitude is due to the weight of the atmosphere above that altitude. The weight is mass times acceleration.

P = W = mg

But m = Vρ

For a unit area V = Z

P = Zρg

For a second, higher layer the difference in pressure can be related to the difference in height.

dP = − g ρ dZ

But

ρ = P/R’T

dP = − Pg/R’T * dZ

For an isothermal atmosphere g/R’T is a constant. By integrating both sides of the equation from the ground (Z = 0.0) to altitude Z we obtain:

Where H₀ = R’T/g we can rewrite this as:

*HYPSOMETRIC EQUATION*

Note: Scale Height: H₀ ~ 8 km for T = 273K

For each 8 km of altitude the pressure is down by e⁻¹ or one “e-fold.”

Problems for the student: Derive an expression for pressure as a function of altitude using base two and base ten instead of base e. Calculate the scale height for the atmospheres of Venus and Mars.

Ans. base 2 = H₀*ln(2) = 5.5 km

base 10 = H₀*ln(10) = 18 km

)/exp( 00 HZPPZ

1B. TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE

Going to the mountains in Shenandoah National Park the summer is a nice way to escape Washington’s heat. Why? Consider a parcel of air. If it rises it will expand and cool. If we assume it exchanges no heat with the surroundings (a pretty good assumption, because air is a very poor conductor of heat) it will cool “adiabatically.”

Calculating the dry adiabatic lapse rate.

First Law Thermodynamics*:

dU = đQ – đW

Or

đQ = dU + đW = dU + PdV

*watch out for work done by the system or on the system.

WHERE

U = Energy of system (also written E)

Q = Heat across boundaries

W = Work done by the system on the surroundings

H = Internal heat or Enthalpy

ASSUME:

a) Adiabatic (dQ = dH = 0.0)

b) All work PdV work

(remember α = 1/ρ)

dH = Cp dT – α dP

CpdT = α dP

dT = (α/Cp) dP

Remember the Hydrostatic Equation

OR

Ideal Gas Law

Result:

This quantity, -g/Cp, is a constant in a dry atmosphere. It is called the dry adiabatic lapse rate and is given the symbol γ₀, defined as −dT/dZ.

For a parcel of air moving adiabatically in the atmosphere:

(gP/R'T)dZdP

dZgdP

)(

dZTRPC

gPTRdT

PTR

p '

)('

/'

pCgdZdT //

kmK /8.90

)( 12012 ZZTT

Where Z₂ is higher than Z₁, but this presupposes that no heat is added to or lost from the parcel, and condensation, evaporation, and radiative heating can all produce a non-adiabatic system.

The dry adiabatic lapse rate, 0, is a general, thermodynamic property of the atmosphere and expresses the way a parcel of air will cool on rising or warm on falling, provided there is no exchange of heat with the surroundings and no water condensing or evaporating. The environmental lapse rate, , is seldom equal to exactly the dry adiabatic lapse rate because radiative processes and phase changes constantly redistribute heat. The mean lapse rate is about 6.5 K/km.

Problem left to the students: Derive a new expression for the change in pressure with height for an atmosphere with a constant lapse rate,

ZTTZ 0

2. STABILITY AND THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAMS

Gray lines – thermodynamic property

Black lines – measurements or soundings

Three days

a < γ₀ stable

b = γ₀ neutrally stable

c > γ₀ unstable

On day a a parcel will cool more quickly than surroundings – air will be cooler and return to original altitude.

On day b a parcel will always have same temperature as surroundings – no force of buoyancy.

On day c a parcel will cool more slowly than surroundings – air will be warmer and rise.

17

Convective Instabilitydry air

cba

Example 1, early morning

Pressure, mb Temp., °C Dew point, °C

1000 7 6

920 7 7

870 6 0

840 3.5 -1.5

700 -8 -16

500 -27 -36

300 -58

250 -67

200 -65

Tropopause

Inversion layer

Saturated air

(T = TD)

Example 2, mid-day

Pressure, mb Temp., °C Dew point, °C

1000 8.5 5.5

860 0.5 -3

710 -8 -17

550 -21.5 -31.5

490 -22.5 -45

330 -45

285 -51

200 -51

Tropopause

Frontal Inversion layer

Skew-T handout

Very important for air pollution and mixing of emissions with free troposphere. Formation of thermal inversions.

In the stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude, thus stable or stratified.

DFN: Potential temperature, θ : The temperature that a parcel of air would have if it were brought to the 1000 hPa level (near the surface) in a dry adiabatic process. You can approximate it quickly,

or a proper derivation from dq = CpdT – dp = 0 yields:

0 ZTZz

θz = T (1000 hPa/Pz) R’/Cp

= T (1000 hPa/Pz)0.286

DIURNAL CYCLE OF SURFACE HEATING/COOLING:

z

T0

1 km

MIDDAY

NIGHT

MORNING

Mixingdepth

Subsidenceinversion

NIGHT MORNING AFTERNOON

22

If the parcel reaches saturation, the condensation of water adds heat, and the rising air cools at a new, slower rate, s. For details, see Wallace and Hobbs.Since s< d, we must also consider conditions between the two stability criteria for dry and saturated.

unstable Absolutely

neutralDry

unstablelly Conditiona

neutral Saturated

stable Absolutely

d

d

ds

s

s

= parcel lapse (thermodynamically determined) rate. = environment (observed) lapse rate.

Plume looping, Baltimore ~2pm.

Plume Lofting, Beijing in Winter ~7am.

High levels of air pollution in Beijing contain a large quantity of PM 2.5. © iStockPhoto.com/beijingstory.

Marshall J PNAS 2013;110:8756-8756

©2013 by National Academy of Sciences

Chinese Y12 (Twin Otter) for the airborne campaign over NE China April 2005

►

►

►

►

~ 100 μg m-3 ↓↑ ~ 15 μg m-3

5 April 2005 Ahead of Front

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

[CO] (ppb)

Alt

itu

de

(m)

← Shenyang, 5 April 2005

← NE USA median

Mean SO2 in NE China and NE US

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 5 10 15 20 25SO2 (ppb)

Alt

itu

de

(m

)

NE China mean (8flights from April 2005)

NE US mean (381flights from 2000-2003)

NE China flight aheadof cold front 5 April2005)

Washington, DC

✪ Washington, DC

Baltimore, MD

DISCOVER-AQ Case StudyMODIS true color image 21 July 2011

Bay breeze:Winds veer w/ alt

Hot (Tmax > 100oF)Humid, rel stable PBL.

UMD Cessna

PM2.5 ~ 40 g m-3

UMD Cessna


ITCZ


Mid latitude cyclone with fronts


Detailed weather symbols

LECTURE 3 Basics of atmospheric composition and physics AOSC 434 AIR POLLUTION Russell R. Dickerson.

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