Lazaretto Architectural Investigation
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Transcript of Lazaretto Architectural Investigation
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Spring of 2012
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
Contents:
Executive Summary 4
History of the Site 5
Historic American Building Survey Drawings 22
I. Introduction
II. Existing Conditions
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I. Introduction
Executive SummaryHistory
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Executive Summary
Over the course of the four-month semester, the participants of this Architectural Archaeology
course took a materials-based approach to documentation of the structure and the site. Projects ranged
from analyzing the main buildings framing system to a detailed paint analysis for several rooms on
extensively explored, assessed, and documented. Auxiliary structures to the main building, includingthe Carriage House (now referred to as the Barn) and the Bargemans Tower, were also subjects of
research.
Investigations conducted at the site were primarily concerned with uncovering the original
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History of the SiteExerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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Quarantine Station was among the earliest
purpose-built, and is the oldest extant,
quarantine-related structure in teh United
States. The buildings high level of integrity
is of particular importance since it is physical
evidence of the forces impacting eighteenth-
century Amercan hospitals--both in terms of
by that policy. The City of Philadelphias Board
citizenry against infestious diseases long before
the federal government involved itself withsuch concerns. Nearly a century passed before
and immigrant station on Ellis Island in New
Station and other similar, early-nineteenth-
century centers are precursors to this later, far-
purpose relative to its time and place. Activities
the people or cargo carried on ships as sources
for epidemic disease. Each was inspected and
detained based on the presence of a perceived
health threat and only released when that threat
Only with the rise of immigrant processing and
regulation in the mid-nineteenth century did
quarantine become more exclusively associated
with people.
As with most early public health initiatives,
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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directly to a local crisis: in 1793, a yellow fever
epidemic devastated Philadelphia, claiming
determined citizen-caretakers abandoned the
mortality rate. Despite Philadelphias position
as the most cosmopolitan city in America, it
still lacked the municipal organization and the
facilities needed to contend with a large-scale
epidemic. It was home to the Pennsylvania
Hospital, the only institution of its kind in
America at that time; however, because it was
conceived to cure, rather than merely contain,
the sick, the hospital literally shut its doors
during the 1793 epidemic, as did the nearbyAlms House, the conventional repository for
the sickly poor. The abject failure of the city to
deal with this catastrophe hastened the creation
of the Philadelphia Board of Health in 1794, the
people with infectious diseases approaching
the city by ship at a location remote from the
metropolis. It can be suggested that the Board
of Health realized the new quarantine stations
centerpiece building on formal plans by English
architect-emigre Joseph Bowes, but eighteenth-
century vernacular traditions most impacted
its massing and spatial organization. The main
buildings visually dominant center pavilion
generic English formula that colonists imported
and adapted to meet local requirements and
conditions. This process previously gave shape
to Philadelphias Pennsylvania Hospital, which
eighteenth-century American structures related
to social welfare.
The Pennsylvania Hospital single-handedly
l h d d i l f h
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
As featured in HABS Report PA-6659
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
and Buildings thereon erected, known by the
indicating that the construction campaign for
its replacement had proceeded far enough to
use the new facility during the 1801 quarantine
season.3 On November 23, 1801, the Board of
Health stated in a meeting: The buildings
4 While
clearly functional, the degree to which they
a high state of improvement.5
and construction methods are easily and
appropriately situated within the local
behind in Americas largest city.6 An October
1794 newspaper advertisement announced
Bowess arrival, his objective to practice the
business of Architecture in all its departments,
and stated solid credentials as a Draftsman
for several years past, to the celebrated
Robert Adam, Esq. Architect in London.7
His supposed employment with Adam is not
familiar with many of the Adam brothers
late works in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Robert
Adams and James Adams deaths in 1792 and
Bowess appearance in Philadelphia since their
passing may well have precipitated a need to
Regardless of his background, Bowes was
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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seems not to have enjoyed much successin Philadelphia. The 1796 Philadelphia city
directory lists him as an architect on Vine
Street, while the following year he had moved
to Cressons Alley and designated his
profession as architect & engraver.10 After
1798, his continued residence in the city is
doubtful.11
Whether he died or moved awayis not known; perhaps he was a victim of that
years yellow fever epidemic. In the end, a lack
of known commissions, either documented or
extant, points to unlikely accomplishment in
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
Guard House on the bank of the Delaware River, 1936As featured in HABS Report PA-6659
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
ill.14
made clear during the yellow fever epidemic
of 1793 during which the privately funded
Pennsylvania Hospital closed its gates and did
not admit anyone into the compound while the
disease raged and decimated the city outside.
In desperation, the few remaining city leaders
commandeered a vacant three-story, Georgian
country house on William Hamiltons Bush
Hill estate just outside the city for emergency
quarantine purposes.15 In the epidemics
14 The Board of Health informally called the pub-lic hospital intended for Philadelphia the city
hospital as early as 1795 [MBH, 10 Jun. 1795]. The 1798
amendment to the prior health laws referred to alocation commonly called the City Hospital, meaning
the public hospital, and changed the name of the
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of the Marine and City Hospitals of the Port and
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mally adopted the once casual moniker See A A t
aftermath, the Board of Health negotiated
Bush Hills use as a public hospital for the
city through March 25, 1795.16 Anticipating
this deadline, the Board of Health purchased
a lot on the west side of the Schuylkill River
near Market Street and began planning for a
permanent city hospital early in 1795.17
In contemplating this structure, the Board
conferred with members of the College of
Physicians, an academic organization of
medical doctors founded in 1787, about various
design requirements. Eminent doctors Adam
Kuhn, Thomas Parke, and Caspar Wistar
lic Gardens of Paris. The house burned in 1814 and the
UXLQVZHUHUHFRQVWLWXWHGDVDIDFWRU\EHIRUHQDOO\EHLQJ
razed entirely in 1875. See Henry A. Boorse, Bush Hill:
An Historic Philadelphia House,Imprint9 (Autumn
1984): 12-18; [Philadelphia] Committee to Attend to and
$OOH LDWH WKH 6 IIHULQJV RI WKH $ILFWHG LWK WKH 0DOLJ
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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have been working as a team, and the lack of
an entry in the city directories for Desaurau
and a smaller proposed fee implies that he
was perhaps Bowess apprentice and possibly
living in his household. Ultimately, Desaurau
was paid forty dollars for drawing plans for
the City Hospital, and Bowes, whose plan
was approved, compensated sixty dollars for
design expertise in addition to drafting.24 The
board minutes never mentioned either man
again and they ultimately never built the City
Hospital on these plans. In November 1796, the
board treasurer, Gideon Wells, reported that the
repairs to the quarantine station on State Island
required withdrawals from the City HospitalTax account, which was already far short of
what will be necessary to complete a Hospital
because of the present high price of Labour.25
The City Hospital built by the board in 1808-09
on a portion of the Bush Hill estate is not the
one imagined in the 1795 plans. On January
16, 1808, the Board awarded Alexander Steel
a contract to furnish materials and oversee
construction of a hospital: 108 feet in length
by 22 feet in breadth, with a piazza to both
stories, of 12 feet in depthwindows opening
ceiling...to be divided into seven wards.28
This description suggests a rectangular
footprint, simpler in concept than the three-
part structure proposed over a decade earlier.29
The unexecuted drawings of the City Hospital
basement, but the cash-strapped and crises-rich
Board of Health might have also pragmatically
used them to build the new quarantine station
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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On June 11, 1799, just three weeks after
negotiating the purchase often acres on
facility exhibited the Plans for the proposed
Health.31 At this gathering, the Board studied
the drawings, scaled back aspects of the plan,
principal structure. They described the three-
Fifty feet square with Cellars under and three
story [sic]
two story [sic] high and without cellars under
them, the length of each about sixty four feet,32
Unlike the months-long discussion of the City
Hospital design in 1795, the minutes record
reason to think that the Board would have used
them for another, similar need.
The acreage purchased by the Board of Health
part of a tract owned by the Taylor family since
at least 1725.34 Rebecca Smith, one of the party
selling the tract to the Board of Health, was
widowed at a young age by one of a number of
eighteenth-century Thomas Taylors.
Rebecca Smith and her son, Thomas, sold
approximately ten acres of land on Tinicum
Island, Delaware County, Pennsylvania for
$2000.00.35 A second transaction for $1.00 made
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
property to the City of Philadelphia, although
the complex remained in use until the opening
of the immigration station at Marcus Hook in
1895. A city council ordinance of
September 1, 1936, called for the divestment
of unproductive salable real estate owned by
the City.38 E. M. Harris resurveyed the Old
11+ acres for $10,500.00. They subsequently
partitioned the tract and sold a riverfront
portion containing the former resident
physicians house to the Riverside Yacht Club
on November 15, 1939, for $4,000.39
40 Anna L. Mills inherited the
acreage from her husband upon his death on
December 29, 1940. She and her new husband
The
three proposals put forth by Island Marine
Partners in 2000 all called for the demolition of
the historic structures on the site. Preservation
advocates responded quickly and founded
raise awareness and funds to thwart the sitesdestruction and planned redevelopment. The
public campaign gained momentum and in
2001 the Pennsylvania legislature authorized
$400,000 towards the down payment on the
property; however, Tinicum Township was
not able to complete the purchase of the site
until 2005 after the state agreed to grants andallocations totaling approximately $11,000,000
for the ten acres ($3,100,000), stabilization of
the historic structures present on the property
($2,000,000), and construction of a new
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
Philadelphia Board of Health
Pennsylvania State Quarantine Board
The Orchard Club
Philadelphia School of Aviation (Essington School of Aviation); Philadelphia Seaplane
Base
Most of the workmen and suppliers for the initial building campaign are unknown at this time.
It is likely that a number of their names were documented in the Minutes of the Board of Health;
unfortunately, the volume covering the period during which most of the construction occurred, is
missing from the Philadelphia City Archives.
Exerpted from the Historic American Buildings Survey, PA-6659
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Orientation to south and sites relationship with the Delaware River
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Cupola
INTERIOR
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II. Existing Conditions
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Descriptive Analysis
feet from the riverfront. The building is divided into three wings. The central, administrative wing hasa hipped roof and large chimneys, and is topped by a cupola and decorative gilded weathervane. The
from the west to the central wing. The brick structure rests on a Wissahickon Schist foundation.
The entire structure is symmetrical in plan, which was echoed by the mirrored outbuildings that
once stood on the property. The plan, massing and interior decorative work is representative of an
evolving use over time. The building features numerous hierarchical decorative schemes, which will
be thoroughly discussed in the following sections.
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
Historic AmerBuilding Sur
Draw
PA-
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
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Q
University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STHE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
TH ELA ZARE TTO QUA RAN TIN ESTA TION
U nivers ityof Pennsy lvania |Gra duate Prog ramin Histo ricPres erva tionH SPV-7 41Arc hitect uralA rchaeo logy |Sprin g201 2 5
N ote: HAB Sdra wing sre-pri nted at25 %ofo rigin alsiz e
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Note: HABS drawingsre-printed at 25% of
original size
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THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
III. Architectural Investigations
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Stone and Brick Masonry
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th
and early 19th
1 One
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wall. .
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Structural Framing Investigations
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METHODOLOGY
Structural framing investigations were
carried out to understand the principles and
logic of the construction as well as to determine
alterations that have occurred since the original
date of construction (1799-1801). The framing of
the main block was documented and a structural
framing diagram was produced using Auto-
CAD. Detail drawings of joinery and special
Dendrochronology was carried out on select
test is unlikely to yield great results due to the
narrow dimensions of the framing elements.
primarily of oak and pine. These members
bear on a stone foundation and brick masonry
walls in the upper stories. The cupola framing is
were visible as the plaster ceiling had been
and plaster appeared to be of the same date by
visual observation of the plaster and the nails
consistency in dating could be obtained through
analysis of the binder and aggregate within the
plaster itself. The function of doubling plaster
This doubling of
plaster and lath can be seen in other Philadelphia
Measurements of the width and height
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the outermost header sits sixteen inches from the
bearing wall and is made of two joists sistered
together. It is clear that the framing in this room
was designed to support a much larger hearth
than observed anywhere else in the building.
revealed through archaeological investigation
for what this opening was framed.
It can be surmised that the builders of the
the intention of installing large hearths and
the 18th
ANALYSIS
constructed to accommodate large hearths.
that extend approximately twenty inches beyond
the framing in each room was intended for alarger hearth because of the presence of two
or to assist in supporting a hearth (see image
below).
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upper stories had not been altered since their
documented using the same techniques as
it was necessary to remove small areas of
the connection of trimmers and headers that
on the upper stories were original and that their
original dimensions are still intact.
carried out included removal of the ceiling plaster
in room 105 of the main block. A small amount
of plaster was removed north of the hearth to
expose the intersection between the header and
there had been later interventions in this area
to repair damage to the members and original
joinery was not evident. Therefore it was
determined that investigation of another room
would be necessary.
Due to the current conditions of the
excavate room 104. The other two rooms were
less accessible due to others using the rooms
dropped ceiling prohibited easy excavation.
ceiling and lath was removed south of the
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was constructed using a mortise and tenon and
was set into the brick work as if constructed
framing likely dates to the original date of
not oversized and was constructed to support
the smaller hearth that is typical of a Rumford
This excavation provided the evidence
necessary to understand the logic and the
methodology that guided the craftsmen and
designers who built the framing for this
by the decision to build a more contemporary
construction decisions. Solidly built framing
1) Initial Framed Opening 2) Exploded Hearth Framing 3) Assembly
B
C
D
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possible comfort to the occupants of the building
0 4-02-0 6-0
HEARTH MASONRY
DOVETAILED TRIM
FIREPLACE MASONRY
Tyical plan detail of hearth flooring trim
(Room 205). Trim is dovetailed into an
un-interrupted floor board.
FLOORBOARDS
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
3S2.1
1S2.1
2S2.1
4S2.1
4S2.1
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
LIKELY REPAIR
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
SISTERED
MEMBER ALONG
SILL PLATE, WITH
MITERED END.
AREAREQUIRES
FURTHER STUDY
4 x 7 RAFTER PLATE
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
1S2.2
1S2.2
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
LENGTH AND WIDTH, NO
MORTISED TO HEADER
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
NOT TO SCALE
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Exterior Millwork: Porches and Doors
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Porches
played an integral role in the day-to-day
operations of the site. Because the structure was
originally divided into three separate wings
with limited access between to prevent the
transmission of disease, the porch served as an
exterior hallway linking all three portions of the
building. This would allow for administratorsand physicians to travel around the structure
with protection from the elements. The porch
also served as gathering place for social events,
as evidenced by the instillation of furniture.
Some of the original fabric of the porch exists,
but much is hidden under concrete or later
alterations, and many of the original structuralmembers are in advanced stages of decay.
The one story, covered piazza originally ran
was removed. The only other covered porch at
structure, stretching along the western wall of the
central wing and covered the door leading to the
presumed bake house. This porch was probably
not original but was likely added when the
exterior door in this room was installed (which
is discussed in the door section). This porch is no
longer extant however there are several physical
indications of its existence including a shadowline of the roof and nails in the brick wall from
Wooden steps up to the porch were located
at each entryway on the three wings. There
were also steps at the west end of the porch and
likely on the east end. Photographic evidenceindicates that paneled wooden cheek walls
encased the stairs in front of the main entrance,
a feature only present at the main entrance. The
stairs today are constructed of modern concrete.
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nailed to the structural beams. The only major
19th century when a long bench was installedalong the western wing of the faade. This bench
the wall with metal pins that were inserted into
mortar joints. This feature was removed by the
mid 20th century. Around the time the benches
were removed, a thick layer of concrete was
material.
White Roman Doric columns, situated
over the brick piers, support the edge of the
porch roof structure. These columns are topped
with a large abacus with applied trim. The
original bases were simple, and typical of the
the porch deck, probably by wooden plinths, to
prevent rot. The appearance of the columns has
evolved over time. During the late 19th century,
The porch structure is of a fairly common
construction system for its time period. Large
beams (3 by 8) were notched and rested ona ledge at the top of the stone foundation (see
drawing one). These beams spanned to the top
of brick piers, forming a gentle slope in the
into the top of each structural beam and small
joists, or sleepers were installed in each opening.
these sleepers, running parallel to the structural
porch. The width of these boards varied slightly
from 3/4 wide to 1.5 wide. The boards were
connected to each other via a tongue and groove
a number of basement windows. These windowswould probably have been operable and used to
ventilate and provide light into the basement,
a function that would have been impossible if
covered by a porch deck The builders accounted
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joists and rafters meet at this point. A small piece
of blocking extends over the rafter, with a drip
edge nailed to the end. A cornice was appliedto the overhang and the architrave. The rafter
runs from the architrave to the faade, and is
notched in to the brick belt course between the
architrave to the faade, where three-brick high
pockets were cut into the wall. Beaded sheathing
are asphalt shingles on the roof deck, but the
original material was probably wood shakes
The rafters and joists were connected near
the wall via a vertical board that that was pegged
into the rafters, and nailed to a horizontal
board that spans across the joists. Some of the
was added to the architrave (see drawing two).
A tapered plinth with applied trim replaced
traditional bases. In the mid twentieth century
these embellishments were removed. Metal
poles run through the middle of the columns,
and anchor them to square concrete plinths
These reinforcement poles are a twentieth
century addition. A variety of factors, including
rot, corrosion, and shifting loads have caused
the failure of a few of the columns, and threatenthe remaining members.
The columns support an architrave
which consists of sistered three inch by seven
and a half inch beams, as illustrated in drawing
one. The architrave is encased with three, three
and a quarter inch thick boards. The ceiling
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Exterior Doors
Many of the original exterior doors are
schedule over time are indicative alterations to
the circulation of the building, as well as the
buildings use.
The south faade has four entrances,
entrance on the eastern wing was added in the
mid twentieth century. The addition of this
stairs was the reason for the demolition of
eastern portion of the porch. Three doors, one
in the center of each wing, all contain originalfabric (See drawing three). The main entrance of
the central wing is slightly larger (four inches)
like the other faade doors, is recessed into
original rafters and joists exist today, but are in
advanced stages of deterioration, especially near
the cornice where there has been extensive water
has begun to separate from the faade.
Sometime in the early to mid nineteenth
century, a decorative ceiling was added to the
at each column and along the wall and eave edgeforming panels on the ceiling. Beaded, tongue-
laid on above these wide boards, running east
to west. Trim was added along the edges of the
large boards, and the top of the columns were
boxed in. This decorative system was painted
blue (on top of white primer), a typical colorfor outdoor roofs in the 19th century. Nails
found in the joists indicate that this ceiling was
probably added around 1830-1840. Much of the
roof structure and detailing is in fair condition
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quite complex and diverse on this face and will
be summarized one by one from east to west.
The door on the eastern corner of the
north face is not original to the structure, and
was probably added sometime in the early to
mid 20th century. The door leads to directly
brick patio. This was probably added to allow
bathrooms without having to enter the building.
Visible evidence in the brickwork around the
door shows that there was originally a window
in this location. The door and surrounding frame
and molding are in poor condition.
Proceeding west, there is an extremelylarge, machine-shop door opening that is now
boarded over. This expansive opening was cut
to allow large plane or boat motors to be brought
indoors for maintenance in the repair shop that
nails. These three doors are the largest and most
elaborately embellished doors on the structure.
This correlates with the general decorativescheme of the building, in which more time,
money, and resources were allocated to the
south wall of the structure facing the river. All of
the doors on this wall appear to be original. Only
one of the sash transom windows (in western
door) is still extant, while the others have been
replaced. Some of the panels are missing fromthe doors, but they are in decent condition
overall. The trim work protected by the porch
roof is in good condition, while the molding
on the eastern wing has weathered extensively.
Both of the side wing doors have an additional
wood frame for screen doors, installed sometime
in the mid 20th century.
The remaining doorways are all located
on the rear or north side of the structure. Unlike
the south faade, the system of entryways is
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door. This door also took the place of what was
originally a window. A small amount of plaster
removal on the interior revealed the lintel of aformer window still in place. A concrete block,
brick, and cement stairway leads up to this
entrance. The door itself is shorter than those
elsewhere on the building, and is actually a
frame. This door was probably constructed
when cooking activities were moved to the bakehouse, which is still extant and lies just outside
the door. The door and the former porch would
have provided quick and easy access between the
bake house and the dining room (into which the
door opens). The basement shows that some sort
of bulkhead doorway led from the basement out
to where this patio is now located. If, originally,cooking functions were carried out in the large
steps would have provided direct access to the
exterior for supplies water and other cooking
that of the northern side of the western wing.
Moving to the central wing of thestructure, the original exterior door is still in place
on the north side. It is located just east of center
on the wing to allow for stairs on the interior of
the central hall. A porch that leads to this door
is constructed of brick, Wissahickon schist stone,
and iron angles, covered in concrete. Pockets
in the wall near this porch indicate that thisstoop was originally constructed of wood joists
with railings. Unfortunately no photographic
evidence has been found. The large stone
embedded in the ground in at the base of the
steps could date to the earlier porch. This door
and surrounding trim, as well as the lintel, are in
exceedingly poor condition, and the brick abovethe door is failing due to the deteriorated lintel.
Around the corner, on the western face
of the central wing, is another non-original
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needs without using the main stair. Future
paint sampling and mortar analysis could help
to determine exactly when these alterationswere made, but a nail survey indicates that this
was probably a very early addition. Today, the
molding and door are in poor condition due to
weathering.
Plaster removal showing original windowlintel.
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The next door proceeding west is also not
original. Tucked in the corner between of the
central and western wing, this door is muchplainer in detail than the originals and early
seaplane base, and would have been covered by
the roofed porch that also covered the dining
room door. Unlike all the other doors on the
structure, this one features a concrete instead of a
wooden sill. Like many of the added entryways,this later addition is located in what used to be
a window. This door and the surrounding frame
and trim are in good condition.
The last exterior door on the north faade
is an original opening, and represents the back
door of the central hall in the western wing.
repairs, and plywood covering have kept this
entry in good condition. Like the northern door
of the main block, it is shorter than the south
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
The
Lazaretto
Title:
Date:
FT.5 1 2
Ben Buckley
HSPV 744U Penn
Column Elevations: Proposed Original and Late 19th Century
05/02/2012
1799 Aprx. 1890
1
Exterior Millwork: Porch and Doors
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
FT.5 1 2
HSPV 744
U Penn 3TheLazaretto
Title:
Date:
Ben Buckley
Western Facade Door Elevation and Section
05/02/2012
Exterior Millwork: Porch and Doors
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
The
Lazaretto
Title:
Date:
Porch Section
05/02/2012
Ben Buckley
HSPV 744
U Penn
FT.5 1 2
2
Exterior Millwork: Porch and Doors
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Windows
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Ri d it f ti ti t ti
1
3 2
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Fig. 7
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3 (
ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION +
CURRENT CONFIGURATION 4
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
Type AHorizoSectio
Type BHorizoSectio
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1310
1 MUNTIN
FRAMECONSTRUCTIO
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11
2
4
3 6
8
9
12
7
5
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
MUNTIN
PANE
STILE
UPPER SASH
PARTING BEAD
WEIGHT
FRAME
COVER BOARD
SIDE JAMB
TRIM
SILL
BRICK
PLASTER
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TION
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
TYP
EA,VERTICALSECTI
ON
TYPEB,VERT
ICALSECT
DET
AIL,SASHMEETINGRAILS
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12
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
BRICK
EXTERIOR
MOULDING
SHOWS
ILL
FRAME
MUNTIN
PANE
RAIL
FRONTTRIM
SIDEJAMB
SILL
B
RICK
PLASTER
FRAMECONSTRUCTI
ON5 6 7
4
10
9 11
3
1
2
8
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SASH TYPE A
SASH TYPE B
SASH TYPE E
SASH TYPE F
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
SASH TYPE D
SASH TYPE C
SOUTH ELEVATION
WEST ELEVATION EAST ELEVATIONElevation drawing mirroredfor window conguration
reference only
SASH TYPE G
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
CELLARAll drawings provided by theHistoric American Buildings Survey
B16B17B18B19
TYPE A
WINDOW SASH
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
B01
101
FIRST FLOOR
B02 B03 B04 B05 B06 B07 B08 B09 B10 B11
B12B13B14B15
B20B21B22
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
137 136135
134 133 132
131 130 129 128
126
125
124
123
122
121
127
TYPE B
TYPE C
TYPE D
TYPE E
TYPE F
INFILLOR VINYLWINDOW
REPLACEMENT
TYPE G
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SECOND FLOOR 237 236 235 234 233
238 232TYPE A
WINDOW SASH
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
326 325 324
301 302 303304 305 306
327
328
307 308309 310 311
316 315 314
313
312
323 317
322 321 320 319 318THIRD FLOOR
210 211 212 213 214215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222
231 230 229 228 226 225 224 223227
201 202 203 204 206 207 208 209
247 246 245 244 242 241 240 239243
205
TYPE B
TYPE C
TYPE D
TYPE E
TYPE F
INFILLOR VINYLWINDOW
REPLACEMENT
TYPE G
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TYPE A
WINDOW SASH
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
TYPE B
TYPE C
TYPE D
TYPE E
TYPE F
INFILLOR VINYLWINDOW
REPLACEMENT
TYPE G
FOURTH FLO OR + CUPOLA,CENTRAL PAVILION
401 402
403
404
405
C1C2
C3
C4C5
C6
C7
C8
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Type A
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Type A
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Type B
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Type B
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Installed in windows:
Type C
Window Type C is featured in the third
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Installed in windows:
Type D
t t t t
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Type F
Installed in windows:
Type E
t t
Window Type E refers
to the two windows in
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T G
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Installed in windows:
Type G
t t t t
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Metals
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Victorian Decorative
Art: A Photographic Study of Ornamental Design
in Antique Doorknobs1
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A ti D k b
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Antique Doorknobs
2
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1
1 Lee H. Nelson, Nail Chronology as an Aid to DatingOld Buildings (Nashville, Tennessee: American Associa-
tion for State and Local History, 1968) Technical Lea
etNo. 48.
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Interior Millwork
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213 year-old history, the structure retains an
extraordinary amount of original millwork. A vast
window frames, crown molding, and doors, appear
displays a hierarchy highly indicative of the relative
FIRST FLOOR HIERARCHY
the rooms closest to the main entrance, rooms103 and 105, are furnished with millwork accents
more intricate than those in the corresponding
symmetry found elsewhere throughout the
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detailing likely adorned the top central panel.
now lost, it is presumed that it likely matched, or
closely approximated, that of room 103. A direct
symmetry of the layout of these two rooms, along
with consistencies in many of the major molding
and doorway locations mirror one another in each
of these spaces. Though room 105 includes a door
and room 103 appears to only have a solid wall,
room 103 did indeed include an opening at the
changes in the plaster, and a change in millwork in
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this area.
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More intricate millwork is placed in the
:
rooms as well. While the chair rails in rooms 303, 304
and 305 match, the chair rail in room 302 appears to
The interior doorframes of rooms 402, 403,
404 and 405 all match one another, as do the
common, traditional style that was used during
and County of Philadelphia. Curiously, the exterior
door frames are less formal than those gracing the
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Baseboards
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Baseboards
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Chair Railings
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CR1 CR2
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Chair Railings
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CR5 CR6
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Door FramesDF1
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Room104
DF2
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DF5 =Door Frames
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hallway
interior202, 203,
DF5
CBF5
DF6
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Cabinet Frames
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Rooms103 & 105
CBF1
CBF2
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Window Frames
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Room
104
W2
W1
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Openings
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OP1
OP2
102 and103
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Crown Molding
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CN2
Rooms 103 and 105CN1
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Fireplace Surround FP1: Room 103
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Fireplace Surround Details FP1: Room 103
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Pilaster capital detail
U d t il
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Fireplace Surround FP1: Room 103
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a.
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FP1: Room 103Fireplace Surround
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c.
d.
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FP2: Room 104Fireplace Surround
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a.
a.
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FP2: Room 104Fireplace Surround
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d.
a.c.
d.
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Fireplace Surround
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FP3:
a.
b.
a.
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Matrix of Interior Millwork
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The Bargemans Tower
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The decorative faade of the structure
faces the Delaware River, while the entrance
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stucco on the structure indicate that a shallow
1
the structure would have provided convenient
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B
B
CD
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were not vital to the initial operation of the site
1
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7
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A Trumpet at a Distant Gate
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Approximate date of construction
Although it is impossible to pinpoint the
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planning for or its subsequent execution
1
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8
to the left and the right of both the upper and
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13
ModernMachine- Cut NailLate1830s to present
Heads tend to beuniformly convex on
each side, and uniform insizeand shape.
Fig. 1: Modern Machine-CutNailfrom the Lazaretto Barn.
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
additional research on the structure to see if
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combing extant literature on these building
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Fig. 3: 1909 Map of Tinicum Township. Image from http://delawarecountyhistory.com/tinicumtownship/images/Tinicum-Twp.1929.jpg.
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
30
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31
stabling area and located to either side of
Fig. 5: Abiah Taylor Ground Barn. S. Reid, photographer, 2012.
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Fig. 6. 1798 Ground Barn in Warren County, NJ. Image courtesy ofGreg Huber, 2012
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
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rare example of a turn-of-the-nineteenth-
Endnotes
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
in American Association for State and Local
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24
25
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
/D]DUHWWR%DUQ&KDUDFWHU'HQLQJ)HDWXUHV
Planning for the future preservation
and the possible adaptive use of the Lazaretto
remaining brick ground barns from the turn
of the nineteenth century. The barn is also
VLJQLFDQWDVDFRQWULEXWLQJHOHPHQWWRWKH
Lazaretto Quarantine Station. Although some
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%DUQUHTXLUHVWKDWWKH%DUQVVWHZDUGVUVW
recognize this historic structures character
GHQLQJIHDWXUHVZKLFKVKRXOGEHUHVSHFWHG
during the planning process. As a consequence,
this section includes both the general listing
and a subsequent summary of each of the
Lazaretto Barns extant interior and exterior
FKDUDFWHUGHQLQJIHDWXUHV0LVVLQJIHDWXUHV
that are evidenced by existing physical details
or materials are also recorded in this segment.
of the Barns millwork dates to the second
quarter of the nineteenth century, it coincides
with an aesthetic improvement campaign that
is believed to have been implemented more
widely at the Lazaretto Quarantine Station.
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
Gable roof with moderate pitch
The Barn retains its original c. 1799-
1801 roof slope. The pitch of this gable roof
is moderate with the ridge running east to
a common bond pattern. The north, south, east
and west faades are each three wythes thick
up to the level of the eave. The gable end walls
(east and west) transition to two wythes thick
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west. Although the Barns rafters are original,
its sheathing is not. Most likely, the roof was
originally sheathed with wood shingles nailed
to wood lath strips.
Hand-molded brick masonry walls
The Lazaretto Barn is constructed of
brick masonry exterior bearing walls. With
the exception of a few replacement bricks, the
Barn is constructed entirely of hand-molded
up to the ridge.
Fenestration pattern
The buildings north and south facades
mirror one another in terms of their respective
fenestration patterns. Each exhibits a central
DUFKHG%DUQGRRUGRXEOHGRRUDQNHGE\RQH
UVWVWRU\ZLQGRZDUVWVWRU\KXPDQVFDOH
door, and one smaller, second story windowthat is aligned in both placement and width
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
This purposely designed framing
system, with its lack of numerous full-span
joists, appears to have allowed the Barns users
access to three lofty upper-level storage areas
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Roof and Eave Framing: c. 1799-1801
The Lazaretto Barn evidences a rarely
d d t f th i t th t f
mows. Were this framing system not used, it
would not have been possible for the Barn to
contain a high central mow. Nor would it have
been possible for either of the side mows to
have more than an approximately seven foot
high ceiling clearance.
Period barn door openings, human-scale doors,
windows, and hardware
It is believed that during the second
quarter of the nineteenth century the Barn
Fig. 10: South facade of Lazaretto Barn, fenestration pattern. A.Berger, photographer, 2012.
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
andshutters, and its cornice (both north and
south sides). This campaign resulted in the Barn
EHLQJRXWWWHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJQHZIHDWXUHV
Wood-frame window openings with
Period millwork: 1830s-1840s era cornice
Apparently, the Lazaretto Barns cornice
ZDVDOVRDHFWHGE\WKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG
improvement campaign. The replaced, extant
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board and batten shutters and period hardware;
Wood-frame door opening with board and
batten doors and period hardware; Wood-
framed, double doors, each board and batten,
with period metal hardware. This double door
is missing along the north side of the building,
but since the door on the south side is intact,
the north door could be reproduced to match.
These doors and windows also evidence period
hardware, including: hinges; handles; and
cornice is of plain architectural detail, consisting
of an unornamented wooden crown board,
IDVFLDERDUGVRWERDUGDQGEHGPROGLQJ
(Reference Figure 1).
7KUHHED\LQWHULRURRUSODQLQFOXGLQJPRZV
The Lazaretto evidences a three bay
LQWHULRURRUSODQWKDWLQFOXGHVDFHQWUDO
WKUHVKLQJRRUDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DQ
DQLPDOED\V7KHVWRQHWKUHVKLQJRRUZDOOV
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE STATION
East and west gable-end windows
The eastern facade of the Barn evidences
a bricked-in window opening. The dimensions
of this opening were documented and it
to the greatest extent possible, compromising
WKHFRQJXUDWLRQRIERWKWKHVWUXFWXUHV
existing exterior walls and roof. Furthermore,
it is recommended that the stone walls that
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could be reopened. The west facade evidences
two openings. These openings are, however,
currently covered with sheathing and not
accessible for examination. (In preparation for
this report, a series of conjectural drawings
were made. Please reference these drawings
in the proceeding section titled, the Lazaretto
Barns Drawing Set.)
Rationale for inclusion of the list of&KDUDFWHU'HQLQJ)HDWXUHV
represent both the presence of the central
WKUHVKLQJRRUDQGWKH%DUQVKD\PRZVEH
both preserved and interpreted.
(QGQRWHV
1 Rebecca Sell, The Lazaretto: The Cultural6LJQLFDQFHDQG3UHVHUYDWLRQ3ODQLQWKH%XUUDCharter, (2005), 31.
THE LAZARETTO QUARANTINE S
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012
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University of Pennsylvania | Graduate Program in Historic PreservationHSPV-741 Architectural Archaeology | Spring 2012