Law Enforcement Protective Measures CBRNE Hazards.

Law Enforcement Protective MeasuresCBRNE Hazards

Presenter’s Name June 17, 2003

ObjectivesDiscuss dissemination devices and how terrorists may use them, and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public

Discuss the classification of chemical hazards, associated indicators, how terrorists might use these weapons, and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public

Identify the indicators for biological agents and the methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public


Objectives (continued)

Identify the indicators and detection methods for radiological agents and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public

Identify the indicators, hazards, and potential terrorist use of nuclear weapons

Identify the indicators, hazards, and survey detection methods for explosive devices, and the methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public


Incident Phases

Awareness Level Actions

Recovery PhaseLast Living Victim Removed Restoration Phase

Contamination Survey Completed

Response PhaseScene Control Begins

Notification PhaseIncident Recognized


CBRN Dissemination Devices

Direct Deposit Devices

Breaking Devices

Bursting or Exploding Devices

Spraying Devices

Vectors


Personal Protective Equipment

PPE Level A

PPE Level B

PPE Level C

PPE Level D

Working in Level C PPEwww.htmi.org


Level C ComponentsAir-Purifying Respirator

Hooded, chemical-resistant clothing

Chemical Splash Suit

Chemical-resistant overalls

Chemical-resistant gloves, inner and outer

Chemical-resistant boots

Working in PPE Level CCenter for Domestic Preparedness


Recommended Initial Protection LevelsAgent category Level of protection

Unknown Level A

Nerve Level A

Blister Level A

Blood Level B

Choking Level B

Biological HEPA filter with Level C

Radiological Particulates HEPA filter with Level C


PPE Level C and the Law Enforcement Responder

Working in PPE Level Cwww.spiegel.de


Level C Optional Items

Optional items

Corrective inserts (as needed)

Cloth coveralls

Radio

Hardhat

Escape mask

Chemical-resistant tape

Cooling vests


Air-Purifying Respirators

Air-Purifying Respirator (APR)

Face piece

Filter(s)

Alt: Power Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Air-Purifying Respirator (APR)

www.northsafety.com


Physical and Mental StressorsTakes time to put on

Impaired communication

Impaired vision

Heat stress

Increased weight

Encapsulation

Limited duration of use

Limited oxygen availability

Dexterity issues

Responders Training in PPE Level Cwww.globalsecurity.com


Classification of Chemical Agents

Chemical Warfare Agent

Chemical Warfare Agent

ChokingAgents

ChokingAgents

BloodAgents

BloodAgents

BlisterAgents

BlisterAgents

NerveAgents

NerveAgents

Toxic Industrial Chemicals

Toxic Industrial Chemicals

AmmoniaAmmonia AnhydrousHydrofluoric

Acid

AnhydrousHydrofluoric

Acid

DimethylamineDimethylamine

While only three are listed, understand that there are hundreds of available TIC


Characteristics of Chemical Agents

Types

Dissemination

Availability

Odor

Routes of entry

General signs and/or symptoms


TIC/TIM When Used as a WeaponTypes: Thousands of chemicals can be used as a terrorist weapon. A chemical does not need to be classified as “When Used As A Weapon” to be used successfully in an act of terrorism

Dissemination: Liquids, solids, gases, aerosols

Availability: Commercially available and often a “soft” target

Train Derailmentwww.greatdreams.com


Sources of TIC

Chemical manufacturing plants

Food processing and storage facilities

Gasoline and jet fuel storage tanks

Industries with cyanide and mercury compounds

Pesticide manufacturing and supply distributors

Educational, medical, and research laboratories

Hospitals and medical clinics

TIC in Transitwww.railfaneurope.net


Nerve Agents

Types: Tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), VX

Dissemination: Liquid or vapor

Availability: Not commercially available Kurdish Victims of a Chemical Attack

cbw.sipri.se


Blister Agents

Types: Mustards (H), lewisite (L), phosgene oxime (CX)

Dissemination: Liquid or vapor

Availability: Not commercially available

Blister Agent Injurywww.opcw.org


Blood Agents

Types: Hydrogen cyanide (AC), cyanogen chloride (CK)

Dissemination: Liquid or gas

Availability: Commercially availableRed Blood Cells

whyfiles.org


Choking Agents

Type: Phosgene (CG) chlorine (Cl)

Dissemination: Liquid or gas

Availability: Commercially available

Chlorine Tankerwww.hot.ee


Biological Agents

Indicators of a biological attack

Biological agent characteristics

Bacteria

Viruses

Toxins

Advantages & disadvantages of using biological agents as weapons


Indicators

Indicators at the scene

Numerous calls to 9-1-1 asking for assistance and reporting high fevers, vomiting, etc.

Sudden rush of people at urgent care facilities or emergency rooms

Verbal or written threats

Abandoned spray device

Biohazard, culture, or culture medium labels


Indicators (continued)

Mist or fog sprayed by slow-moving aircraft

Aerial bombs that pop, rather than explode

Unusual concentrations of insects not normally found in region

Disease that is unusual or does not occur naturally in area


Indicators (continued)

Large numbers of casualties

Massive point-source outbreak

Dead animals of multiple species

Absence of natural vectors in area of outbreak


Biological Agents and Characteristics

Types

Dissemination

Availability

Routes of entry

Incubation periods

Signs and symptoms

Mortality

Basic Treatment


Bacteria

Types—Bacillus Anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), Francisella tularensis (tularemia)

Anthrax causes disease in cattle, sheep, and other hoofed animals

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease that can cause illnesses in both humans and animals

B. Anthracis www.srs.dl.ac.uk


Viruses

Types—Variola major (Smallpox), Filoviridae (Ebola and Marburg viruses), Arenaviridae (Lassa fever virus)

Microorganisms smaller than bacteria

Incapable of metabolism and dependent upon host cell for reproduction

Victim of Smallpoxwww. microbes.historique.net


Toxins

Types—Botulinum, ricin

Potent poisons produced by variety of living organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals

Some biological toxins are most toxic substances known Castor Beans

www.tuljo.store20.com


Advantages of Using Biological Agents as WMD

Availability

Difficult to detect

Used covertly

Easily spread

Tie up resources

Psychological impact

Difficult for communities to prepare for


Disadvantages of Using Biological Agents as WMD

Delayed effects can detract from the intended impact

Production of biological agents and devices is hazardous to the terrorist

Development of effective biological weapons requires numerous difficult steps


Protection

Good sanitation measures

Do not smoke, eat, or drink anything in the immediate area of the incident

Touch nothing, if possible

Wash hands with soap and water

Normal, healthy, unbroken skin provides good protection


Radiological HazardsDefinitions

Common radiological exposures

Indicators of radiological materials

Health hazards

Exposure versus contamination

Sources of radiological materials

Protection from radiological materials


Common Radiation ExposuresChest x-ray 10-30 mrem

Cigarette Smoking (1.5 packs daily over a year) 1300 mrem

Mild radiation sickness 200,000 mrem

Lethal dose 450,000 mrem

Max. annual routine dose 5,000 mrem

Max. emergency dose (property) 10,000 mrem

Max emergency dose (lifesaving) 25,000 mrem


Visible IndicatorsUnusual metal debris or containers

Radiation symbols or placards

Heat emitting material

Glowing material/particles

Victims with burns, skin reddening, vomiting

www.scienceexperts.com


Health Hazards and Risks

Internal—The intake of radioactive material through the respiratory and digestive tracts or through open wounds

External—Damage received either through contact with the radioactive material (contamination) or from receiving gamma radiation without being contaminated

Acute Exposure—large exposure over a short time

Chronic Exposure—small doses over a long time


Exposure Versus Contamination

External Exposure External Contamination

Internal Contamination


Location of Radiological MaterialsNuclear weapons storage facilities

Nuclear power plants

DOD and DOE facilities

Hospital and other medical facilities

Research and educational laboratories

Industrial manufacturing facilities

In transit

Nuclear Power Plantwww.ocrwm.doe.gov


Time

Dose25 mrem

100 mrem per hour x 15 min (.25 hour) = 25 mrem

SourceSource


Distance

1 meter 1 meter

Dose Rate

100 mrem/hr 25 mrem/hr

SourceSource


Shielding

ALPHA PARTICLE

BETA PARTICLE

GAMMA RAYS

PA

PE

R

LE

AD

CL

OT

HIN

G


Nuclear Weapons

Nuclear Explosionwww.media.militaryphotos.net

Thermal (heat) impulse, blast wave, neutron and gamma radiation, and radioactive fallout

Psychosocial impact on the community and the entire country

“Small” nuclear weapon less than one kiloton may be mistaken for a large truck bomb

Unlikely terrorists will use nuclear weapons


Explosive Materials

Classification by type

Classification by sensitivity

Improvised Explosive Devices (IED)

Effects of an explosion

Use of IED to dispense CBRN materials

Response to a preblast incident

Scene survey techniques

Multiple devices


Classification by Types of Explosion

High Explosives

Explode in supersonic reactions and without confinement

Initiated by shock or heat

Characterized by high brisance (the shattering effect of an explosion)

Low Explosives

Burn through deflagration rather than a detonation wave and are usually a mixture of both

Initiated by heat and require confinement in order to create an explosion

Characterized by pushing or heaving power


Classification by Sensitivity of MaterialsPrimary Explosives

Extremely sensitive, requiring a small amount of energy to be initiated

Used in detonators to initiate secondary explosives

Tetryl, lead azide, mercury fulminate, and lead styphnate

Secondary Explosives

Relatively insensitive, needing a great amount of energy to initiate decomposition

Require a detonator to explode

Dynamite, TNT, RDX, and HMX


Classification by Sensitivity of Materials (continued)

Tertiary explosives

The most insensitive of high explosives, requiring a large stimulus to cause detonation

Require confinement, especially when used in small quantities

Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, urea nitrate, and nitro urea


Improvised Explosive Device (IED)

Constructed in a nonstandard manner, using explosives or destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals

Designed to kill, injure, destroy, disfigure, distract, or harass

Delivered to a target

Improvised Explosive Devicewww.archives.cnn.com


Components of IED

Power source

Initiator

Explosives

Switch


Blast Effects

Incendiary (thermal)

Fragmentation

Shrapnel

Blast pressure

Ground shock

Variations of Blast Effects Associated with Positive and Negative Phase Pressures with Time

www.mega.nu


Use of IED to Disperse CBRN Materials

How would they be used?

How would they work?

What are the pros and cons of IED use to disperse CBRN materials?

IED Initiatorwww.globalsecurity.org


Delivery of IEDPipes and tubes (steel and plastic)

Suitcases, handbags, purses

Postal mail

Toys, flashlights

Cellular phones and pagers

Computers, furniture

Cigarette boxes

Bottles, cans (any container)

Cell Phone & IEDwww.cellphones.ca/news


Response to a Preblast Incident

Location of bomb(s)

What it looks like

Type/size of bomb(s)

Time of detonation

How it will detonate (timing, command, temperature, etc.)


Safety ProceduresDo not transmit two-way radios, radar, or television transmitting devices within 1,000 feet of a device

Clear and control the area; move people away from the item—do not move the item away from people

Stage EMS, fire, and police units outside the control point

Do not approach the suspected explosive

Reduce blast effects by opening doors and windows; place vehicles in the path of the blast wave

Multiple devices


Scene Survey TechniquesListen for unusual noises

Look for tripwires or devices in the doorway

Use electronic devices or medical stethoscopes

Search from floor to waist height, from waist to head, and from head to ceiling

Finally, inside false or suspended ceilings, ceiling-mounted fixtures, air conditioning ducts, etc

Use two searches and visibly “split the room” in half


Scene Survey Techniques (continued)

The ATF bomb search technique is thorough and professional—this technique is designed with two fundamental presumptions:

That the searchers are not familiar with the room or its contents, or with its unique sounds or smells

That the searchers have no idea how much access the bomber had to the room

Therefore, there is a huge advantage to having company employees participate in the search


Hazards Encountered in Structures Following an ExplosionThree common types of structural hazards following an incident involving an explosive device:

Glass

Fragments

Collapse/fire hazards Murrah Federal Buildingwww.scribblguy.50megs.com


Multiple DevicesAdditional explosives placed at the scene of on-going response

Responders are the target

Devices hidden from view

Time-delayed, cell phone-activated, or radio-controlled

Eric Robert Rudolph

Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold

Bomb-Making Materials Found in Eric Robert Rudolph’s Mountain

Hiding Placewww.sharpshootertv.com


Guidelines for Responding to a Scene Involving Multiple Devices

Anticipate the presence of multiple devices at any suspicious incident

Survey scene for multiple devices before moving into area

Avoid touching or moving anything that may conceal an explosive device


Guidelines for Responding to a Scene Involving Multiple Devices (continued)

Manage scene with boundaries, exclusion zones, triage areas, etc.

Evacuate victims and nonessential personnel as quickly as possible

Preserve the scene as much as possible for evidence collection and crime investigation


ConclusionDiscuss dissemination devices, how terrorists might use them, and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public

Discuss the classification of chemical hazards, associated indicators, how terrorists might use these weapons, and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public

Identify the indicators for biological agents and the methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public


Conclusion (continued)

Identify the indicators and detection methods for radiological agents and methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public

Identify the indicators, hazards, and potential terrorist use of nuclear weapons

Identify the indicators, hazards, and survey detection methods for explosive devices, and the methods utilized by law enforcement personnel to protect themselves and the public

Law Enforcement Protective MeasuresCBRNE Hazards—End of Module

Law Enforcement Protective Measures CBRNE Hazards.

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