Late-vegetative Nitrogen Applications for High-Yield CornHybrid (commercial release year) Grain...
Transcript of Late-vegetative Nitrogen Applications for High-Yield CornHybrid (commercial release year) Grain...
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Late-vegetative Nitrogen Applications
for High-Yield Corn
Tony J. Vyn, S. M. Mueller, K. Chen, R.A. Omonode,
L. Olmedo Pico, T.D. West, Farmers and Other StudentsPurdue University
Presentation to South Dakota CCA Conference
in Sioux Falls, SD, on December 14, 2017
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Research Context:On-going Experiments with Strip-Till and No-till Corn
and Associated Management Options:
1. Nutrient Placement, Rate, Timing, and Source
2. Corn Management (hybrid, plant density, rotation)
3. Greenhouse gas emissions from different 4R N management
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Over-application of N an
environmental issue
USDA-NRCS
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Higher and Later N Uptake in Modern Corn Hybrids
Source: S. M. Mueller and T.J. Vyn 2016 (Frontiers in Plant Science)
Mean N rates in lbs N acre-1:
151 153
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Timing and Source of N
Uptake by Plants and Grain
N
N
N
Ciampitti et al., 2013 Agronomy Journal
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Photo: ACRE, 2014
Study of Dekalb Hybrids from 1967 to 2005 and Their
Response Changes to Nitrogen and Plant Density Management
(2012-2014)
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West Lafayette, IN, N rate effect on Dekalb hybrid yield
gains with year of commercial release (2013-2014)
Slope: 50N: 1.1 ns, R² = 0.88***
200N: 1.6 ns, R2 = 0.95***
0
50
100
150
200
250
1960 1980 2000 2020
Gra
in Y
ield
(bu/a
c)
Era
50N
200N
Source: Keru Chen et al., Field Crops Research, 2016
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Hybrid
(commercial release
year)
Grain Yield
(bushels/acre)
Total Plant N
Uptake
(pounds/ac)
Post-silk Plant N
Uptake
(% of final total
uptake)
DKC61-69VT3 (2005) 226 240 37
DKC61-72RR (2005) 225 244 38
DKC XL72AA (1975) 189 203 30
Effects of two “modern” hybrids (2005) versus a common older hybrid (1975)
on corn grain yield, total N uptake, and post-flowering stage N uptake
when N rate = 200 pounds N/acre (mean of 3 plant populations from 22,000 to 42,000/acre and 3 site-years in NW + NC Indiana in 2012-2013).
Data Source: K. Chen (Ph.D. Student) & T.J. Vyn
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What About Late-Season N?
Photo by Mike Shuter, 2014
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Late-Split N Applications with Older versus “Modern” Pioneer Hybrids (2014-2016)
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Methodology
Main Treatment:
N rates
Treat.
Name
Lbs N
V3-V4
Lbs N
V12-V14
0 0
140 140
180 180
220 220
180S 140 40
220S 180 40
Sub-Treatment:
Hybrid (Release
year)
1. Pioneer 3394 (1991)
2. Pioneer 3335 (1995)
3. Pioneer 1498 HR (2012)
4. Pioneer 1360 HR (2014)
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“Late-split N” Yield Response
with Pioneer 1360 in 2015
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 N 140 N 180 N 220 N 180L N 220L N
Yield
(bu/acre)
Source: Mueller et al., Agron. J., 2017
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Maize N Recovery Responses to Late-
Split N in 2014-2016
S.M. Mueller et al., Agronomy Journal, 2017
Average of 4 hybrids
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2014 2015 2016
140 180 140 + 40
a
aa
bN Fertilizer
Recovery (%)
a
b
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Nitrogen Timing in Continuous Corn on Irrigated
Sandy Soil (LaCrosse, IN) with DKC66-42 in 2016
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
15 N 115 N 165 N 215 N 265100% at Plant 50% at Plant + V6 Last 50 lbs @ V12
Grain
Yield
(bu/acre)
f f f
e e
dcd
abcdabc
bcd
abcabcabcd
aba
158
186189
200
213
Source: Lia Olmedo Pico and T. Vyn, 2016
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Hybrid Recovery of Late-
Season N Applications?
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Pioneer Hybrid Yield Resiliency in Response
to UAN applied at the R1 stage versus the
V5 stage (West Lafayette, 2016)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
1976 1995 2003 2016
0 N V5 @ 200 N R1 @ 200 N
Source: Mueller and Vyn, unpublished, 2016
Grain
Yield
(bu/acre)
Hybrid Introduction Year
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Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency with Pioneer Era
Hybrids (Two N timing treatments; 2016 only)
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
1946 1958 1967 1976 1995 2003 2015
Era NRE
200_0 150_50
Source: Mueller and Vyn, unpublished, 2017
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On-farm Studies with Intentional
Late-Season N applications of 30 to 50 pounds
N
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Equipment Option Focus:
Side-dress Nitrogen Timing and Placement
1. At-plant (zero vs. 77 and 177 pounds per acre; all broadcast)
2. At-plant 77 pounds/acre plus V5 @ 80 pounds (Y-Drop vs. Coulter)
3. At-plant 77 pounds/acre plus V8 urea + Agrotain (broadcast)
4. At-plant 77 pounds/acre plus V12 @ 80 pounds (Y-Drop vs. Coulter)
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Broadcast Urea +
Agrotain at V-8
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Deere Side-dress N Experiment 2017
July 25July 17 September 8
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Corn Yield Response from Sidedress N Trial
in 2017 (LaCrosse, IN; sandy loam soil)Nitrogen Rate and Timing Total N
(lbs/acre)
Yield
(bu/acre)
Zero N except a common starter (19-17-0) 23 120 e
At-plant broadcast UAN (50%) + nothing 100 190 d
At-plant broadcast UAN + nothing 200 231 a
At-plant broadcast UAN (50%) + Y-Drop UAN (50%) at V5 180 227 ab
At-plant broadcast UAN (50%) + Coulter UAN (50%) at V5 180 221 bc
At-plant broadcast UAN (50%) + Urea Agrotain (50%) at V8 180 217 c
At-plant broadcast UAN (50%) + Y-Drop UAN (50%) at V12 180 229 a
At-plant broadcast UAN (50%) + Coulter UAN (50%) at V12 180 215 c
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Sidedress UAN and Instinct™ Application
(2010-2016)
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Relative N2O Losses in North American Corn Production are
Dependent on N Fertilizer Balance and Recovery Efficiency
Source: Omonode et al., Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017
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In-season Soil Sampling for NO3 and NH4 after
banded N applications virtually impossible!
Recommended Sampling Positions (Depths of 0-12” plus 12-24”):
1. Iowa State (1997) A. Blackmer and R. Voss. PM-1714
24 cores per composite sample drawn from 8 positions
from the center of row in 1/8th width increments until you
get to 7/8 of the distance between any 2 corn rows.
2. Illinois N Watch: sampling using a board with 11 holes across
a single interrow, and then replicated for different
field positions (Dan Schaefer’s presentation on Dec. 13).
3. Nitrogen Advisor (sampling in row and between rows, but
always at least 6” from the N band).
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In-season Soil Sampling for NO3 and NH4 after
banded N applications virtually impossible!
(example from V12 stage)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
15 115 165 215 265 15 115 165 215 265 N
Quarter-row In-bandSoil NO3-N
(ppm)
0 100 150 200 250
Sidedress at V6
0 100 150 200 250
At-Plant
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In-season Soil Sampling for NO3 and NH4 after
banded N applications virtually impossible!
(example from VT stage)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
15
N
115
N
165
N
215
N
265
N
15
N
115
N
165
N
215
N
265
N
Quarter-row In-band
Soil NO3-N
(ppm)
0 100 150 200 250
At-Plant
0 100 150 200 250
Sidedress at V6
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Critical Ear-leaf Nitrogen Concentrations (R1 stage)
for High Yield Corn (2010-2016)
Kovacs and Vyn, Agronomy J., 2017
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The Choice!
Pre-Plant
Early Sidedress
Late Sidedress
as a Supplement
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Conclusions: • Modern hybrids take up more total N at the same N rates, and more
post-silking than old hybrids, so there could be more yield and N
efficiencies to gain with late-split N.
• Late-split N hasn’t often increased grain yield compared to all N
applied at normal side-dress in Indiana corn-soybean situations, but
it has consistently increased plant N recovery efficiency.
• When corn plants recover more of the fertilizer N applied, one
benefit is reduced N2O emissions on both a per acre level as well as
per bushel of yield.
• More rate/timing etc. research needed on intentional late-split N
applications and multiple-position nutrient placement to increase
nutrient availability over the critical uptake periods.
• Determination of the N rate still needed for late-split N is
complicated (soil vs. plant based?).
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Funding:Indiana Corn Marketing Council
Dupont-Pioneer
Dow AgroSciences (2009- )
4R Nutrient Stewardship
The Mosaic Company
Monsanto Company
Equipment:John Deere Cropping Systems Unit
Seed:Pioneer Hi-Bred, Int’l.
Monsanto
Dow AgroSciences
Acknowledgments
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Thank you!
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Questions?