LCLS: From Vision To RealityApril 10, 2019Panel Chair: Keith HodgsonPanel: Arthur Bienenstock

Joachim StöhrPat DehmerJohn GalaydaJochen Schneider Janos HajduDavid Fritz

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Making of the LCLS – the People from SLAC and Partnering Labs, Stanford, Government, Scientific Users…

A Personal Perspective on the People and Events that Made LCLS – Keith Hodgson

SLAC’s Directors Stanford and DOE Project Leadership

A Personal Perspective on LCLS on the People and Events that Made LCLS – Keith Hodgson

Project Partners were Key Pulse Institute and SLAC-Stanford Partnership for Scientific Leadership

Pre-LCLS experiments – the SPPS

ANL, BNL, LANL, UCLA, LLNL

Artie BienenstockFrom Pellegrini Concept to Design Study Report

• 1991 - Context • SSRL was independent laboratory

finishing construction of booster synchrotron injector

• SLAC focusing on SLC• Much SSRL/SLAC conflict over SLC

operation and linac injection into SPEAR• Synchrotron radiation community’s

emphasis on storage rings• 1991 - Winick takes on XFEL leadership for

SSRL• Focus on the water window – 23-44Å

• Linac at 10 GeV• High brightness, photocathode

electron guns• 1A Possibility with higher linac energies

• Better electron gun needed 5

Artie BienenstockFrom Pellegrini Concept to Design Study Report

• March, 1992 6 Working groups established with Winick leadership1. FEL design, performance and optimization; Coisson, Corbett, Morton, Nuhn, PELLEGRINI, Tatchyn2. Gun and acceleration to 70 MeV; Morton, Pellegrini, Raubenheimer, SEEMAN 3. Beam transport and acceleration from 70 MeV including compression; Bane, RAUBENHEIMER, Seeman 4. Wiggler; Coisson, Halbach, TATCHYN 5. Layout; SEEMAN, Winick 6. Scientific applications; Tatchyn, WINICK

• 1992-1995 “Team” broadened to include UCLA, LBL, LLNL, U. Rochester and U. Milan• Continued emphasis on 23-44Å

• 1994 – Workshop on Scientific Applications of Coherent X-Rays• Scientific case much stronger for 1-4Å• We shift emphasis to 1.5Å• Demands become much greater

• 1995 - Detailed design study, led by Max Cornacchia, initiated• Focus on solving the many problems associated with actually developing a 1.5Å LCLS facility from the

gun to the end stations.• 1996 - Fourth Generation Synchrotron Source Conference in Grenoble

• 1997 - Completion of the LCLS Design Study Report6

Jo StöhrDevelopment of the LCLS Scientific Case

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1994: National Research Council StudyFELs not competitive with conventional lasers for scientific applications except in the X-ray region

1999: Leone BESAC Reportmost exciting innovative science is most likely in the hard x-ray regionneed development of a compelling and rigorous scientific caseDOE should fund a multi-laboratory R&D effort to realize a test facility – LCLS

March 2000: DOE Charge to LCLS Scientific Advisory Committeeproduce document, based on best scientific vision, describing about 5 experiments for LCLS startup

Sept. 2000: Document delivered to DOE-BES

Oct. 2000: Presentation of 5 experiments to DOE-BESAC unanimous endorsement of BESAC to prepare and submit formal LCLS Conceptual Design Report

Jo StöhrFirst Experiments Document (Sept. 2000)

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Femtochemistry Dan Imre, BNL

Nanoscale Dynamics in Brian Stephenson, APSCondensed Matter

Atomic Physics Phil Bucksbaum,Univ. of Michigan

• Initiated by SSRL Director Keith Hodgson

• Developed by international team of ~ 50 scientists

• Approved by LCLS SAC

Plasma and Warm Dense Richard Lee, LLNLMatter

Structural Studies on Single Janos Hajdu,Particles and Biomolecules Uppsala Univ.

X-ray Laser Physics Jerry Hastings, BNL

Team leaders and BESAC talks:

Jo StöhrImpact of the First Experiments Document

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• Led to acceptance by DOE of the existence of a convincing scientific case

• Led to LCLS DOE CD0 in June 2001

• Led to the near and far experimental hall concept

• Led to the exploratory Sub-Picosecond Pulse Source (SPPS)

• Led to the development of SLAC/Stanford PULSE center

Pat DehmerHow DOE’s Office of Science came to build LCLS

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For the past 20 years, SC has used three criteria to determine whether and when to build a project:

1. Scientific importance, as assessed by the scientific community through formal, independent means (e.g., NAS, FACA, …);

2. Readiness for construction, as assessed by SC’s Office of Project Assessment (aka “Lehman” or “Meador” reviews) and other external independent reviews; and

3. Availability of funding.

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Science

Construction readiness

$s

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… and special thanks to John Galayda and his team for delivering LCLS on Day #1 of commissioning.

Pat DehmerOn behalf of DOE, thank you to all of the owners/parents of LCLS-X …

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John GalaydaEvolution of LCLS design

November 2005

February 2003

April 2000

April 1996

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R&D, Conceptual Design, RF Gun UCLA

Project Collaboration

John GalaydaMulti-lab Collaboration

John GalaydaExtraordinarily Smooth Turn-On

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H. D. Nuhn

Paul Emma

What a GREAT

experience!

Two key people deserve credit for the transition from a

transport line with many undulators

to a laser in < 45 minutes

Jochen SchneiderSLAC+DESY: Great collaboration in a competitive world since the 1960s

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Establishing a Collaborative Research Effort to Enable Exploitation and Expansion of the Scientific Capabilities

of LCLS and the TESLA XFEL

DESY-SLAC MoU November 1, 2002

• DESY 1993: A linear e+-e- collider with integrated X-ray laser based on a linear accelerator in

super conducting RF technology

Bjørn H. WiikDESY Director General 1993-1999

International TESLA collaboration:52 institutions from 13 countries in 2003, today 60 institutionsfrom 15 countries, technology used at EuXFEL and LCLS II

• Gaining experience with femtosecond pulses,community buildingSPPS (Δt<100 fsec)

2002-2004-2006SLAC/SSRL/Stanford, DESY, APS, CARS, NSLS, Univ. of Copenhagen, Michigan, Berkeley, Uppsala

TTF-VUV-FELTESLA Test Facility

First XFEL experiment: Sept. 2001Wabnitz et al., Nature 420 (2002) 4822005 it became the FLASH user facility

• Planning and construction of LCLS - first lasing at 1.5-Å on 14 April 2009

LCLS

Jochen Schneider2008-2009: Transition from LCLS construction to operations

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• Goals: Transparent access policies, attract the best people, high impact early science

• AMO beamline: First call for proposalsLCLS proposal preparation workshops

28 proposals, 219 scientists, 16 countriesUSA (83), Europe (120), Asia (16)

10 experiments scheduled: 3 at CAMP,7 at AMO instrument as built by LCLS

25 publications in 2010 - 2011

The CAMP team at LCLS

John Bozek

AMO beamline

• Attract young peopleFree-Electron Laser SciencePeter Paul Ewald Fellowships at LCLS in Stanford

6.3 MEuro

16 fellows: today 4 at SLAC, 3 at DESY, 3 at EuXFEL,1 at SwissFEL,1 at MPSD Hamburg, 1 at HZ Jena (D), 2 at Universities (US, D)

• SXR: Soft X-ray Material beamline

19 publications in 2011-2012

LCLS-SLAC: 1,566 k$ USSIMES-Stanford: 750 k$ USALS-Berkeley: 377 k$ USUniversity of Hamburg-DESY: 1,500 k$ USCFEL-DESY: 300 k$ US

Experimental end-stations made availableby user groups

Ultrafast chemistry

Clusters as new materials

Magnetic imaging

Strongly correlated materials

High-resolution ultrafast coherent imaging.

Janos HajduDiffraction before destruction

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(1) 1994: AN EYE-OPENER AT SLACThe Winick Symposium on new opportunities

(2) 1996: THE SCIFI PROJECT Explore physical limits in imaging

Gyula FaigelBudapest

Sven HovmöllerStockholm

Carol RobinsonOxford

Marin van HeelLondon

Janos Hajdu UppsalaCoordinator

Edgar WeckertKarlsruhe

SINGLE VIRUSES NANOCRYSTALS

SINGLE MOLECULES

DIFFRACTION BEFORE DESTRUCTION

X-ray pulse

5 x 5 x 5

SINGLE MOLECULES

(3) 2000: Nature 406, 752-757

SupplementOctober 2002

September 2000

(4) AIMING THE BIG GUNS

Ingolf Lindau

(5) 2002: SPPS To work out “stuff” for LCLS (6 million SEK from VR)

Janos HajduThe shooting gallery

20Seibert, Ekeberg, Maia et al. Nature 470, 78-U86 (2011).

1000 nm

Autocorrelation

PROJECTION IMAGE:

2009: THE GIANT MIMI VIRUS

Photon energy: 1.80 keVPulse length: 70 fs (FDHM)Focus: 10 µm (FWHM)1.6 x 1010 photons/µm2

1st LCLS EXPERIMENT FOLLOW-UP STUDIES

Rubisco12 nm

Ferritin13 nm

RNA Pol-II13 nm

TBSV31 nm MS2

27 nm

OmRV45 nm

RDV70 nm

CARBOXYSOMES115 nm

MIMI VIRUS: 1st 3D reconstruction 450 nm

Ekeberg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 098102 (2015).

RUBISCO

1000 photons in the signal 1400 photons in the background

radial average of the data

RUBISCO model fitted to the radial average

RUBISCO cluster

LCLS IS WEAK

Photon energy = 800 eV Pulse length = 50 fs (FWHM)Focus = 3-5 μm7.8 x 1010 photons/µm2

Resolution = 10.5 / 7.5 nm (edge/corners)

SINGLE MOLECULES

12 nm

MelV in 3D 230 nm

Seibert, Ekeberg, Maia et al. Nature 470, 78-U86 (2011).

David FritzConstruction & the Cavalry

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David FritzHigh Expectations, High Pressure, High Support

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Making of the LCLS – the People from SLAC and Partnering Labs, Stanford, Government, Scientific Users…

Panel discussion

• What was different about LCLS that stands out from other major projects you’ve been involved with?

• What advice would you give future leaders at lab, when faced with an effort as large and complex as LCLS?

• Looking back, what is your most abiding memory of LCLS?

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