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Transcript of 22 [chapter 22 the lymphatic system and immunity]
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CHAPTER 22The Lymphatic System and
Immunity
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
14th Edition
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The purpose of this chapter is to:1. Understand the lymphatic system structure and
function
2. Compare and contrast the innate and adaptive immune systems
3. Compare and contrast cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
4. Discuss the effects of stress and aging on immunity
Introduction
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Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity) Present at birth ad includes defense mechanisms
that provide general protection against invasion by a wide range of pathogens
Immunity (Adaptive Immunity) Involves activation of specific lymphocytes that
combat a particular pathogen or other foreign substance
The body system that carries out immune responses is the lymphatic system
Disease Resistance
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The lymphatic system consists of several structures and organs that contain lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and a fluid called lymph that flows within lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic System
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Components of the Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic System and Disease Resistance
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The Lymphatic System and Disease ResistancePhagocytosis, T and B Lymphocytes, Lymphatic Vessels, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus
Anatomy Overview:
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The lymphatic system functions to:1. Drain interstitial fluid
2. Transport dietary fats
3. Carry out immune responses
Functions of the Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries, which are closed on one end
Lymphatic capillaries are located between cells of many tissues
Lymphatic capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels, which have thin walls and many valves
Lymphatic Vessels and Capillaries
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Lymphatic Capillaries
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From the lymphatic vessels, lymph passes through lymph nodes and then into lymph trunks
Lymph trunks include the lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks
Lymph trunks then merge to form either the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct
Lymph Trunks and Ducts
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Routes of Drainage
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Routes of Drainage
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Interstitial fluid lymph capillaries lymph vessels lymph trunks lymph ducts subclavian veins
Formation and Flow of Lymph
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Primary lymphatic organs are organs where immune cells become immunocompetent
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
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Thymus
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Thymus
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Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues include:
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic nodules
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
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Structure of a Lymph Node
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Lymph Node
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Spleen
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Lymphatic nodules are masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule
They are scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways
Lymphatic nodules in these areas are also referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Lymphatic Nodules
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Development of Lymphatic Tissues
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Disease Resistance Overview
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction to Disease Resistance
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Innate immunity refers to a wide variety of body responses that serve to protect us against invasion of a wide variety of pathogens and their toxins
We are born with this kind of immunity Two lines of defense:
1. Skin and mucous membranes
2. Internal defenses
Innate Immunity
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Non-Specific Disease Resistance
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Non-Specific Disease Resistance
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Mechanical defenses Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, mucus,
cilia, epiglottis, urine flow, defecating, vomiting
Chemical defenses Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice
Skin and Mucous Membranes
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Antimicrobial proteins Phagocytes Natural killer cells Inflammation Fever
Internal Defenses
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Phagocytosis
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Inflammation
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Adaptive immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents
Antigens are substances recognized as foreign that provoke immune responses
Adaptive immunity has both specificity and memory and is divided into 2 types
1. Cell-mediated
2. Antibody-mediated
Adaptive Immunity
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Adaptive Immunity
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Lymphocytes
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The Lymphatic and Immune SystemsLymphocytes: Activated B Cells and Cytotoxic T cells
Anatomy Overview:
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Immunogenicity Reactivity Entire microbes or just parts of microbes
may act as antigens Typically, just certain small parts of a large antigen
molecule act as the triggers for immune responses. These small parts are called epitopes.
Antigens and Antigen Receptors
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Antigens and Antibodies
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Antigens and Antibodies
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Epitopes
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For an immune response to occur, B cells and T cells must recognize that a foreign antigen is present.
B cells can recognize and bind to antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid, or blood plasma
T cells only recognize fragments of antigenic proteins that are processed and presented in a certain way
Pathways of Antigen Processing
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In antigen processing, antigenic proteins are broken down into peptide fragments that associate with MHC molecules
The antigen–MHC complex is then inserted into the plasma membrane of a body cell This process is called antigen presentation
Pathways of Antigen Processing
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Exogenous Antigen Processing
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Endogenous Antigen Processing
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Small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions
Cytokines
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In cell-mediated immunity: An antigen is recognized and bound
A small number of T cells proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells
The antigen is eliminated
Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Activation and Clonal Selection of a Helper T Cell
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Activation and Clonal Selection of a Cytotoxic T Cell
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Activity of Cytotoxic T Cells
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In antibody-mediated immunity: An antigen is recognized and bound
Helper T cells costimulate the B cell so the B cell can proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells that produce antibodies
The antigen is eliminated
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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Activation and Clonal Selection of a B Cells
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IgG Antibody Structure
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Complement Activation and Results
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Introduction to Disease Resistance
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Disease Resistance Overview - section 2.1 discusses complement proteins
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Immunological Memory
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Introduction to Disease Resistance
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Disease Resistance Overview - section 4.1 discusses immunological memory
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T cells undergo both positive and negative selection to ensure that they can recognize self-MHC (self-recognition) antigens and that they do not react to other self-proteins (self-tolerance)
Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
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T Cells: Development of Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
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B cells develop tolerance through deletion and anergy
Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
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B Cells: Development of Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a field that deals with common pathways that link the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems
Research in this field indicates that thoughts, feelings, moods, and beliefs influence your level of health and the course of disease
Stress and Immunity
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Aging results in: Increased susceptibility to infections and
malignancies
Increased production of autoantibodies
Decreased response to vaccines
Decreased immune system function
Aging and the Immune System
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a condition in which a person experiences an assortment of infections due to the progressive destruction of immune system cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Homeostatic Imbalances: HIV/AIDS
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Allergies occur when a person is overly reactive to a substance that is well-tolerated by most others
When an allergic reaction occurs so does tissue damage
There are 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions, Type I-IV
Homeostatic Imbalances: Allergies
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An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system fails to display self-tolerance and, instead, attacks the person’s own body tissue(s)
Homeostatic Imbalances: Autoimmune Diseases
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End of Chapter 22
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