LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
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Transcript of LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
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*LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
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*COGNITION
*Cognition: mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
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*WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
*Language: symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages
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*CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF
LANGUAGE
*Language is…*Symbolic: spoken sounds, written words*Semantic: meaningful*Generative: limited number of symbols
can be combined to generate limitless array of messages*Structured: rules govern arrangement of
words into phrases and sentences
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*STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE
*Phonemes: smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually*The smallest units of sound*Only 40 in English language
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*STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE CON’T
*Morphemes: smallest units of meaning in a language*Semantics: the area of language
concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations*Consists of denotation and connotation
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*STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE CON’T
*Syntax: a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences*Noun, verb, etc..
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*MILESTONES IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
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*MOVING TOWARD PRODUCING
WORDS
*1st 6 months: crying, cooing, laughter*Then babbling until around 18 months*10 to 13 months: utter sounds that
resemble words
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*USING WORDS
*3 to 50 words by 18 months*Receptive vocabulary is larger than
productive vocabulary*Acquire nouns before verbs*18-24 months: vocabulary spurt*10,000 words by first grade
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*USING WORDS
*Fast mapping: process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure
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*ERRORS IN USING WORDS
*Overextension: when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to*Underextension: when a child incorrectly
uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to
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*COMBINING WORDS
*End of 2nd year*Telegraphic speech: consists mainly of
content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted
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*COMBINING WORDS
*Mean length of utterance: avg length of youngsters’ spoken statements (measured in morphemes)*Overregularizations: when grammatical
rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply
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*REFINING LANGUAGE
SKILLS
*School-age years receive formal training*Become interested in ambiguities*Shows they are developing Metalinguistic
awareness: ability to reflect on the use of language
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*BILINGUALISM
*DEF: the acquisition of 2 languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules*Acculturation: the degree to which a
person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture
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THEORIES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
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*BEHAVIORIST THEORIES
*Skinner: children learn language through imitation, reinforcement, other conditioning principles*Parents reinforce by responding
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*NATIVIST THEORIES
*Noam Chomsky: children learn the rules of language, not specific verbal responses*Humans are equipped w/a language
acquisition device(LAD): innate mechanism or process that facilitates learning of language
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*INTERACTIONIST THEORIES
*Biology and experience make contributions*2 varieties of theory:*1)Cognitive: language development is an
important aspect of more general cognitive developmen*2)social communication: interpersonal
comm. and social context
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*CULTURE, LANGUAGE, AND
THOUGHT
*Linguistic relativity: hypothesis that one’s language determines the nature of one’s thought