Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation

8/7/2019 Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation

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FRESHWATERWater containing less than 500 ppm dissolved

common salt, sodium chloride, such that in ground

water, rivers, ponds and lakes

GROUNDWATERA subsurface water that occurs beneath a water table

in soils and rocks, or in geological formations

SURFACE WATERAll water which is open to the atmosphere and subject

to surface runoff

AQUIFERA layer if water-bearing rock located underground that

transmits water in sufficient quantity to supply

pumping wells or natural springs

WATER BODYMeans both natural and man-made

bodies of fresh, brackish and saline

waters, and includes, but not limited to

aquifers, groundwater, springs, creeks,

streams, rivers, ponds, lagoons, water

reservoirs, lakes, bays, estuarine, coastal

and marine waters.

Water bodies do not refer to those

constructed, developed and used

purposely as water treatment facilities

and/or water storage for recycling and re-

use which integral to process industry or

manufacturing

1. Dissolved oxygen (DO)

2. pH

3. Biochemical Oxygen

Demand (BOD)4. Total Coliform Organisms

is the amount of oxygen that isdissolved in water and is essentialto healthy streams and lakes.

Oxygen gets into water bydiffusion from the surroundingair, by aeration (rapidmovement), and as a wasteproduct of photosynthesis.

Total dissolved gas concentrations

in water should not exceed 110percent

Fish in waters containingexcessive dissolved gases maysuffer from "gas bubbledisease

As dissolved oxygen levels inwater drop below 5.0 mg/l,aquatic life is put under stress

Oxygen levels that remainbelow 1-2 mg/l for a fewhours can result in large fishkills.


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Oxygen is depleted by:

plants at night livestock

biological filtration

Oxygen is replenished by:

plants during the day

diffusion at air-water

interfaces

The weather may combine all of the factors tocreate problems

SunlightSunlight increases water temperature andhence decreases oxygen solubility.

FreezingIce seals the surface preventing the entry ofoxygen and the escape of toxic gases.

Still periodsWhen there is little wind such as beforethunder storms, the rate of diffusion ofoxygen is diminished by the reduction of thepond surface area (ripples in a light wind mayincrease the surface area of a pond by two orthree times).

DO Level

(in ppm)Water Quality

0.0 - 4.0

Poor

Some fish and macroinvertebrate

populations will begin to decline.

4.1 - 7.9 Fair

8.0 - 12.0 Good

12.0 +Retest

Water maybe artificially aerated.

Water temperature is important because it affectsthe rates of biological processes and chemicalprocesses

The optimal health of aquatic organisms frommicrobes to fish depends on temperature

The temperature of the water also affects thevolume of dissolved oxygen (DO) water's ability to contain dissolved oxygen

decreases as water temperature rises

the form of ammonia (harmful or harmless toaquatic life)

rate of photosynthesis by aquatic plants

metabolic rates of aquatic organisms

sensitivity of organisms to pollution.

Temperature All plant and animal species that live in water are adapted to

temperatures within a certain range.

To change water temperature could disrupt aquaticecosystems.

Good temperatures are dependent on the type of stream

Generally, cold waters are better habitat for plants andanimals than warm ones because cold waters contain moredissolved oxygen.

High water temperatures stress aquatic ecosystems byreducing the ability of water to hold essential dissolvedgasses like oxygen.

A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees cankill native fish, shellfish, and plants, or drive them out in favorof other species, often with undesirable effects.


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Thermal Pollution

Harmful change in water temperature in streams,

rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters

Sources:

dumping hot water from factories

and power plants

removing trees and vegetation that

shade streams, permitting sunlight to

raise the temperature of these waters

Ideal Temperature Ranges for Aquatic Species

ABOVE 25 C

Lethal temperature for salmonids, some

aquatic insects

ABOVE 20 C

Bass, shiners, bluegills, bullheads, carp, catfish, suckers,

squawfish crappie

Dragonflies, some caddisflies

BETWEEN 13 and 20 C

Coho, chinook , lamprey, sturgeon, shad, shiners, stickleback,

walleye, sculpin, mayflies, stoneflies, beetles

BELOW 13C

Steelhead, pink, chum, coho, sockeye, chinook, cutthroat,

rainbow, brown trout, brook trout, dolly varden, arctic grayling,

smelt, sculpin

Mayflies, caddisflies, stoneflies

COLD

WARM

RANGE

COOL

RANGE

C

5

13

20

25

is the measure of the acidity or alkalinityof a solution

Changes in the pH, especially suddenchanges, can prove harmful or even fatalto fish

As the pH rises it increases the toxicityof chemicals such as ammonia

A pH range of 6.0 to 9.0 appears toprovide protection for the life offreshwater fish and bottom dwellinginvertebrates

Limiting pH ValuesMinimum Maximum Effects

3.8 10.0Fish eggs could be hatched, but deformed young were

often produced

4.0 10.1 Limits for the most resistant fish species

4.1 9.5 Range tolerated by trout

4.3 --- Carp died in five days

4.5 9.0 Trout eggs and larvae develop normally

4.6 9.5 Limits for perch

5.0 --- Limits for stickleback fish

5.0 9.0 Tolerable range for most fish

--- 8.7 Upper limit for good fishing waters

5.4 11.4 Fish avoided waters beyond these limits

6.0 7.2 Optimum (best) range for fish eggs

1.0 --- Mosquito larvae were destroyed at this pH value3.3 4.7 Mosquito larvae lived within this range

7.5 8.4 Best range for the growth of algae


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a water quality measurement usuallyabbreviatedTSS

The amount of particles that suspendin a sample of water

parameter was at one time callednon-filterable residue (NFR)

The greater the TSS in the water, thehigher its turbidity and the lower itstransparency (clarity).

Salts and other matter dont evaporate

Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of thetotal amount of all the materials that aredissolved in water.

Problem arises when the salt concentration infresh water increases to a point where naturalpopulation of plants and animals is threatened

Water can be classified by the amount of TDS perlitre

fresh water < 1500 mg/L TDS < brackish water

< 5000 mg/L TDS < saline water

Brackish is a mixture of sea

water and fresh water, and an

estuary is a body of water

where fresh and salt water

mix. water that has more salinity

than fresh water, but not as

much as seawater

is a chemical procedure for determininghow fast biological organisms use upoxygen in a body of water

used in water quality management andassessment, ecology and environmentalscience

a measure of the approximate quantity ofdissolved oxygen that will be required bybacteria to stabilize organic matter inwastewater or surface water.

It is also a standard test in assessingwastewater strength.


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Typical BOD Levels

Most pristine rivers: 5-day BOD below 1 mg/L.

Moderately polluted rivers: BOD value in the range of 2 to 8

mg/L.

Municipal sewage that isefficiently treated by a threestage process: about 20 mg/L or less.

Untreated sewage varies: around 200 to 600 mg/L

DENR Administrative Order 35Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990

Coastal Water means an open body of water along the countrys coastline starting from the

shoreline (MLLW) and extending outward up to the 200 -meter isobathor

three-kilometer distance, whichever is farther.

Inland Water an interior body of water or watercourse such as lakes, reservoirs, rivers,

streams, creeks, etc., that has beneficial usage other than public water supply

or primary contact recreation. Tidal affected rivers or streams are considered

inland waters for purposes of these regulations.

Mixing Zone is the place where the effluent discharge from a point source mixes with a

receiving body of water. The area or extent of the zone shall be determinedby the discharger and approved by the Department on a case-to-case basis.

Protected Water means a watercourse or a body of water, or any segment thereof, that is

classified as a source of public water supply, propagation and harvesting of

shellfish for commercial purposes, or spawning areas for Chanoschanosand

similar species, or primary contact recreation, or that which is designated by

competent government authority or by legislation as tourist zone, national

marine park and reserve, including coral reef park and reserve.

Strong Water refers to wastewater whose initial BOD value before treatment is equal to or

greater than 3,000 mg/L.

DENR Administrative Order 35Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990

Effluent a general term denoting any wastewater, partially or completely

treated, or in its natural state, flowing out of a manufacturing plant,

industrial plant or treatment plant.

NPI New/Proposed Industry or wastewater treatment plants to be

constructed.

OEI Old or Existing Industry.

Primary Contact

Recreation

any form of recreation, where there is intimate contact of the human

body with the water, such as swimming, water skiing, or skin diving.

Strong Water refers to wastewater whose initial BOD v alue before treatment is equal

to or greater than 3,000 mg/L.

DENR Administrative Order 35

TABLE 1 - Effluent Standards: Toxic and Other Deleterious Substance

(Maximum Limits for the Protection of Public Health)

Parameter Unit

Protected

Waters

Protected

Waters

Inland Waters Marine Waters Marine Waters

Category I Category IIClass C Class SC Class SD

(Class AA & SA) (Class A,B & SB)

OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI

Arsenic mg/l b b 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5

Cadmium mg/l b b 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2

Chromium

(hexavalent

mg/l b b 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5

Cyanide mg/l b b 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 - -

Lead mg/l b b 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.5 - -

M ercu ry ( To t. ) m g/ l b b 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0 .0 05 0. 05 0 .0 1

PCB mg/l b b 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 0 .0 03 - -

Fo rm al dehyde mg /l b b 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 - -


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DENR Administrative Order 35TABLE 2A - Effluent Standards:

Conventional and Other Pollutants in Protected Waters

Parameter

Unit Protected Waters Protected Waters Inland Waters

Catego ry I Categor y I IClass C

(Class AA & SA) (Class A,B & SB)

OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI

Color PCU b b 150 100 200c 150c

Temperature (max rise in deg. C

in RBW)Deg C rise B B 3 3 3 3

pH (range) B B 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.5-9.0

COD mg/l b b 100 60 150 100

Settleable Solids (1-hour) mg/l b b 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5

5-Day 20 deg. C BOD mg/l b b 50 30 80 50

Total Suspended Solids mg/l b b 70 50 90 70

Total Dissolved Solid mg/l b b 1,200 1,000 - -

Surfactants (MBAS) mg/l b b 5.0 2.0 7.0 5.0

Oil/Grease (Petroleum Ether

Extract)mg/l b b 5.0 5.0 10.0 5.0

Phenolic Substances as Phenols mg/l b b 0.1 0.05 0.5 0.1

Total Coliforms MPN/100ml b b 5,000 3,000 15,000 10,000

DENR Administrative Order 35TABLE 2B - Effluents Standards:

Conventional and Other Pollutants in Inland Waters Class D,

Coastal Waters Class SC and SD and other Coastal Waters not yet Classified

Parameter

Un it I nl an d Wat er s C oas ta l Wa ter s C la ss SD & O th er

Coastal Waters

(Class D) (Class SC) Not Classified

OEI NPI OEI NPI OEI NPI

Color PCU --- ---C

C C

Temperature (max rise in deg. C

in RBW)Deg C rise

3 3 3 3 3 3

pH (range) 5.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 5.0-9.0 5.0-9.0

COD mg/l 250 200 250 200 300 200

5-Day 20 deg. C BOD mg/l 150 120 120d 100 150d 120

To ta l S us pe nd ed S ol id s m g/ l 200 150 200 150G

f

To ta l Di ss ol ved So li ds m g/ l 2,000h 1,500h - - - -

Surfactants (MBAS) mg/l - - 15 10 - -

Oil/Grease (Petroleum Ether

Extract)mg/l

- - 15 10 15 15

PhenolicSubstances as Phenols mg/l - - 1.0i 0.5i 5.0 1.0

TotalColiformsMPN/100m

lJ J - - - -

DENR Administrative Order 35TABLE 3B - Effluent Standards for New* Industries Producing Strong Wastes

All Industries Producing Strong Wastes

Industry Classify Based on

BOD of Raw Wastewater

Maximum Allowable Limits in mg/L based on Receiving

Body of Water

Inland Water s Coastal Waters

(Class C & D) (Class SC & SD)

1. Industries producing

within 3,000 to 10,000 mg

BOD/L

130 or 98% removal 200 or 97% removal

2. Industries producingwithin 10,000 to 30,000 mg

BOD/L


3. Industries producing more

than 30,000 mg BOD/L


Exceeding permitted pollutant loading

in DAO 35

Surcharge shall be imposed

excess loading multiplied by the load-

based fee rate plus twelve (12) percentper annum of this amount

Less than the permitted pollutant

loading in DAO 35

the permit holder shall be entitled to a

credit of a portion of the load-based fee

reduced loading multiplied by the load-

based fee rate


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Wastewater discharge fee shall be computed based on the net waste

load following the formula:

WDF = Ln x R

R = rate per kg

initially fixed at Php 5.00/kg (BOD or TSS)

Ln= net waste load (kg/year) computed further:

Ln (BOD5,TSS) = [(Cf Ca)(Qfx Nf)] x 0.001

Cf= ave daily effluent conc limit (mg/L) for priority pollutant parameter (BOD or TSS)

Ca = ave water qty conc limit for priority pollutant parameter (BOD/TSS) of

abstracted or intake water (mg/L)

Qf= ave daily vol flowrate measurement or final disch effluent (m3/day)

Nf= total no. of discharge days in a year (days/year)

Volumetric Rate of

DischargeAmountAnnual Fee (Php)

Zero Discharge 2,000.00

Without Heavy

MetalsWith Heavy Metals

Below 10 m3/day 2,000.00 2,600.00

> 10 m3/day 30 m3/day 2,200.00 2,800.00

> 30 m3/day 100 m3/day 2,500.00 3,100.00

> 100 m3/day 150 m3/day 2,700.00 3,300.00

> 150 m3/day 3,300.00 3,900.00

The discharge permit fee shallcomprise three types of fee

1. Processing fee

Upon filling of application for adischarge permit, processing fee in theamount of Php 5,000.00 shall be paid

2. Fixed fee

The fixed will cover the cost ofprogram administration including butnot limited to cost ofinspection/sampling and cost oflaboratory analysis.

3. Variable fee

Is based on the net waste load

model

VF = Ln x RLn = net waste load, kg/yr

R = applicable unit rate of charge,

Php/kg

Ln (BOD5,TSS) = [(Cf Ca)(Qfx Nf)] x 0.001

Cf= ave daily effluent conc limit (mg/L , g/m3) for priority

pollutant parameter (BOD or TSS)

Ca = ave water qty conc limit for priority pollutant parameter

(BOD/TSS) of abstracted or intake water (mg/L, g/m3)

= if water source is from ground water or water supplier

(district or service providers) the conc of water intake shall be

assumed as zero (0) or neglibile priority pollutant parameter

Qf= ave daily vol flowrate measurement or final disch effluent

(m3/day)

Nf= total no. of discharge days in a year (days/year)


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Volume of Wastewater

DischargeAmount Annual Fee (Php)

Without Heavy Metals With Heavy Metals

0 - 30m3/day 8,000.00

0 - 150 cu.m./day 16,000.00

>30 - 150 cu.m./day 16,000.00

> 150 cu. M /day 24,000.00 24,000.00

Php 5.00 per kilogram of total BOD5, when

BOD5 concentration is 50 mg/l

Type of Industry Priority Pollutant Parameter (PPP)

Beverage Industry BOD

Cement, Concrete, Lime & Gypsum TSS

Dairy Products BOD

Ferro Alloy Manufacturing TSS

Phosphate Fertilizer Industry TSS

Nitrogen Fertilizer Industry TSS

Grain Milling Industry BOD

Inorganic Chemicals TSS

Leather Tanning and Finishing BOD

Livestock Industry BOD

Meat, Fish and Fruit Canning BOD

Slaughtering and Meat Products BOD

Metal Engineering & Finishing TSSMining Industry TSS

Organic Chemicals BOD

Petroleum Refining BOD

Plastic Materials & Synthetics BOD

Pulp & Paper Mills BOD

Steel & Non- Ferro Industry TSS

Cane Sugar BOD

Textile Milling & Finishing BOD

Thermal Power Generation BOD

Sample Problem

The water of an old paper manufacturingplant in Pasig is being supplied by ManilaWater Company. After treatment, analysisshows that the ave BOD5 conc. is 45 mg/l andno heavy metal content. The wastewater isbeing discharge to a class C river, a tributaryriver of laguna lake, with a volume of 150cu.m/day. The plant is operating at 350 daysin a year. How much is the variable fee andtotal discharge permit fee?

Given:

Cf= 45 mg/l Q f= 150 cu.m/day Nf= 350 days

Required:

a) Variable fee b) Discharge fee

Solution:

a) Ln(BOD5 ,TSS) = [(Cf Ca)(Qfx Nf)] x 0.001

Water source: water distributor/Manila water Ca = 0 mg/l

Ln(BOD5) = [(45 mg/l 0 mg/l)(150 cu.m/day x 350 days)] x 0.001

Ln (BOD5) = 2,362.5 kg

VF = Ln x R

= 2,362.5 kg x 5 Php/kgVF = Php 11,812.50

Solution:

b) Discharge Permit Fee = Processing Fee + Fixed Fee + VF

= 5,000 + 16,000 + 11,812.50

Discharge Permit Fee = Php 32,812.50

Lecture 3-2 - Water Legislation

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