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Lecture Note 1INTRODUCTION TO

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Bilingual & International Chemistry FMIPA

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN2012

Prof. Drs. Manihar Situmorang, M.Sc., Ph.D

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Introduction to ECStudy the phenomen of chemical substances

in the environment (sources, reaction, movement-transfer, effect)

EC is introduced in 1970’s Developed rapidly Become compulsory in every industry Have knowledge in Analytical Chemistry

Learning Chemistry is paralel to learning ECAnalytical chemistry become a basic

knowledge in the application of Environmental chemistry

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Definition and Terminology

Look at these cases:1) Leaking of organochlorine in the field is categorized

as contamination2) Phosphate from industrial fertilizer is categorized as

pollution3) Phosphate in the field (garden, farm) is not pollution4) Rock music (?db) is not pollution

How do you describe these situation? Pollution and contamination can’t be generalized It is not depends on the subject or object It depends on the place, situation, and condition May be ……… (???)

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Definition

Pollution is defined as the presence of chemical substances out of normal range of the normal condition which could give negative effect to the environmentChange in physical nature, temperature,

condition, that potentially harmful to organism

Contamination is the presence of substances (chemicals, radiation, particle, energy, noise, etc) which is causes the composition of natural condition become changing (deviation) The target of contamination are hydrosphere,

lithosphere, athmosphere, and biosphere

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Environment and Chemicals

Living organism is having relationhip each otherOrganism, community need environment

Ecosystem could be seen as environment

Component of the ecosystem is consisted of:Abiotic (Inorganic and Organic)Whether and seasonAutotrophic and Heterotrophic (Producer)Macro consumerMicro consumer

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Example of Ecosystem Fish Pond as an example: containing of components:1) Abiotic (inorganic and organic compounds) such as

CO2, O2, Ca, N2, salts of P, Fe, amino acid, etc2) Producer (organism such as plants) Floated plants in the upper site (big, small plants ) Floated plants in the middle site (Phytoplankton)

3) Macro consumer (larva, insect, fish, etc) Herbivore (Zoo plankton, Bentos) Carnivore (Insect, fish, etc.) Detritivor (living from swage or organic

substances in autotrophic zone)4) Saprotropic organism, living in the middle zone

between water and mud (bacteria, flagellate, fungus) Living pathogenic to organism Living in dead organism (Degradation process)

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Microecosystem

Laboratory experiment that is manipulated wisely to imitate the real process that take place in environment

Miniatur Biospher: Directly from nature condition via visualization

media Setting up a miniature biosphere (imitation) Example: 1. Aquarium, 2. Glass house

Type of Microsystem: Pond Microecosystem Animal gut microecosystem Soil microecosystem Deep-sea Microecosystem

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Pond Microecosystem These microecosystems with limited water volume are often only of

temporary duration and hence colonized by organisms which possess a drought-resistant spore stage in the lifecycle, or by organisms which do not need to live in water continuously

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Animal Gut Microecosystem

These region of mammalian herbivores or even invertebrate digestive tracts used as microecosystem.

Example, mammalian gastrointestinal microecology, microorganisms such as protozoa, bacteria, as well as curious incompletely defined organisms could be studied

1 Atrium ruminis, 2 Saccus dorsalis, 3 Saccus ventralis, 4 Recessus ruminis, 5 Saccus cecus caudodorsalis, 6 Saccus cecus caudoventralis, 7 Sulcus cranialis, 8 Sulcus longitudinalis sinister, 9 Sulcus coronarius dorsalis, 10 Sulcus coronarius ventralis, 11 Sulcus caudalis, 12 Sulcus accessorius sinister, 13 Insula ruminis, 14 Sulcus ruminoreticularis, 15 Reticulum, 16 Abomasum, 17 Esophagus, 18 Spleen.

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Soil Microecosystem A typical soil microecosystem may be restricted to less than a

millimeter in its total depth range owing to steep variation in humidity and/or atmospheric gas composition.

The soil grain size and physical and chemical properties of the substrate may also play important roles.

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Deep-sea Microecosystem The best known contain rare specialized organisms, found only in

the immediate vicinity (sometimes within centimeters) of underwater volcanic vents (or "smokers"). These ecosystems require extremely advanced diving and collection techniques for their scientific exploration

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Biogeochemical Cycle

Biogeochemical cycle is a circuit or pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic ("bio-") and abiotic ("geo-") compartments of an ecosystem

The elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through the biogeochemical cycles

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Biogeochemical Cycle

Cycle process of the chemicals in biosphere in specific ways in environment (Chemicals from environment and back to the environment)

Food cycles (the cycle of essential food components that are used to support life)1) Macroelement nutrient, required in

relatively large amounts (C, H, O, N, P, S, and K, Ca, Fe, Mg)

2) Microelement nutrient, required in very small amounts, but still necessary (B, Cu, Mo)

3) Trace element of nutrient, require trace amount but important (Zn, V)

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Generalized Biogeochemical Cycle

Biogeochemical cycles1) Carbon

Cycles2) Nitrogen

Cycles3) Phosphate

cycles4) Sulphur

cycle

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Carbon CyclesThe carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of carbon and carbon-containing compounds in nature

1617.5

The Carbon Cycle

1717.5

The Yearly Variation in the CO2 ConcentrationAt Mauna Loa, Hawaii

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Nitrogen CyclesThe nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature

1917.1

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Phosphate CyclesThe Phosphate cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of Phosphate and phosphate-containing compounds in nature

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Sulphur CyclesBiogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of sulphur and sulphur-containing compounds in nature

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Sulphur CyclesSulphur compounds play a role in our climate system in various ways

2317.1

The Oxygen Cycle

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Assignment 1 Make an exploration through literature study in

books, journal or web, containing the topics below (chose one)1) Chemical in the ecosystem2) Microecosystem3) Biogeochemical Cycle

Make a summary of your investigation in standard writing paper (2-4 pages or more)

Submitted a paper in week 4 (Don’t forget to write your name and student’s number in the front cover of your assignment)