Copper Cycle Harvest Copper in Soil Plant Uptake Mining Processing of Copper Animal Uptake Human...
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Copper Cycle
Harvest
Copper in Soil
Plant Uptake
Mining
Processing of Copper
Animal Uptake
Human Consumption
Fertilizers, Manures & Pesticides
Literature Cited
Cody Gray
Tracey Johnston
Gary Strickland
Shawn Zupancic
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Release pH
< 6
Com
plextion pH > 6
Le
ac
hin
g
Clay &
Organic Matter
Adsorptio
n pH >
7
Desorptio
n pH <
6
Dissolution
PrecipitationHydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Parent
Material Weathering
MiningCopper Cycle
Front Page Info.
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Release pH
< 6
Com
plextion pH > 6
Le
ac
hin
g
Clay &
Organic Matter
Adsorptio
n pH >
7
Desorptio
n pH <
6
Dissolution
PrecipitationHydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Parent
Material Weathering
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Clay &
Organic Matter
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material Weathering
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Clay &
Organic Matter
Dissolution
PrecipitationHydrous Oxides
& Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Clay &
Organic Matter
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Clay &
Organic Matter
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Clay &
Organic Matter
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Clay &
Organic Matter
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home Info.
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Clay &
Organic Matter
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Release pH
< 6
Com
plextion pH > 6
Clay &
Organic Matter
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Le
ac
hin
g
Clay &
Organic Matter
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu
under extreme conditions
Soil Solution:
Cu2+ and
soluble Cu
Plant
Uptake
Plant
Residues
Soil Microbes
Microbial
Residue
Organo-metallic
Complexes
Clay &
Organic Matter
Adsorptio
n pH >
7
Desorptio
n pH <
6
Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates
Parent
Material
Mining Copper Cycle Home
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
0.50.5
0.1 - 0.30.6 - 1.6
Copper Cycle
Front Page
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
0.1 - 0.30.6 - 1.6
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
0.1 - 0.30.6 - 1.6
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
0.50.5
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Direct-reading
Fraction 0.2
Dietary Copper
2.0 - 5.0
Intestine
Feces
2.0 - 5.0
Liver
8.0
Ceruloplasmin
2.8
Urine
0.01 -0.06
Kidney
0.6
Nonerythrocuprein
0.8
Erythrocuprein
1.3
Bone
Marrow
Tissues
66
Red Blood Cell
0.50.5
Copper Cycle
Home
Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool.
Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.
Role of Copper in Microbial growth:
Used in electron transport.
Back
Copper in the Soil• Form taken up by the plant: Cu2+
• Mobility in the soil: Immobile, pH dependent, forms strong complexes with organic matter, oxides of Fe, Al, Mn, phenolic carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, and clay minerals. Undergoes specific adsorption. Can be isomorphically substituted for Fe or Mn. Cu can leach through the soil profile in humus-poor, acidic peat, or in very acidic mineral soils, such as those around Ni and Cu smelters. Concentrations of natural Cu in soil is 34 t0 55 ppm.
Home Next
Copper in the Soil• Interactions with other nutrients: Nitrogen
and phosphorus (especially where Cu deficiencies exist), sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum
• Effect of pH on availability:– high pH (> 7.0) Formation of hydrolysis products which
adsorb to exchange sites (lower availability), CuOH+ is the primary form.
– middle pH (6.9 - 7.0) Predominate form is Cu(OH)20.
– low pH (< 6.0) Exchange sites taken up by Al3+ and H+ allowing the Cu2+ form to remain soluble.
Home Back
• Fertilizer sources: Copper sulfate, copper nitrate, copper chelate, copper ammonium phosphate, copper carbonate, animal waste, copper hydroxide, copper acetate, copper oxalate, copper oxychloride, copper polyflavanoids, copper-sulfur frits, copper-glass fusions, chalcanthite, azurite, malachite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, tenorite, cuprite (Loneragan, 1998)
• Pesticide uses: Kopertox, Kocide, Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, copper chlorides, cupric hydroxide, copper oxides, miscellaneous other copper sources
Home
Copper in Plants
• Form taken up by the plant: Cu2+
• Mobility in the plant: Immobile
• Concentration in plants: 2-30 ppm dry weight (Adriano, 1986); 5-20 ppm (Tisdale, 1985)
• Role of nutrient in plant growth: Copper can not be replaced by another metal ion in its involvement in enzymes. It is required for synthesis of quinones in chloroplasts, and makes up the electron transporter, plastocyanin in photosystem II.
Home Next
Copper in Plants• Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth, terminal
dieback first in young shoots, necrosis of the apical meristem, bleaching of young leaves, impaired lignification of cell wall, impaired pollen formation and fertilization, delayed flowering and maturation, shortened internodes, stem deformation, yellowing, curling of leaves, seed and fruit growth dramatically reduced
• Toxicity symptoms: Stunting, reduced shoot vigor, reduced branching, thickening, poorly developed and discolored roots, leaf chlorosis resemble Fe defiencies
Back Next
Copper in Plants
• Enzymes containing Cu: Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD), Cytochrome oxidase, Ascorbate oxidase, Phenol oxidase, Trysinase, Laccase, Diamine oxidase, Plastocyanine, Amine oxidase, Stellacyanin
• Copper tolerance: binding to cell wall, restricted influx through plasma membrane, active efflux, compartmentation in vacuole, chelation at the cell wall-plasma membrane interface, chelation in the cytoplasm
Home Back
Materials made from Copper
The Copper Page
Home
Copper in Animals
• Tissue distribution:– highest concentrations liver, kidneys, heart,
pigmented part of the eye, and hair or wool
– mediumconcentrations pancreas, spleen, muscles, skin and bone
– lowest concentrations thyroid, pituitary, and thymus
• Transport and tissue utilization: Cu is loosely bound to plasma albumin and is distributed to the tissues and taken up by the bone marrow in red blood cell formation.
Home Next
Copper in Animals
• Functions: activity of enzymes associated with Fe metabolism, elastin and collagen formation, melanin production, integrity of the central nervous system, red blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), lysyl oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, ferroxidase, tyrosinase, normal hair and wool pigmentation (polyphenyl oxidase), incorporation of disulfide groups into keratin in wool and hair
NextBack
Copper in Animals
• Absorption: Absorption is species dependent mainly from the jejunum, duodenum, small intestine, or colon.
• Excretion: Bile is the major pathway. Smaller amounts are lost in feces, urine, and sweat.
• Deficiency signs: decline in tissue and blood Cu concentration, incoordination, ataxia, bone abnormalities, hair and wool fail to develop normally, cardiovascular lesions and hemorrhages, fetal death
NextBack
Copper in Animals
• Toxicity: Sheep and calves appear to be more susceptible to Cu toxicity than other species. Observations include hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and tissue necrosis. Toxic to sheep when Cu:Mo ratio >10:1.
BackHome
Literature CitedAdriano, D.C. 1986. Trace Elemants in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology; Fourth Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Alloway, G.J. 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
Brady, N.C. 1990. The Nature and Property of Soils. ManMillan Publishing Co., New York, NY.
Cartwright, G.E. and M.M. Wintrobe. 1964. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 14: 224; 15: 94.
Committee on Medical and Biological effects of Environmental Pollutants. 1977. Copper. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Hung, J.J. 1984. Effects of pH and other solution parameters on the Activities of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc Cations in Soil Solutions. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Loneragan, L.F., A.D. Robson, R.D. Graham, eds. 1981. Copper in Soils and Plants. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia.
Marschner, Horst. 1986. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Marschner, Horst. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants; Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Nriago, J.O. 1979. Copper in the Environment, Part 1 and 2. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,, New York, NY.
Pond, W.G., D.C. Church, and K.R. Pond. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Fourth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
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