Language. References: Kutas M., Hillyard SA., Reading Senseless Sentences: Brain Potentials Reflect...
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Transcript of Language. References: Kutas M., Hillyard SA., Reading Senseless Sentences: Brain Potentials Reflect...
Language
References:
Kutas M., Hillyard SA., Reading Senseless Sentences: Brain Potentials Reflect Semantic Incongruity, Science, Vol 207, pp.203-205, 1980
Price, C., The Anatomy of Language: Contributions from Functional Neuroimaging, Journal of Anatomy, Vol. 197, pp. 335-359, 2000
Bookheimer, S., Functional MRI of Language: New approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing, Annual Reviews Neuroscience, vol 25, pp.151-188, 2002
Demonet JF, Thierry G, Cardebat D., Renewal of the Neurophysiology of Language: Functional Neuroimaging, Physiological Reviews, Vol 85, pp.49-95, 2005
Marien P, Engelborghs S, Fabro F, DeDeyn PP, The Lateralized Linguistic Cerebellum: A review and a new hypothesis, Brain and Language, Vol 79, pp.580-600, 2001
Wierenga C., Maher LM, Moore AB, White KD, McGregor K, Soltysik D, Peck KK, Gopinath K, Singletary F, Gonzalez-Rothi L, Briggs R, Crosson B, Neural Substrates of Syntactic Mapping Treatment: An fMRI study of two cases, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol 12, pp.132-146, 2006
Evolutionary Anatomy of the Primate Cerebral Cortex, Eds. Dean Falk, Kathleen Gibson, Cambridge University Press, 2001
The Cognitive Neurosciences III, Ed. Michael Gazzaniga, MIT Press, 2004, Chapter 1: What is it like to be human, Todd Preuss
Early studies in morphology
Lateralization: Functional specification of local areas wtihin hemispheres
* Hand bump area in Chimp, but not macaque
* Handedness: Observed in chimps, but equally distributed in entire population.
In humans, for 95% of right handers, language is in LH (for 70% of left handers, language is in LH)
Asymmetry of the planum temporale and lateralization
Planum temporale (PT)
Gazzaniga
PT: Area of Sylvian fissure posterior to the Heschl's gyrus (primariy auditory cortex)
Structural asymmetry of the PT
Falk & Gibson
Structural asymmetry of the PT
present in chimp and human: L>R
Falk & Gibson
Early studies in function
First neuroimaging study in language
Kutas & Hillyard, Science, 1980
First neuroimaging study in language
Kutas & Hillyard, Science, 1980
Note the difference from oddball (P300)
attention
N400 language comprehension
Evolutionary perspective
As brain gets bigger,more cortical areasmust be added
For Ex:More than 50 Broadmann areasin human, but about 20 in Old world monkeysGazzaniga
Corbalis' explanation for evolution of language: Chimps are quadripedal. Transfer of humans to bipedalism was a huge step. Humanoids started to roam, and needed speech to communicate to free hands from gesturing (--->complex tool making)
Area for mirror neurons andgesturing, both in chimps andhumans
Localization of Language
Demonet, 2005
* RH is activated for non-semantic sounds, LH for words
Price, 2000
19th century model of languagefor single words
Motorimage
of speech
Auditoryimage
of speech
Auditoryinput
(Heschl'sgyrus)
Speechgeneration
Visualwordforms
3 types of memory needed for language: (C. Price)
1. Phonological (sounds)
2. Ortographic (spelling)
3. Semantic (knowledge)
Inputs:
Auditory
Visual
Tactile (Braille)
Output:1. Self-initiated2. Stimulus driven (response to written on heard words)
Basal temporal language area: BA19, BA37, BA20
Demonet, 2005
Semantic knowledge
Price, 2000
Concept centre:
= semantic categories
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
Price, 2000
20th century model of languagefor single words
based on behavioral data
Semanticcategories
Price, 2000
Not accounted for, in these models:
Price, 2000
basal temporallanguage area
2 routes:
for language
route1route2
Damage in route1: surface dyslexia
Damage in route2: phonological dyslexia
Newly proposed modelwhich accounts fordyslexia
Development of the proposed model: word repetition
(Posterior IFG)
Note bilateral activity !!!
Development of the proposed model: speech input/output
(word deafness occursif bilateral lesions presentin these areas of PAC)
critical speech production regionword retrieval:
picture namingverbal fluency
Development of the proposed model: reading
Accessing semanticsin sentences
Development of the proposed model: repetition versus reading
Development of the proposed model: semantic knowledge
angular gyrus:semantic processing
Price,2000
Specialization areas in IFG: (Bookheimer, 2002)
* There is functional heterogeneity among Broca's aphasics in terms of impairments
* Three dissociated areas in L IFG are found:1. Anterior IFG = retrieval of semantic information 2. Middle IFG = syntax (complexity α WM load)3. Posterior IFG = phonology (sensorimotor encoding of auditory input)
* Example tasks: Given two sentences with a change in:- 1 word (semantic task): he went to the store vs he went to the school- word order (syntactic task): the west of the cinema is store store is the west of the cinema find if two sentences have the same meaning
- Active/Passive: A lion was fatally attacked by the tiger. or The tiger fatally attacked the lion Question: Which animal died ? (passive sentence is difficult for aphasics)
- Given a word break it down in to phonemes (phonologic task)
Bookheimer,2002
Non-language roles proposed for IFG:
* Studies indicate area 44 in humans is similar to area F5 in monkeys which contain mirror neurons
* It is also thought that imitation is an essential step for developing language
* BA 44 activates in humans when they imagine to observe a movement
* Hence BA 44 is not specialized for just language but also for imitation of complex movements, which embodies speech planning
* In addition, IFG activates for some tone discrimination tasks as well
* This indicates that the phonological role assumed by IFG is not speficic to language
Right Hemisphere
* Judging whether a sentence contains metaphors (ex: Investors were squirrels collecting nuts) caused greater activations in R IFG, and R post. sup. temp. gyrus. Same RH areas activated in addition to areas inLH, when subjects tried to determine the moral lesson of a passage
* In one study, passages are presented with or without titles. The passages indirectly used the title to convey information, without the titles, passages didnot make sense. Extensive RH activity was observed in all language areasfor passages without titles
* LH is powerful for tracking sequential logic, but RH is powerful for keepinga holistic understanding of a talk (topic maintanence)(seq logic: If A is B and B is C then A is C) (top. maint.: Dou you believe in angels? Yes I have my own angel)
* In a few studies, R IFG activated for processing sentences with prosody versusneutral sentences
* From these studies, it seems RH has a critical role in language comprehension and a global understanding of semantic context
Bookheimer, 2002
Bookheimer,2002
RL
?
Cerebellum
Lateral cerebellum sends to and receives from contralateral BA 6,44, 45 through thalamus and pons respectively
In word generation studies R lateral cerebellum which connects to L PFCactivates consistently
In patients with R cerebellar damage there are deficits in semantic wordgeneration, phonological generation, and syntactic processing
It is speculated that cerebellar damage causes diminished or abolished function of remote language zones due to reduced input throughcerebellocortical pathways (diaschisis)
Marien, 2001
Marien, 2001
Patient studies
Infarct in LH
rehabilitation
Active sentences Passive sentences
Chronic, non-fluent aphasia,53. months after onset
Applications of neuroimaging in aphasia patients:Sentence production
C. Wierenga, 2006
Sentence production fMRI
fMRI:ON - sentence production wrt given picture as in learning setOFF- watching non-sense picts
C. Wierenga, 2006
n=15 autism adults, 15 control
Absence of Planum temporale asymmetry
Rojas
Worthy of note
Task:* Silently generate words for a given category (no speech)* Auditory stimuli* Example Category: “farm animals”
Paradigm:* Block* Timing:17.5 sn on & off (rest)* Repetitions: 6
Subjects:* 15 M, 13 F students* Age: 26.4 (sd:7.1)
Data collection:* 1.5T GE MR scanner* fMRI: Nine 6.5 mm thick slices, 64 images each gradient echo spiral scan
Analysis:AFNI (MCW)
Problem of precise localization in a word generation study
Results obtained with LOFA
Overall activityAnatomy CS/PCS activity
Wit
h P
CS
Wit
hou
t P
CS
* Nüfusun %75 inde PCS var
* PCS var ise CS kelime üretmede yeralmazActivity is located in PCS, whenever there is a PCS present B. Crosson, 1999
same areaaftersmoothingin 28 subj