LEAD IN YOUR LIPSTICK: A JOURNAL APPRAISAL. INTRODUCTION Lead used as a coloring elements basically...
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Transcript of LEAD IN YOUR LIPSTICK: A JOURNAL APPRAISAL. INTRODUCTION Lead used as a coloring elements basically...
LEAD IN
YOUR LI
PSTI
CK:
A JOURNAL A
PPRAIS
AL
INTRODUCTION
Lead• used as a coloring elements• basically taken up by ingestion•uptake of food (65%)•water (20%)•air (15%)
INTRODUCTION
• significant level of lead in the blood is about 10 microgram/dL• ~25 micrograms/dL, high possibility of damage to kidneys and the nervous system• Symptoms may include :• pain, numbness or tingling of the extremities,
muscular weakness, headache, abdominal pain, memory loss, miscarriage or premature birth in pregnant women, and fatigue
IN THE NEWS: LEAD CONTAMINATION
• Started 3 years ago
• Mattel (toy company) recalled more than
18 million products after high lead content was found in their products in (August 2007)
• In October 2007, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics released a report which revealed trace amounts of lead among commercially-available lipstick brands• lead levels exceeding USFDA’s upper limit for candy,
0.1ppm
THE
RESEARCH Q
UESTION
Is there a significant amount of lead among commercially available lipstick brands that can pose health risks?
OBJECTIVES
1. To identify the allowable levels of lead according to drug authorities such as FDA
2. To identify commercial brands of lipstick with significant lead content
3. To compare the relative lead content in lipsticks with lead
4. To determine if the use of the said products has already caused hazard to human health
REVIEW
OF
RELATE
D
LITERAT
URE
EXAMININ
G THE S
OURCES
LEAD IN
YOUR LI
PSTI
CK
SUMMARY OF
RRL
ALLOWABLE LEVELS OF LEAD IN COSMETICSCurrently no lead content limit set by FDA
Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, 2007FDA limit of lead in candy: 0.01 PPM1/3 of lipsticks in the market: 0.03-0.65 PPM
FDA study in 2009Lipsticks in the market: 0.09-3.06 PPMLipsticks should not be compared to candies because they are not ingested.
ALLOWABLE LEVELS OF LEAD IN COSMETICSFDA has set a lead content limit as an
impurity in the color additives used in cosmetics
10-20 PPM: safe and acceptable
BFAD statementMaximal allowable lead limit in cosmetics: 20 PPM
Based on consolidation of data from other ASEAN countries
COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL BRANDS OF LIPSTICKS WITH SIGNIFICANT LEAD CONTENT
FDA study in 200920 lipsticks of varying brandsHighest: Cover Girl brand, 3.06 PPMLowest: Avon brand, 0.09 PPMAverage level: 1.07 PPM
BRAND NAME PARENT COMPANY LIPSTICK LINEAND SHADEA
LOT NUMBERSB
LEAD (PB)C
(PPM)D
COVER GIRL PROCTER & GAMBLE INCREDIFUL LIPCOLOR964 MAXIMUM RED
7241S1 3.065188S1 3.05
REVLON REVLON, INC. COLORSTAY LIPCOLOR345 RED VELVET
COMPOSITEE 2.91F
07298 2.38
COVER GIRL PROCTER & GAMBLE QUEEN COLLECTIONQ580 RUBY REMIX 7136 2.24
BODY SHOP L'OREAL LIP COLOUR22 GARNET C274EA 1.79
COVER GIRL PROCTER & GAMBLE CONTINUOUS COLOR435 CHERRY BRANDY 7228 1.76
L'OREAL L'OREAL COLOUR RICHE315 TRUE RED FD261 1.47
REVLON REVLON, INC. SUPER LUSTROUS660 BED OF ROSES 07208 1508 53 1.37
MAYBELLINE L'OREAL MOISTURE EXTREMEF315 COCOA PLUM WD2891 1.21
REVLON REVLON, INC. SUPER LUSTROUS725 LOVE THAT RED 07284 1508 59 1.04
L'OREAL L'OREAL COLOUR RICHE752 CLASSIC WINE
FD064 0.79
FD234 0.67
CLINIQUE ESTEE LAUDER COMPANIES INC.
LONG LASTFJ MERLOT AA7 0.55
CLINIQUE ESTEE LAUDER COMPANIES INC.
LONG LASTF9 PAPRIKA A87 0.48
ESTEE LAUDER ESTEE LAUDER COMPANIES INC.
PURE COLOR1A3 MARASCHINO B55 0.43
BURT'S BEES CLOROX COMPANY LIP SHIMMERMERLOTG 1840701 0.33
MAYBELLINE L'OREAL MOISTURE EXTREMEE215 MIDNIGHT RED WD3041 0.23
PEACEKEEPER PEACEKEEPER PAINT ME COMPASSIONATEG H 0.17
DIOR LVMH REPLENISHING LIPCOLOR752 RED PREMIERE 7A01 0.15
DIOR LVMH ADDICT ULTRA-SHINE750 SHINIEST SEXINESS 7D01 0.12
MAC ESTEE LAUDER COMPANIES INC.
MATTE LIPSTICKVIVA GLAM I A67 0.10
AVON AVON ULTRA COLOR RICHU250 CHERRY JUBILEE H 0.09
AVERAGE 1.07
COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL BRANDS OF LIPSTICKS WITH SIGNIFICANT LEAD CONTENT
Study by Al-Saleh et al, 200948 lipsticks from 26 brandsLead content range: 0.27-3760 PPM
There were 3 outliers in the dataWithout outliers: 0.27-36.90 PPM
Only 2 brands above the 20 PPM limitAll 5 lipsticks that exceeded the limit: from ChinaLipsticks with shimmers: 0.33-3760 PPMAll exceeded the 0.1 PPM limit in candy
EFFECT OF COSMETICS WITH LEAD TO HUMAN HEALTH
Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals, 1998
Allowable blood levels of lead: <20 µg/dlAllowable levels for children: <10 µg/dl
This amount can already lead to a 2.5-point decrease in intelligence quotient of IQ
Nervous system: overt clinical encephalopathy 100-120 µg/dl
Kidney: atrophy and interstitial nephritis 40-100
Gastrointestinal: colic 40-60
Formation of blood cells: anemia 50
Reporudctive system: hypospermia, testicular atrophy
40-50
Nervous system: IQ/learning disruption, sensory system deficits
40
Heart and Blood Vessels: Hypertension <7
Formation of blood cells: biochemical (enzyme changes)
3-30
EFFECT OF COSMETICS WITH LEAD TO HUMAN HEALTH
Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals, 1998
There is no exposure level below which lead appears to be safe
Children are more susceptibleBlood lead levels as low as 10 µg/dl can hamper blood cell formation and affect one’s IQ or cause some form of learning disruption
Higher levels may cause colic, encephalopathy, renal atrophy, and interstitial nephritis
EFFECT OF COSMETICS WITH LEAD TO HUMAN HEALTH
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2006
Lead exposure to children: paint, water, soil
Center for Disease ControlAbout 6 percent of children aged 1-2 years old have toxic blood lead levels
EFFECT OF COSMETICS WITH LEAD TO HUMAN HEALTH
Lead exposure during pregnancyLead in the body are mainly stored in the boneThese stores may be mobilized due to hormonal effects in pregnancy
Lead readily crosses the placental barrier and may affect the fetus
Pregnant women may not manifest symptoms but their future children could be affected via prenatal exposure
EFFECT OF COSMETICS WITH LEAD TO HUMAN HEALTH
Currently FDA assessment of lipsticks tested
Lead content levels are safe, not a concernBased on the premise that lipstick is for topical use only
Majority are below the recommended limit given by public health officials, 10 PPM
EFFECT OF COSMETICS WITH LEAD TO HUMAN HEALTH
Study by Al-Ashban et al, 2002Blood analyses of regular kohl users revealed a high lead concentration and relatively low hemoglobin levels
Kohl was also estimated to have lead levels as high as 52.3%
EFFECT OF COSMETICS WITH LEAD TO HUMAN HEALTH
Study by Al-Ashban et al, 2002Blood lead levels
Control group mean value: 0.9µg/dl ± 0.43Kohl users group mean value: 17.65µg/dl ±2.29
Hemoglobin levelsControl group mean value: 14.02g/dl ± 0.21Kohl users group mean value: 12.22g/dl ± 0.37
The study by Al-Saleh et al (1999) supports the findings made by Al-Ashban et al (2002).
DISCUSSIO
N
OBJECTIVE 1: TO IDENTIFY THE ALLOWABLE LEVELS OF LEAD ACCORDING TO DRUG AUTHORITIES SUCH AS FDA
USFDA – no limit for lead as a contaminant in cosmetics as of now
Impurities in color additives in cosmetics – 20ppm
Campaign for Safe Cosmetics Set limit to 0.1ppm based on permissible limit of lead in
candies
BFAD (FDA Philippines) Issued a circular (No. 2006-012) for a maximum allowable
limit of lead in cosmetics to 20ppm
OBJECTIVES 2 AND 3: TO IDENTIFY COMMERCIAL BRANDS OF LIPSTICK WITH SIGNIFICANT LEAD CONTENT; TO COMPARE THE RELATIVE LEAD CONTENT IN LIPSTICKS WITH LEAD
Hepp, Mindak and Cheng (2009)20 lipsticks of varying brands found to have lead levels 0.09-3.06ppm
Among tested:Covergirl: highest level (3.06ppm)Avon: lowest level (0.09ppm)
Average lead level of all lipsticks: 1.07ppm
OBJECTIVES 2 AND 3: TO IDENTIFY COMMERCIAL BRANDS OF LIPSTICK WITH SIGNIFICANT LEAD CONTENT; TO COMPARE THE RELATIVE LEAD CONTENT IN LIPSTICKS WITH LEADAl Saleh et al. (2009) 72 lipstick samples turned positive for lead, with levels
ranging from 0.27-3760 ppm Exclusion of three outliers dropped upper value from
3760 to 36.90 Since no valid reasons to exclude outliers, four brands
are recognized as having levels beyond 20ppm All samples with lead content exceeding 20ppm
obtained from China
OBJECTIVE 4: TO DETERMINE IF THE USE OF THE SAID PRODUCTS HAS ALREADY CAUSED HAZARD TO HUMAN HEALTH
Lead in lipsticks might not cause an immediate health problem
However, it can accumulate due to repeated application and may result in cumulative toxicity
Dependent on the frequency of application which varies from one woman to another
The consequences of these products can only be properly verified by conducting population risk assessment exposure study
FDA has assessed that the lead available in the lipsticks they have tested are safe and should not be a cause for concern
lipstick is for topical use only and that majority of them are below the recommended limit given by public health officials
OBJECTIVE 4: TO DETERMINE IF THE USE OF THE SAID PRODUCTS HAS ALREADY CAUSED HAZARD TO HUMAN HEALTH
CONCLUSIO
N
THE V
ERDICT
CONCLUSIONS: AUTHOR’S PERSPECTIVE
AWARENESS GROUPS
• High lead content Based on 0.01 PPM for
candies
• Stricter regulations required
• Cite various health risks and hazards
COSMETIC INDUSTRY AND US FDA
• No industry standard 10-20 PPM for dye
contaminants Study showed various lead
content – within acceptable limits
• Lead content negligible to health
• Stress
CONCLUSION: GROUP’S VIEW
• Lead-containing products can indeed significantly increase lead within the human body
• Best interest of health: Lead exposure among cosmetic users be minimized
good manufacturing practice and proper quality control;
imposition of lower lead level thresholds, or maintaining the current standard tolerance by regulatory agencies such as the FDA and BFAD;
not allowing vulnerable populations access to such products.
REFERENCESCSC, the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics (2007). A Poison Kiss: The Problem of Lead in Lipsticks. Available
from: <http://www.safecosmetics.org/about/reports.cfm>
Hepp, N.M., Mindak, W.R., and Cheng, J. (2009). Determination of total lead in lipstick: Development and validation of a microwave-assisted digestion, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometric method. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 60, 405-414.
Al-Saleh, I, Al-Enazi, S. and Shinwari, N. (2009). Assessment of lead in cosmetic products. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 54, 105-133.
Bureau of Food and Drugs (2006). Bureau circular 2006-012, Maximum allowable limits of heavy metals for cosmetic products. Retrieved from www.bfad.gov.ph/oldsite/BC/bc%202006-012.pdf
Health Canada (2009), Draft Guidance on Heavy Metal Impurities in Cosmetics.
Al-Saleh I, Nester M, DeVol E, et al (1999). Determinants of blood lead levels in Saudi Arabian schoolgirls. International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health 5,107-14.
Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (1999). Global opportunities for reducing the use of leaded gasoline. Available from: http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pdf/lead/toc.htm
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2006). Lead exposure in children affects brain and behavior. Retrieved from http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/lead_exposure_in_children_affects_brain_and_behavior.