Laurent Nottale - Vrije Universiteit...
Transcript of Laurent Nottale - Vrije Universiteit...
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Laurent NottaleCNRS
LUTH, Paris-Meudon Observatory
http://www.luth.obspm.fr/~luthier/nottale/
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Scales in naturePlanck scale10 cm-33
10 cm-28
10 cm-16
3 10 cm-13
4 10 cm-11
1 Angstrom
40 microns
1 m
6000 km700000 km1 millard km
1 parsec
10 10
10 20
10 30
10 40
10 50
10 60
1
Grand Unification
accelerators: today's limitelectroweak unification
electron Compton lengthBohr radius
quarks
virus bacterieshuman scale
Earth radiusSun radiusSolar Systemdistances to StarsMilky Way radius10 kpc
1 Mpc100 Mpc
Clusters of galaxiesvery large structuresCosmological scale10 cm28
atoms
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Scales of living systems
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Relationsbetween
length-scalesand mass-
scales
l/lP = m/mP
l/lP = mP / m
(GR)
(QM)
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RELATIVITY
COVARIANCE EQUIVALENCE
weak / strong
Action Geodesical
CONSERVATIONNoether
FIRST PRINCIPLES
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Giving up the hypothesis of differentiability of
space-time
Explicit dependence ofcoordinates in terms of
scale variables+ divergence
Generalize relativity of motion ?
Transformations of non-differentiable coordinates ? ….
Theorem
FRACTAL SPACE-TIME
Complete laws of physics by fundamental scale laws
Continuity +SCALE RELATIVITY
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Principle of scale relativity
Scale covariance Generalized principleof equivalence
Linear scale-laws: “Galilean”self-similarity,
constant fractal dimension,scale invariance
Linear scale-laws : “Lorentzian”varying fractal dimension,
scale covariance,invariant limiting scales
Non-linear scale-laws: general scale-relativity,
scale dynamics,gauge fields
Constrain the new scale laws…
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A
A
0
1X
t0 10.1
1. Continuity + nondifferentiability Scale dependence
0.01 0.11
Continuity + Non-differentiability implies Fractality
when
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Continuity + Non-differentiability impliesFractality
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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Construction by
successivebisections
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Continuity + Non-differentiability impliesFractality
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Continuity + Non-differentiability implies Fractality
divergence
Lebesgue theorem (1903):« a curve of finite length is almost everywhere differentiable »
Since F is continuous and no where or almost no where differentiable
i.e., F is a fractal curve
2. Continuity + nondifferentiability
when
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Fractal function: construction by bisection
DF = 1.5
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Fractal function: construction by bisection. 2
DF = 2
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Feynman (1948), Feynman & Hibbs (1965):
« It appears that quantum-mechanical paths are very irregular.However these irregularities average out over a reasonablelength of time to produce a reasonable drift, or « average »velocity, although for short intervals of time the « average »value of the velocity is very high. »
« Typical paths of a quantum-mechanical particle are highlyirregular on a fine scale. Thus, although a mean velocity can bedefined, no mean-square velocity exists at any point. In otherwords, the paths are nondifferentiable. »
Typical paths of a quantum mechanical particle
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x
t
Fractals:
Abbott & Wise 1981
Typical paths of a quantum mechanical particle
Feynman & Hibbs (1965) p. 177:
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Typical paths of a quantum mechanical particle
«[…] this complete description could not be content with thefundamental concepts used in point mechanics. I have toldyou more than once that I am an inveterate supporter, not ofdifferential equations, but quite of the principle of generalrelativity whose heuristic force is indispensable to us.However, despite much research, I have not succeededsatisfying the principle of general relativity in another waythan thanks to differential equations; maybe someone willfind out another possibility, provided he searches withenough perseverance.»
Cf also G. Bachelard 1927, 1940, A. Buhl 1934…: non-analycity, see Alunni 2001
Einstein, letter to Pauli (1948):
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*Re-definition of space-time resolution intervals ascharacterizing the state of scale of the coordinate system
*Relative character of the « resolutions » (scale-variables):onlyscale ratios do have a physical meaning, never an absolute scale
*Principle of scale relativity: « the fundamental laws of nature arevalid in any coordinate system, whatever its state of scale »
*Principle of scale covariance: the equations of physics keeptheir form (the simplest possible)* in the scale transformations
of the coordinate system
Weak: same form under generalized transformationsStrong: Galilean form (vacuum, inertial motion)
Principle of relativity of scales
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Origin
Orientation
Motion
VelocityAcceleration
Scale
Resolution
Coordinate system
x
t
δ x
δ t
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Scale Relativity : structure of the theory
Laws of scaletransformations (in
scale space)
« Galilean » DT=2
Special scale relativity
Generalized scale relativity
Quantum laws in scalespace
Induced dynamics(motion laws) in
standard space-(time)
Standard quantummechanics
Scale-motioncoupling
Generalized quantummechanics
Abelian and non-Abelian
gauge fields