Lecture 11 the lymphatic system and immunity
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Transcript of Lecture 11 the lymphatic system and immunity
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Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 17
The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Immunity Innate Immunity Fast, non-specific and no memory
Barriers, pH extremes, Phagocytes & NK cells, fever, inflammation, complement, interferon
Adaptive Immunity Slower, specific & has a memory
Lymphocytes: T-cells & B-cells
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Lymphatic System Lymphatic tissue
Reticular connective tissue containing lymphocytes
Bone marrow Lymph- interstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels Returns excess filtration from capillaries- to
circulation Transport dietary lipids Maintenance & distribution- lymphoid organs Filter bacteria and help active defenses
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Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic Vessels Begin at lymphatic capillaries
Slightly larger than blood capillaries Overlapping cells like one-way valve Pressure will force fluid in
Merge to form larger & larger vessels Thin walled and more valves than veins
Periodically have lymph nodes Lymphocytes in capsuled structure
thoracic duct L subclavian vein At junction with jugular
R. lymphatic duct R. subclavian vein
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymphatic Flow From tissue to veins Pumped by muscle & respiratory pumps like
venous return
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Lymphatic Flow
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Lymphatic FlowInteractions Animation
Lymph Formation and Flow
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Lymphatic Organs Primary lymphatic organs- stem cells divide &
develop into mature B & T-cells Red bone marrow & thymus
Secondary organs: immune responses occur Lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic nodules
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Thymus Two lobed organ Posterior to sternum, medial to lungs &
superior to heart T-cells divide & mature
Self reactive cells are removed
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Lymph Nodes Scattered throughout the body
Concentrated near mammary glands, axilla & groin
Contain mature B-cells, T-cells dendritic cells and macrophages
Filter lymph, trap foreign substances Macrophages & lymphocytes destroy most foreign
substances
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Lymph Nodes
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Spleen Between stomach & diaphragm Contains blood filled venous sinuses and
RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes plasma cells & granular leukocytes
destroys worn or defective blood cells & platelets
Stores platelets attacks foreign substances in blood Fetal hemopoiesis
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Innate Immunity: Barriers Skin: physical and chemical
Epidermal structure & constant shedding Mucous membranes
Sticky mucus layer straps microbes, etc. and cilia move it out
Fluids: tears, saliva, perspiration, nasal secretions Dilute and antibacterial action
Movement: flow of urine, defecation & vomiting
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Internal Defenses: Proteins Interferons
Interfere with viral reproduction in a cell Complement System
Enhance other immune actions Break cell membranes Attract phagocytes Tag microbial cells for destruction
Transferrins- bind iron and starve bacteria Antimicrobial peptides: lyse microbes
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Internal Defenses: Cells Phagocytes specialized to ingest microbes
and cellular debris Neutrophils Monocytes macrophages
5-10% of lymphocytes = Natural Killer (NK) Cells Destroy microbes & tumor cells Present in lymph nodes & red bone marrow
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Inflammation Response to tissue damage
Indicated by redness, pain, heat & swelling
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Inflammation1. Damage mast cells, basophils & platelets
release histamine
increased permeability & vasodilation in blood vessels
2. Leakage of clotting proteins into tissue- Isolate bacteria behind clot
3. Phagocytes attracted to site Neutrophils & macrophages eat & die
4. Pocket of dead cells = pus Moves to body surface or into cavity & is cleared
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Inflammation
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Fever Abnormally high body temperature
New set-point of thermoregulation system Normal temperature control action with new set
point Stimulated by many toxins or internal signals
Interleukin-1
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Adaptive Immunity Specifically directed against a particular type
of invader Involves cell or antibody directed against a
particular antigen Antigen can be any substance: microbe, food,
pollen, tissue Normally self–tolerant
Does not attack normal body tissue
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Maturation of T and B cells From stem cells in red bone marrow B cells mature in bone marrow T cells migrate to thymus During maturation both make particular
proteins in plasma membranes = antigen receptors
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Types of Responses Cell-mediated- T-cells attack directly
Killer T-cells Antibody-mediated B cells become plasma cells
Produce specific antibodies Helper T cells aid both cell- and antibody-
mediated responses
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Antigens & Antibodies Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) = self
antigens on cells surface Unique to each individual
Allows T-cells to recognize foreign material Antigen triggers plasma cell to produce antibodies
Y-shaped protein with variable antigen binding site on arms
Other end triggers recognition by phagocyte
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Antigens & Antibodies
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Antigens & Antibodies
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Triggering Adaptive Response Requires recognizing the foreign antigen B-ceils can find it anywhere T-cells need presentation with MHC Antigen presenting cells (APC) do this APCs macrophages, dendritic cells & B cells In respiratory, GI, urinary, reproductive tracts
& lymph nodes
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Processing & Presenting Antigens APC’s ingest & digest into fragments in
vesicles Synthesize MHC & pack in vesicles Two vesicles fuse
Antigen fragments bind to MHC Antigen-MHC complex inserted into plasma
membrane Presented to T-cells until a receptor matches
& binds
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Processing & Presenting Antigens
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Cell Mediated Immunity T-ceils also need costimulator
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Binding both response T-cell begins rapidly dividing
Forms a clone of many recognizing cells Helper T cells
Release IL2, attract phagocytes, stimulate macrophages & B cells
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Cell Mediated Immunity Cytotoxic T cells – kill cells
Work against tumor cells transplanted cells & infected cells
Memory T cells- hang around for years, give rapid response
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Cell Mediated Immunity
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Cell Mediated Immunity
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B-cells and Antibody-Mediated Response Hang out in lymph nodes Respond to antigen (faster if presented) With IL-2 enlarge, divide and become a clone
of plasma cells Plasma cells produce & release antibodies
that bind the antigen Some remain as Memory B Cells
Ready to respond quickly if antigen met again
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Secretion of Antibodies
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Antibody Class Actions Neutralizing antigen
Binds and neutralizes toxins Immobilizing bacteria Agglutinating
Connect pathogens to one another easier phagocytosis
Activating complement Enhancing phagocytosis
Binding attracts phagocytes
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Immunological Memory Long lasting antibodies & lymphocytes Many sensitive memory cells Much larger & quicker response next time =
Secondary Response Primary response can be naturally acquired Or artificially acquired by vaccination
Killed cells, isolated antigens, parts of viruses
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Immunological MemoryInteractions Animation
Introduction to Disease Resistance
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Aging Thymus atrophies Fewer responsive T cells Thus poorer B cell response Poorer response to new infection
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End of Chapter 17
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