Landscape Planning Basis

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Landscape planningThe basis of sustainable landscape development


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Contents

Foreword 3

Summary 4

1. Landscape planning a proven instrument with new tasks 6

2. Landscape planning tasks and target groups 8

2.1 Environmental inormation or planning authorities and or authorities involved in approval & licensing procedures 9

2.2 Special unctions or nature conservation authorities 11

2.3 Provision o criteria or the efcient deployment o unds or nature and the landscape 12

2.4 Inorming and involving the public 13

3. Landscape planning levels and modules 14

3.1 Planning levels 14

3.2 Landscape planning modules 16

4. Landscape planning contents 18

4.1 Existing situation and assessment 18

4.2 Objectives, requirements and measures 24

4.3 Examples rom local and supra-local landscape planning 284.4 Notes on GIS-assisted landscape planning 35

5. Strategic Environmental Assessment 36

5.1 The signifcance o landscape planning or the environmental assessment o other plans and programmes 36

5.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment o the landscape planning 37

6. Organising the planning process and participation 40

6.1 Drawing up the plan contents 40

6.2 Procedural steps o the Strategic Environmental Assessment o the landscape planning 42

6.3 Active participation o the public 42

7. Implementation 47

Closing remarks 50

Sources, Reerences and Notes 51

2


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Foreword

3

Social challenges, eGovernment programmes, continued development o Euro-pean and German nature conservation, environmental and sectoral (planning)law as well as technological progress open up new opportunities or land-

scape planning and at the same time require ecient completion o tasks.

With the adoption o the National Biological Diversity Strategy by the FederalCabinet in November 2007, the Convention on Biodiversity, which was passed atthe United Nations Conerence on Environment and Development in Rio de Janei-ro in 1992, was placed on a reliable political basis in Germany. Various levels arementioned species, habitats and landscapes - and dierent social players. In thiscontext, greater demands will be made o landscape planning in uture to developand consolidate appropriate contributions or implementation o the biodiversity stra-tegy at local, regional and national level.

Another increasing challenge in the coming years is related to the strategies neces-

sary to adapt to climate change. According to current orecasts, in uture climatechange will become a main risk actor or biological diversity in Germany too. Thissituation thereore demands, on the one hand, the development o a protection andmanagement approach to nature conservation which anticipates and takes intoaccount momentum and changes in nature and the landscape, which is ultimatelyto be provided by the existing planning instruments. On the other hand the aim is tomake clear the contributions which nature conservation can actively make to reducethe consequences o climate change (or example through the services o certainecosystems).

The requirements related to the European Water Framework Directive, or food pro-tection, or the Natura 2000 network and or environmental assessment o projects,plans and programmes, as well as the rapid structural change taking place in ruralspaces and the dynamic development o many urban areas; all these require aninormation system which integrates all natural resources such as the one providedby landscape planning with its dierent levels.

This brochure thereore ocuses strongly on these relevant socio-political questionsabout the uture, the development o landscape planning into a comprehensive inor-mation system and the necessity and possibilities o involving the public in planning.Landscape planning thereore proves to be a fexible, problem-related and, wherenecessary or useul, modular planning instrument oriented to the need or action tosolve the tasks outlined above.

I very much hope that this brochure is a useul tool or you as planners in natureconservation authorities, in sectoral planning authorities and in other authorities, inlandscape planning & design consultancies, as well as or those o you studying intechnical colleges and universities, and that it helps to show landscape planningscontributions to sustainable landscape development and to direct them with an eyeto the uture.

Prof. Dr. Beate Jessel

President o the Bundesamt r Naturschutz1)

1) Bundesamt r Naturschutz = German Federal Agency or Nature Conservation


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The task o nature conservation and landscape manage-ment has broadened and has become more dierentiatedas social changes occur and as European infuence on

environmental protection policies increases. Landscapeplanning is needed, now more than ever beore, as acomprehensive inormation base and to coordinate thedierent instruments in addition to being a preconditionor ecient use o unds. In many ederal states, especiallyin southern Germany, landscape planning is thereoreexperiencing a renaissance and renewal with the objectiveo adapting it to the new challenges.

As a supplement to the brochure directed at the public2)

and politics Landscape Planning or Sustainable LocalCommunity Development published by the Bundes-amt r Naturschutz, this document is on the one handdirected at nature conservation authorities and planning &design consultancies. It exemplarily describes how lands-cape planning can be used to coordinate and implementindividual nature conservation tasks. At the same timethe brochure can be used as a guideline or dealing withlandscape planning issues or the purposes o harmoni-sation at ederal level. On the other hand it is also directedat regional planning and urban development planningauthorities as well as sectoral administrations and secto-ral planning authorities. They are given indications o thecontent they can expect and how they can use it or their

tasks.One aim o the brochure is to clearly show the substantialbenets to local communities and regions associatedwith the preparation o landscape plans and landscapestructure plans. In particular, the ollowing advantages areworth naming here:

The descriptions as well as the landscape planningdevelopment concepts provide a consistent inorma-tion and evaluation basis or project-related planningand assessments and help to eciently organisethese with respect to their surveys o existing situa-

tions and the evaluation steps.Landscape planning provides a coordinated inor-mation basis or all natural resources, which enablesus to rapidly obtain an overview o the nature andlandscape situation within the planning area; rag-mented changes to individual parts o nature andthe landscape can be assessed with respect to theireect on the whole existing condition; planning andnature conservation experts in the administration canuse this as the basis or quick and uncomplicatedcomments.

Measures which benet dierent natural resources

such as the soil, water, climate, plants and animals ornatural scenery and recreation, can be coordinatedand matched with each other and thereore be usedwith multiunctional eects.

Intrusions can be conceived in an ecologically soundway rom the very rst planning stage, as a result owhich the administration can save sta resources

and the project sponsor can save costs.The compensation concepts contained in landscapeplans ensure quick mitigation and environmentalcompensation measures which are coordinated witheach other.

Regional and urban development planning receiveplans translated into their language, which can beeasily incorporated.

Habitats Directive assessments, strategic environ-mental assessments, environmental impact assess-ments and the impact mitigation regulation can be

precisely tailored rom the outset; they can be keptstreamlined and quickly implemented, all on thebasis o landscape planning.

Planning according to the Water Framework Direc-tive, agricultural structural planning, village renewaland other sectoral planning, obtain an inormationand objectives basis which reduces the survey anddata acquisition work required and simultaneouslyenables classication o the sectoral planning ob-jectives in a coordinated, overall concept or all thedierent natural resources.

Oten deplored shortcomings in the eciency and

objectives-orientation o unding rom the EUsagricultural and structural unds are removed i thegrants are oriented to landscape planning: Theunding can concentrate on land which has beenidentied as needing action or or which it has beendetermined that specic measures would be highlyeective.

Land users such as agriculture, orestry and wa-ter management can use the landscape planningstatements to integrate nature conservation aspectsin their operational management, or product certi-

cations as well as or public relations (PR) on natureconservation services & perormance and in thelandscape management o the arm or rm.

Members o the public and organisations receive aninormation basis on the condition o the nature andlandscape in the community (environmental check);they are enabled to participate and can make theirown contributions to the development o nature andthe landscape as well as to securing biodiversity.

Regions and local communities ensure that recrea-tional acilities are available in the nature and lands-cape and show these in the landscape planning;members o the public can use the landscape planto obtain inormation on recreational acilities, lands-cape history, etc.

4

Summary

2) The third person orm they is generally used in the text. It simultaneously indicates both he and she.


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The sot location actors o nature and landscapecan be presented as a decisive contribution to thequality o lie in the region or local community.

These advantages can only be utilised i landscape plan-ning is drawn up at dierent planning levels and on die-rent scales just like the overall spatial planning and urbandevelopment planning or other sectoral planning aectingspace. Here it is especially important that the content pri-orities and tiering are set according to the special controltasks and possibilities o the individual levels, but at thesame time enable compelling interconnection o the state-ments across the levels. Here the regional planning level(landscape programmes and landscape structure plans)is to be understood as being the strategic planning levelwith higher level, regionally signicant setting o priorities

(e.g. or the habitat network, or ocal spaces, or imple-mentation o the Water Framework Directive, etc.), whilethe local level is to be interpreted, above all, as being theimplementation-oriented and cooperative planning.

A urther aim o the brochure is to show ways in whichlandscape planning can be used to overcome new chal-lenges which result rom the change in requirements andlegal basis.

In uture the inormation presented in landscapeplanning should also be interpreted in relation tonew elds o application and worded according to its

target group to enable the landscape planningto oer directly transerable contributions toenvironmental assessments and plans, which willbecome necessary according to the EU Directives(Habitats Directive, SEA, Water Framework andFlood Directives); to this end it must be possibleto easily translate landscaping planning into theconcepts o the European instruments,

to show the requirements o good agricultural,orestry and shery practice with their specicland and spatial consequences,

to identiy areas which support precisely targeted nancial support rom the agricultural and struc-tural unds o the EU or rom other developmentund sources,

to make statements on climate protection (green-house gas relevance o changes in land use, toshow measures or adapting nature conservationto the altered living conditions or animals andplants) as well as nature conservation contribu-tions or adapting to climate change (CO

2sink

unction o certain ecosystems).

Modular extensions, with customised content and

timing, should be provided or tailoring the land-scape planning to satisy the precise needs o theconstellation o circumstances and problems o therespective space.

In particular, the landscape structure plans should,on the one hand include data rom the surveys othe condition o surace water systems perormed

or implementation o the Water Framework Directiveand on the other hand they should make statementsbased on the whole spatial area, which can be usedor the management plans, water resource plans andprogrammes o measures.

Landscape planning can be made more processual,fexible and can better refect the general publicsinterests by using new technologies.

Publication on the internet makes it easier to ullthe obligations resulting rom the Aarhus Con-vention, implemented in ederal law, and enablesmany other unctions and oers.

Combination with consultation sotware enablesactive contribution o the public and organisationsvia the internet.

Children and young peoples interest in the indige-nous nature can be indirectly awakened by usingelectronic media.

The landscape plans must satisy the data transerrequirements (digital ormats) set by other sectoraladministrations.

Due to its cross-sectional orientation and overall spa-tial planning approach, landscape planning is also

very important or implementation o the nationalbiodiversity strategy with its equally cross-sectoralset up. To this end, appropriate operationalisationapproaches (biodiversity unction) should be deve-loped, which utilise the strength o the landscapeplanning and, in addition to maintaining the diversityo species and habitats, also enable implementation-oriented protection and sustainable use o biodiversi-ty at the level o landscapes.

The brochure thereore serves as an argumentation andinormation basis or the decision to draw up or update

landscape planning, or development o the perormanceprole and or ecient realisation and the content concept.

The eects o landscape planning are requently not re-fected in spectacular major projects. Instead they mani-est themselves in ecient procedures, early, low-confictand cost-saving consideration o environmental issuesin the event o changes to nature and the landscape aswell as in many small steps and changes in awareness omembers o the public, local authorities, land users andorganisations. All the more reason or drawing landscapeplanning back into the awareness o decision makers asthe indispensable basis o sustainable development.


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Landscape planning has a long tradition in Germany and is well-established as a central plan-ning instrument o prevention-oriented nature conservation. Since the Federal Nature Conserva-

tion Act was passed in 1976, landscape programmes have been drawn up or the ederal states,where provided or, and regional landscape structure plans have been prepared or virtually allparts o the country. Local landscape plans currently exist or almost hal the area o Germany,local landscape plans or approximately one th the area o Germany are currently being pre-pared. In this way an inormation base and objectives system was set up, beyond the planninglevels, over virtually the whole area o the country and represents an important basis or thesuccess o nature conversation work in past decades. Landscape plans are one o the standardtools o nature conservation, spatial planning and sectoral authorities as well as local communi-ties, all o which can make ast and reliably relevant decisions on the basis o the dierentiatedcomments on the condition and development o nature and the landscape.

Landscape planning is undergoing change due to new requirements. Its previous main task ocontrolling spatial uses and the development o nature and the landscape has extended. Imple-mentation o the European requirements or the Natura 2000 network, or the Water FrameworkDirective (WFD), the Floods Directive as well as the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)can be made considerably easier and can be coordinated with the help o landscape planning.It is ideally suited, or example, as the basis o the Strategic Environmental Assessment or as anextensive inormation base or river basin planning covering all natural resources.

In addition, landscape planning increasingly supports the tasks o providing members o thepublic with environmental inormation and their participation in sustainable local communityand landscape planning (c. Fig. 1). Landscape planning is currently developing away rom rigidplanning to a generally accessible and easy to update inormation base and a basis or action.By using new data processing and transer technologies, landscape planning can be developedinto an inormation and communication platorm, which also communicates data and know-

ledge about nature and the landscape to the public and makes simple consultation and partici-pation possibilities available via the internet. This development is borne by a new understandingo government action which is characterised by more proximity to citizens and transparencyin politics and the administration. Landscape planning thereore supports implementation o

Agenda 21 as well as the objectives o the Aarhus Convention and the associated EU Directivesand ederal laws or the introduction o more democracy in environmental issues. It promotesthe enlightenment o members o the public and businesses as well as their commitment to theirenvironment and homeland. Because landscape planning creates undamentals, competenceand incentives or own initiatives, resourceulness and commitment to the integration o environ-mental aspects in landscape usage.

Landscape also obtains impetus or urther development because the economic importance onature and landscape is increasingly recognised as being a sot economic actor. It is now alsoobvious that the scarce public unds available or nature and landscape should be spent moreeectively and thereore more eciently.

1. Landscape planning a proveninstrument with new tasks

Landscape planning

tradition

Landscape planning

in change:

Control, coordination

Landscape planning

in change:

Environmental

inormation and

participation

Fig. 1:

Tasks involved

in sustainable

development

Landscape planning

in change:

Economic signicance

Basis o control(through a concept or all scalelevels and natural resources)

Measures for the conser-vation, remediation andimprovement o nature and

the landscape Setting priorities for measures

Valorisation o natureand the landscape

For government demand forenvironmental perormance(especially efcient distribu-tion o development undsand grants)

For regional added valuethrough tourism, agriculture,trade & industry

Certication of products andservices

Inormation, participationEnvironmental awareness

Information basis for land-scape users, members othe public and organisations(environment check,

shaping public opinion oplanned projects)

Environmental education,identifcation with the home-land

Landscape planning as inormation system


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Landscape planning shows spatially, in concrete terms, where there is an increased needor action under nature conservation aspects and thereore where European agricultural and

structure unds can be eciently deployed. It is probable that in uture landscape planning willbecome increasingly important as the basis or environmentally riendly land, arm and operati-onal management, or which unds are already available in many ederal states.

Rapidly growing biomass cultivation and the construction o plants or the utilisation o renew-able energies as well as reduction and adaptation measures or the eects o climate chan-ge are current developments whose sustainable organisation is hard to imagine at presentwithout landscape planning contributions. Landscape planning can also make contributions toreduce the still very high use o land and landscape ragmentation and to control unavoidableusages in an environmentally compatible way. In addition, particular need or action conti-nues to exist in Germany or conservation o biodiversity at the level o species, habitats andlandscapes. Above all, the development o a biotope network must be highlighted here, whichis assigned to landscape planning at the dierent planning levels according to the FederalNature Conservation Act (2002).

All the named tasks require a common, coordinated approach in various political areas andactivities requently across national borders too. New political approaches, which are qualityobjective oriented, such as, or example, those pursued in the water industry with the WFD generate a need or clear, integrated environmental inormation systems and or environmentalmonitoring, both at regional and at local level. The ecosystem approach o the biodiversityconvention and the national biodiversity strategy [1] as well as the increasingly integrativeorientation o European and national environmental law require an approach long sincepracticed in landscape planning. Nature and the environment are not only segmented intoindividual types o environment, but are treated as a unit, dierent environmental issues arelinked to orm multiunctional strategies and measures and general concepts are developed.

Landscape planning is the only environmental planning which realises this principle o cross-environmental, extensive and multiunctional consideration, which has increasingly come tothe ore in the recent past, also through the EU, with ully developed methods system.

To eciently ull the new tasks, the landscape planning unctions should be optimally coor-dinated with other relevant planning and assessment instruments. Due to the pending andanticipated changes, continuation and updating o landscape planning will be particularlyimportant. Flexible, modular and conclusive digital processing, which is aimed at problem-related planning statements oriented to the need or action, is indispensable or this.

Germany is a pioneer in Europe when it comes to landscape planning. The wealth o expe-rience available here currently enjoys lively interest in many European countries. This resultsrom the insight that a uniorm inormation base is required or handling the various instru-

ments prescribed by the EU; in many countries the need or extensive, national landscapeplanning is also topical due to their entry to the Council o Europes European LandscapeConvention.

The tried and tested contents, procedures and unctions o landscape planning have beendescribed many times [2] and should thereore be listed as an overview only. The descriptionsare ocused on the new landscape planning requirements. Guidance notes are given such as

how current tasks, e.g. biotope network planning, environmental inormation and public con-sultation and participation can be integrated,

how to respond to challenges in regard to content, e.g. climate change or land use,

how interaction with new planning instruments such as the EIA, the SEA, the programmeso measures and management plans according to WFD or environmental monitoring can be

arranged and optimised.

Contributions to solving

current problems

Need or general

environmental inorma-

tion and environmental

monitoring o all natural

resources

Landscape planning

in Europe

Contents

o this brochure


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Landscape planning is the central planning instrument or realising the objectives o the Fe-deral Nature Conservation Act. The results o the landscape planning are the programme o

work or the authorities responsible or nature conservation and landscape management. Atthe same time the contents o the landscape planning support other agencies and planningauthorities to realise environmentally riendly and resource-sparing development.

The complex interaction o all the actors aecting the balance o nature such as soil, water, airand climate, plants and animals, as well as diversity, characteristic eatures and beauty andthe recreational value o nature and landscape as well as the eects o existing and oreseea-ble land usages, are analysed and assessed within the landscape planning. As a result, exten-sive basic inormation about nature and the landscape (their condition as well as their pastand oreseeable development) is available or the whole area. On the basis o this, the legalobjectives generally specied in the Nature Conservation Act are transerred to the respectiveplanning area, are dened in greater detail or specic areas and implementation routes areproposed. The spatial objectives, measures and requirements developed in the landscapeplanning orm a comprehensive nature conservation concept, which contains statementson the protection, maintenance and development o nature and the landscape (c. Chap. 3.1).Landscape planning is the only sectoral spatial planning in which the environments are treatedglobally and rom which measures are developed, which simultaneously benet several die-rent unctions o the balance o nature (multiunctional measures). The objectives, require-ments and measures are oriented so that they can be implemented in the eld o tasks andactivities o the various sectoral planning and land usages (cross-sectional orientation).

The landscape planning addresses dierent target groups: the nature conservation authorities,other planning authorities and approval & licensing authorities as well as the interested public(Fig. 2).

The target groups use the landscape planning or dierent tasks:

With the results o the landscape planning, the inormation necessary to take into ac-count nature and landscape issues is available to all planning authorities and approval &licensing authorities at a glance (c. Chap. 2.1).

2. Landscape planning tasksand target groups

Landscape planning task

Landscape planning

subject

Landscape planning

target group

Fig. 2:

Landscape planning output

or dierent target groups

Landscape planning

Environmental information, objectives, requirements and measures, priorities

Nature conservationauthorities

Other planning authoritiesand approval & licensing

authorities

Interested public,organisations, land users


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Environmental

inormation at a glance

Confict assessment

and minimisation

Basis o inormation or

screening and scoping

Fig. 3:

Position o landscape planning

in the planning system [3]

Habitats Directive/Natura 2000

SEA Directive

EIA Directive

Water FrameworkDirective

European Union

HDA

SEA

EIA

IMR

Federal Republic o Germany

Federal stateregional planning

programme

Preliminary landuse plan

Regional plan

Binding land useplan

Overall spatial planning (Plan-/project-re-lated) assessment

instruments

Landscape planning

Sectoral planning

Landscapeprogramme

Landscapestructure plan

Landscapeplan

Open spacestructure plan

Watermanagement

planning

Agriculturalplanning

Forestryplanning

1

24

3

5

5

5

1 Landscape planning provides environmental inormation and objectives or carries out sub-tasks (content overlaps)

2 Landscape planning takes up environmental inormation and objectives rom sectoral planning, reects them against

the background o its general natural resources and cross-sectionally oriented tasks, coordinates them with other nature

conservation objectives and ormulates requirements or other sectoral planning and uses

3 Integrated objectives concept covering all natural resources

4 Sectoral objectives

5 Application o the assessment instruments to plans /programmes and projects

For nature conservation authorities landscape planning is a central working basis as anenvironmental inormation system or the response to the publics wishes and sectoralplanning as well as a development concept or their own measures (c. Chap. 2.2).

Criteria or the ecient deployment o unds under nature conservation aspects aremade available or authorities o rst instance (awarding unds) and applicants. Farmerscan use the inormation or their operational management (c. Chap. 2.3).

The landscape planning is an environmental inormation and consultation & participa-

tion basis or the public (c. Chap. 2.4). It can also be actively used as an instrument orincreasing awareness and improving environmental education.

2.1 Environmental informationfor planning authorities and for authorities involvedin approval & licensing procedures

The contents o the landscape planning can show all planning authorities and agencies howthe nature conservation objectives and principles can be incorporated, supported and there-ore realised within the scope o their areas o responsibility.

The landscape planning descriptions and denitions help to enable a preliminary assessmento conficts with nature and landscape issues anticipated as a result o planning and projects.

They are thereore the basis or optimisation o planning under prevention aspects. For exam-ple, clever location selection at a very early planning stage on the basis o the landscapeplanning can avoid conficts and thereore loss o time and costs or compensation measures.

The landscape planning inormation can be used within the scope o screening, o ten withoutany urther cost or eort, to determine which environmental legislation requirements must betaken into account and observed in planned planning and which environmental assessmentsand / or preliminary checks need to be perormed (in particular SEA, EIA, HDA). In addition,the extensive database is indispensable or dening the investigation ramework (scoping)and selection o any options to be examined. The landscape planning inormation, partly valid

long-term, partly requiring regular updating, reduces the scope o surveys required or manyplanning and approval & licensing procedures.

SEAStrategic Environmental Assessment

HDAHabitats Directive Assessment

EIAEnvironmental Impact Assessment

IMRImpact Mitigation Regulation


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When landscape planning is prepared, assessments are made and the environmental qualityobjectives and standards are dened. These are used as assessment criteria or the applicationo checking instruments such as the Strategic Environmental Assessment o plans (SEA) andprogrammes, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) o projects or the Habitats Directive

Assessment (HDA).

In the event o intrusions in nature and the landscape, unavoidable impairments must be mitigatedor compensated in some other way (impact mitigation regulation). The development objectives o

the landscape planning should be incorporated. The landscape planning inormation regarding theunctional capability and development possibilities o nature and the landscape as well as the ur-gency or priority o measurements and requirements (development requirements) in the respectiveplanning area are a decisive basis or the placement and arrangement o mitigation and compen-sation measures.

In uture, landscape planning will also have to be used to a greater extent to comply with spe-cies protection legislation requirements (Habitats Directive). In particular, within the scope o theobjectives and measures concept o the landscape plans, it is possible to work towards stabilisingand developing the populations o the strictly protected species. For example, a population-relatedapproach can be enabled in the event o intrusion.

For the regional and urban development planning authorities, landscape planning is the overall

concept on which they orient themselves to align spatial development with ecological and lands-cape design criteria. Perormance monitoring and reviews have shown that environmental aspectswere ar more eectively incorporated in the urban development planning i qualied landscapeplans were available [4]. The local authorities are not only responsible or taking into account natureconservation issues within their area but also or active implementation o the local nature andlandscape needs. Landscape planning is thereore particularly important or them.

Orientation

or compensation

Contribution to spatial

and urban developmentplanning

Scale or environmental

assessments


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Inormation system

Fig. 4:

Coordination and cross-sectional

orientation in landscape planning

While natural resources are presented in the landscape planning above all in their interac-tion or the capacities and unctions o the balance o nature, other sectoral spatial planning(or example water management or orestry planning) specically deal with individual naturalresources or land uses. For the authorities responsible or this sectoral planning as well as theapproving & licensing authorities, the landscape planning is a decisive inormation and actionbase or placing their objectives or decisions in a general landscape context or all naturalresources.

Contribution to other

sectoral planning

2.2 Special functionsfor nature conservation authorities

The landscape planning inormation about nature and landscape, the natural scenery, impacts,pollution, environmental impacts, objectives and measures orms an indispensable basis orthe ecient day-to-day working o the nature conservation authorities: They can quickly obtainan overview o the consequences o planning and projects and prepare comments or adviceproject unders. Landscape planning is also the most important basis o their own active natureconservation work, i.e. protection, management and development measures, e.g. to develop abiotope network.

As general, coordinating planning, within the scope o landscape planning, existing nature con-servation concepts are merged and the nature conservation sub-objectives are coordinated witheach other and possible alternative objectives and measures are named. The landscape planningplans are thereore also the suitable instrument or cross-sectionally oriented coordination o natureconservation and landscape management issues with other interests and claims (Fig. 4).

Coordination o

individual nature

conservation planning

CoordinationInternal weighing up ofthe nature conservation

sub-objectives

Cross-sectional orientationConsideration of the imple-

mentation possibilities o othersectoral planning

Thematically and spatially consistent conceptor realising the nature conservation and

landscape management objectives

Measures and tasksor nature conservation

authorities

Requirements and proposedmeasures or other sectoralauthorities and land users

Sub-objectives o nature conservationand landscape management

WaterprotectionDiversity,characteristicfeaturesandbeauty

Biotopenetwork

Natura2000

Speciesprotection

Recreation

Soilconservation

Biodiversitystrategy

Process

protection

Culturallands

cape

Protectedbio

topesClimat

eprotection

Floodreduct

ion

Openspacepr

otection


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Within the scope o the preparation and updating o landscape planning, nature conservationauthorities can evaluate and reconsider their nature conservation work. Technical or unctionalproposals or setting priorities and implementation enable strategic orientation o the natureconservation action concepts.

Strategic orientation o

the nature conservation

work

Control available unds

2.3 Provision of criteria for the efcient deploymentof funds for nature and the landscapeLimited public unds or nature conservation and environmental protection should be spentwith the best costs-benet ratio. Landscape planning inormation allows statements to bemade on where the need or nature conservation measures is particularly urgent or whereparticularly large benets can be achieved. Planning authorities and political decision-makingbodies can make qualied decisions regarding the necessary deployment o resources andcontrol o the available unds on the basis o the remediation, protection, management ordevelopment measures. In particular, areas can be identied where the utilisation o unds isespecially eective, or example or measures to compensate or intrusions.

Against the background o the EUs strategy o integrating environmental issues in other politi-cal areas, the implementation o environmental objectives in rural areas is not unded separa-tely but instead is integrated in the existing development instruments rom the agricultural and

structural unds. In this context too, in view o scarce unds or the development o rural areas,it is necessary not to distribute development unds or agricultural environment measures witha watering can but to steer it into areas where there is an increased need or action rom anature conservation point o view. Showing areas with development potential and action prio-rities at an appropriate scale, landscape planning represents the decisive inormation basis.It is thereore the only extensive inormation basis on which eots to achieve objective andsuccess-oriented award o development unds and grants can be based. Displaying maps oeligible areas in landscape (ramework) plans can help interlinked with the existing develop-ment und instrument in particular to control energy crops in an environmentally compatibleway [6].

Land users and land owners can use this inormation to organise their operational manage-ment in an environmentally riendly way and to direct their nature conservation and landscapemanagement contributions so that their environmental perormances can be acknowledgedand rewarded. This use o landscape planning will become ar more important in uture espe-cially as part o the introduction o environmental consultancy, certication and managementsystems in agriculture [7]. Similar trends towards external audits also exist in orestry.

Environmental

perormances

o armers


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Landscape planningas a platorm or ...

2.4 Informing and involving the public

Landscape planning can be the centre-piece o an environmental inormation system orin particular can take its place at a local level. By using new technologies and the internet,landscape planning can be a platorm or communication, participation and consultation andenvironmental education, independent o place and time.

Active inorming and participation o the public make decision making processes clearer, moreunderstandable and more transparent and promote the willingness o the public to supportthe adopted decisions and to participate in their implementation (c. Chap. 6.3). The proposedmeasures shown in the landscape plan can also stimulate the public to implement nature con-servation and environmental protection in their own garden or to take on voluntary work.

This is in line with the intentions o the Aarhus Convention. Through the EU Directives to imple-ment this convention and their implementation in national law [8] all authorities and planning

authorities are required to make existing environmental inormation easily accessible to thepublic and to involve the public in plans and programmes relating to the environment.

Environmental inorma-

tion, environmental edu-

cation and participation

Implementation o the

Aarhus Convention

Fig. 5:

Functions o landscape plans

in the media (using a screenshot

o the www.koenigslutter.de/

landschatsplan.php) [ 9 ]

Education Inormation

Public relations Communication

Pioneer role/Marketing

Participation


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3. Landscape planning levelsand modules

3.1 Planning levelsIn the interests o ecient planning with division o the work involved among the appropriateparties, the dierent contents o landscape planning should each be primarily shown on thoseplanning levels on which they can most eectively be implemented (level-specic tiering). Theplanning task o landscape planning is thereore rst o all comprehensively perormed withinteraction o all plans at the dierent scale levels.

Regional nature conservation and landscape management requirements and measures aredescribed state-wide in landscape programmes or are described in more concrete terms orindividual regions in landscape structure plans. The local requirements and measures areshown in landscape plans 2). Each respective higher level planning orms the unctional orien-

tation ramework or the subordinate planning level.To enable close interlinking with the spatial and urban development planning especially withrespect to landscape planning contributions to environmental assessments o these plans andprogrammes it is advisable to draw up landscape planning at all levels o the overall spatialplanning represented in the respective ederal state (c. Fig. 6).

Tiering

The landscape programme is prepared as a unctional nature conservation concept or thewhole area o the respective ederal state. It is used to draw up state-wide signicant require-ments and measures as well as to coordinate nature conservation tasks and at the same timeto set priorities. In the city states the landscape programme oten simultaneously perorms thelocal landscape planning tasks.

The ocal areas o the landscape programme include programmatic objectives and guidelinesor the nature conservation policy o a ederal state as well as specic spatial descriptions. It isthe most important working basis or special implementation tasks o the highest nature con-

Landscape planning

levels

Landscape programme

(LaPro)

Fig. 6:

Plan products o landscape

planning at the levels

o overall spatial planning

and sectoral planning

1) These plans have dierent names in individual ederal states.

2) Except the city states Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg as well as North Rhine-Westphalia and Thuringia.

3) These plans are not provided or in all ederal states; in some they have dierent names.

4) Including EIA and landscape envelope planning.

Planningarea

Landscapeplanning

Overall spatialplanning

Sectoralplanning

Planning scaleof landscape

planning

Part o themunicipal

area

Munici-pality

Region/administrative

district,district

Land(ederalstate)

Landscape

programme

Federal stateregional planning

programme

Sectoral programmeor sectoral plan atfederal state level

1 : 500,000to

1 : 200,000

Landscapestructure plan Regional plan

Sectoral frame-work plan

1 : 100,000to

1 : 25,000

Landscapeplan

Preliminary landuse plan

1 : 10,000to

1 : 5,000

Open spacestructure plan

Bindingland use plan

Project planat approval

or planning deter-mination level

and/orconstruction plan

1 : 2,500to

1 : 1,000

1)

1)

2)

3)

4)

1)

2) The arrangements regarding responsibility or landscape structure planning dier, but requently lie in the hands o the regional planning authorities; the towns,

cities and local authorities are usually responsible or landscape planning.


15/5215

Landscape Structure

Plan

servation authority. These include, e.g. major conservation areas or other conservation areaso national signicance, the state-wide biotope network or eligible areas or development pro-grammes. The landscape programme also covers regionally signicant nature conservationand landscape management issues or integration in the state planning (ederal state regionalplanning programme).

Landscape structure plans dene the regional nature conservation and landscape manage-ment objectives, requirements and measures or the respective region (e.g. administrativedistrict, district) in more specic detail. An important task o the landscape structure planis to prepare the work o the local (lower) and partly that o the regional (higher) natureconservation authorities. They show land areas and landscape components which ull therequirements or designation as conservation areas, protected landscape components ornatural monuments or landmarks. Areas or the regional biotope network, priority areas or theconservation o ertile or rare soils, groundwater or areas with particular signicance or foodretention are also shown.

The landscape structure plan is the basis or comments on planning and projects o all kinds

o dierent sectoral planning and project sponsors. However, the descriptions at this scalelevel are not always sucient so that in many cases e.g. in the case o legally protectedbiotopes the landscape plan o the local authority must also be consulted.

The decisive regional planning instrument or adoption o the contents o the landscape struc-ture plan is the regional planning. To simpliy integration o the described objectives, require-ments and measures in the regional plan, the landscape structure plan is matched to therepresentational possibilities o the regional planning.

The local landscape plan is located at the level o the land use plan (preparatory urban deve-lopment planning). The local communities use the landscape plans to draw up all inormationto ull their task o taking into account nature conservation and landscape managementissues in the land use planning (c. Article 1 (5) and (6), Article 1a and Article 2 BauGB). The

expert report part o the landscape plan is to a large extent identical with the environmentalreport on the land use plan (c. Chap. 5.1). On the basis o this expert opinion the local autho-rity develops an implementation concept which makes statements on which objectives andmeasures o the landscape plan the local authority will take up and how it wants to implementthem within the scope o the urban development planning or other tasks.

I a masterplan is drawn up, the contents o landscape planning can be extended and mademore detailed or this scope to include the unction o the more detailed environmental as-sessment as well as urban green space tasks. This can be done as a module within the scopeo preparation o the landscape plan or as a partial update (c. Chap. 3.2). Several ederalstates provide or the preparation o an open space structure plan with its own content spe-cications to provide detail in more concrete terms.

Landscape planning is thereore basically created or the whole space, i.e. or the populatedand or the unpopulated areas. However, this does not mean that planning statements haveto be made or all areas in the same detail; or example, in certain cases nature conservationareas can to a large extent be omitted at local level because here development statementsare already available due to the protected area regulations and existing management anddevelopment plans. In other cases protected areas are integrated more intensively, e.g. i thelocal authority can promote their conservation by directing compensation measures into thesurroundings o the protected areas and thereore contribute to the development o buerzones or biotope network structures.

A large part o the inormation ascertained in landscape planning is valid long-term and can beused or many years as a quickly evaluated basis or comments by the authorities and organi-sations or or nature and landscape measures. In its more quickly changing parts this inorma-tion system can be kept up to date through updates.

The landscape planning plans should be updated as needed, especially in view o the re-quirements resulting rom new instruments such as environmental assessment o plans andprogrammes.

Landscape Plan and

Open Space Structure

Plan

Updating

Comprehensive lands-cape planning


16/5216

A dierentiation must be made with respect to the updating between the undamental cha-racteristics part o landscape planning and the objectives and measures planning:

The inormation on the existing situation and assessment o the landscape unctions willbe valid relatively long-term. Inormation on impacts, pollution, and positive landscapechanges should be continuously updated.

The objectives and measures planning is perormed on a demand-oriented basis or atsuitable intervals. The need to update the conceptual part can, among other things, be

deduced rom the changes entered in the environmental inormation system.Nowadays the data is provided and processed in digital ormat. The technical possibilitiesassociated with the use o computers, i.e. electronic data processing, make it considerablyeasier to supplement existing databases and to update planning statements.

3.2 Landscape planning modulesLandscape planning today should not be viewed as a static plan but as a dynamic, continuous-ly or modularly changeable inormation and working basis. Landscape planning is expected tobe need- and problem-oriented. Against the background o ast changes in use o nature and

landscape, these requirements are becoming increasingly important.Contemporary landscape planning does not merely amount to nothing more than preparingclassical plans. To ull the diverse tasks (c. Chap. 2) and required outcomes, it is necessaryto consolidate and supplement contents or deal with current issues. A modular landscapeplanning structure makes it possible to respond to current requirements fexibly; both in thetime required or the response and its content. Depending on the problems, individual sub-spatial or thematic components can be dealt with and coupled with existing contents. Theresult is a plan made up o dierent modules.

The undamental nature and landscape inormation including impact analysis, as well as theobjectives and measures concept are the core modules o landscape planning and theircontents are closely linked. Apart rom these, consolidated content can be added as needed

to provide greater depth o inormation (c. Fig. 6). These supplementary modules are aimedat the respective demanded unctions o landscape planning. The assessment o the HabitatsDirective impact o plans, the preparation o an open space concept or concepts with ecologi-cal guard rails with landscape aesthetic quality or the development o renewable energy pro-duction in the region or the community could be such supplementary modules. Furthermore,especially at local level, it can be helpul to name the action priorities dened ater politicalconsideration and participation in an implementation programme (c. Chap. 4.3).

Extending landscape planning to include additional content and consolidation or the prepa-ration o other instruments or or technical dierentiation or individual elds o action is notabsolutely necessary, but represents an oer or individual target groups (e.g. other planningauthorities or project sponsors). Other planning and environmental assessments can also bedirectly based on the core modules o landscape planning. However, a greater amount o time

and eort will probably be required or this other planning.

The use o geographic inormation systems (GIS) supports this approach. The integration olandscape planning content during the planning process is made easier:

The plan produced is no longer a comprehensive data packet which remains unchangeduntil it is updated. The use o GIS enables the plans to be updated as needed with littleeort. Independent o this, the nature conservation concept must be evaluated at suita-ble intervals and changed i necessary (c. Chap. 3.1).

The data on which landscape planning is based can be directly evaluated or pendingplanning tasks and i necessary linked with other inormation. This makes it easier to uselandscape planning or other planning, because the planning authorities can specicallyretrieve the contents o landscape planning according to their requirements.

More fexibility

with regard

to content and time

Modular processing

Core and supplementary

modules

Service or other

planning authorities

Use o new technologies


17/5217

Fig. 7:

Core and supplementary modules

o landscape planning

Protectiono conser-

vation

areas

Supplementary modulesor target group specifc

handling o individual feldso action

Core moduleso landscape planning

Supplementary modulesor the preparation o other(environmental assessment)instruments

Natureconser-vation

authorities

Area proposals

Habitatsdirectiveassess-

ment

SEA/EIA

Basicinormationabout nature

and landscape

Impact analysis+

orecasts

Objectives andmeasuresconcept

(including alter-native solutionsand priorities)

Assessment/assessment

criteria

Implementationprogramme

Impactmitigationregulation

Habitats directivecompatibility

o plans

Basic principles or

screening / scoping

(Building blocksor) environmen-tal report, e.g.assessment o

alternatives

Land pool policyor compensation

measures

Thepublic Inormation system

Spatialplanningauthori-

ties, citiesand local

authorities

Othersectoralplanning

(e.g.water

manage-ment)

Lands-cape

users

Proposals orprotected areas

Sub-spatialdefnition in

concrete terms,updates

(partial updates)

Special recreationconcepts

(e.g. localrecreation

planning, cyclepath planning)

Proposals oraction tailored toneeds and target

groups

Implementationprojects


18/5218

4. Landscape planning contents

4.1 Existing situation and assessmentIn landscape planning the existing condition o nature and the landscape is determined andassessed on the basis o legal and unctional objectives and standards, which also includelandscape planning objectives at a higher level. To this end the available data and inormationis collated and, where necessary, it is supplemented and updated by additional surveys. Theundamental inormation on the soils, geology, bodies o water, air and climate, auna andfora is used to deduce statements regarding the perormance and unctions o the individualnatural resources and/or the balance o nature and the landscape overall (landscape unctions,c. Fig. 9).

Inventory

o environmental data

Fig. 8:

Exemplary structure

o a landscape plan

(core modules)

1. Introduction1.1 Tasks and legal basis1.2 Spatial scope1.3 Action and implementation framework (binding nature of the statements, position of the landscape plan within

the planning system, participation in the planning, implementation o the planning)2. Current Uses and Expected Changes in Use2.1 Human settlement (housing, industry, business)2.2 Trafc2.3 Agriculture2.4 Water management2.5 Leisure and recreation2.6 Fishing / hunting2.7 (...)

3. Existing and Expected Condition o Nature and the Landscape3.1 Brie characterisation (including geographical classifcation o natural landscapes / landscape units)3.2 Fauna and ora (including biotope types)3.3 Soil types3.4 Surface waters and ood areas

3.5 Groundwater3.6 Climate /air3.7 Diversity, characteristic eatures and beauty (natural scenery, nature and landscape experience)

4. Assessment o the Existing and Expected Condition o Nature and the Landscape4.1 Biodiversity unction (biotope unction, biotope development potential, species und biocoenoses)4.2 Natural yield unction4.3. Water resources unction4.4 Water pollution protection unction4.5 Retention function4.6 Climate functions (climate-ecological relevant areas, air quality, land use specic greenhouse gas emissions)4.7 Landscape experience unction4.8 Multifunctional areas (areas with high signicance for different landscape functions)4.9 Summary of the conicts between landscape functions and existing and expected uses

(including human settlement unctions, use o renewable energy)

5. Objective and Development Concept5.1 Overall objectives5.2 Thematic and spatial ocuses (including ecological network system / biotope network, soil conservation, protection o

groundwater and surface waters, recreation planning, solution of conicts with other uses, objectives for sub-areas)

6. Protection, Management and Development Measures6.1 Protection, management and development o certain parts o nature and the landscape6.2 Concept of measures for the municipal area of responsibility (including compensation concept)6.3 Action proposals for the area of responsibility of other authorities and public bodies

7. Notes on Implementation7.1 Implementation concept (priorities, political strategy, implementation instruments, funding options)7.2 Information and participation of the public7.3 Development programmes

8. Strategic Environmental Assessment (supplementary details)

9. SummarySources

Appendix


19/5219

The combination o dierent landscape actors and the interactions between the naturalresources are also signicant or perormance and ability to unction. Apart rom the descrip-tion and assessment o the landscape unctions (current condition and development poten-tial), statements or specic areas are made on the sensitivity o distinct (sub)landscapes toimpacts as well as on the ability to restore their perormance and unctional capability.

Landscape planning can be better used as a versatilely usable inormation basis or overallspatial planning, impact mitigation regulation or environmental assessments i the inormationis presented according to the requirements o this planning and these instruments. As thelegal basis o the various planning and instruments partly name natural resources as sensitivereceptors, partly landscape unctions, it should be possible to access landscape planninginormation structured both by natural resources and landscape unctions. This can be achie-ved by appropriate linking o standard text units in digital landscape plans. It is also advisablenot only to be able to select specic individual cartographic areas but also to easily nd andcollate text statements on special landscape units. This service will assist the administrationsor project sponsors in consolidating the respective relevant area descriptions or commentsor environmental assessments. The eort spent on these preparations pay o because theinormation is so conveniently accessible and is easier to integrate in other planning andinstruments [ 10 ].

The registration o the uses and oreseeable changes in uses is aimed at describing the e ectso use on nature and the landscape, to describe these or specic areas and to classiy them

(conficts, impacts and risks due to structural, material, mechanical as well as acoustic andvisual eects). For example, registration o existing and planned trac routes and densities inconnection with current unctions and sensitivities (e.g. a biotope network) enables statementsto be made on existing and expected ragmentation eects.

Through the comprehensive, extensive inventory and assessment o all natural resources, it ispossible to estimate the interactions and cumulative eects and to orecast the expected envi-ronmental changes. The eects o specic changes in use on nature and the environment (e.g.human settlement development, changes in agricultural structure, production o renewableenergy) can be shown in scenario orm. Decision makers require such discussions o longerterm developments in order to make strategic decisions or the communities and regionswhile taking into consideration risks.

The environmental and nature conservation authorities, other sectoral planning authorities andthe environmental organisations as well as (or the landscape plan) the land users or interestedpublic contribute useul, relevant inormation (c. Chap. 6.3). In view o the abundance oexisting and ascertainable inormation it is necessary to purposeully select the data to besurveyed as well as special regional or local issues and problems.

Fig. 9:

Natural resources

and landscape unctions

Preparation

o the inormation

Target-oriented surveyand inventory

Uses and their eects

Landscape unctions

Bio-diversityunction

Landscapeexperienceunction

Naturalyieldunction

Waterresourcesunction

Retentionfunction

Archive

unctiono the

geotopes

Climateunctions

Natural resources as parts o the balance o nature

Water Air and climateSoil Flora and fauna


20/5220


21/5221

Fig. 10:

Example o the survey contents

o a biotope type map rom

a landscape plan

(Extract rom LP Norderstedt

2020; 2005: Prepared by: TGP,

Lbeck)

Extensive mapping o the

biotope types is o undamentalimportance or the survey and as-

sessment o the biotope unction.

The evaluations to be made on

the basis o this ( such as rarity,

endangerment o certain biotope

types) can be underpinned

through selective registration and

assessment o valuable biotopes

(especially with respect to the

occurrence o rare or endangered

species and biocoenoses, struc-

tural diversity, degree o maturity)

as well as the analysis o specifc

unctional relationships (e.g. de-scription o biotope complexes).

Legend

Woody plants and other tree structures

Flowing water

Ruderal vegetation

Arable land and garden biotopes

Grassland

Raised and transition bogs

Standing water Urban biotopesForests, shrubbery and small woody plants

Fen, swamp and shore biotopes without woody plants

Heath and dry grassland


22/5222

A mosaic o di erent

small extensively used

grassland locations

and tall orb communi-

ties interspersed with

individual trees and

pasture-swamp shrub-

land provides a reuge

area or a large numbero plant and animal spe-

cies, is an essential part

o the biotope network

and enhances the natural

scenery.

Apart rom groups o

trees, rows o trees and

individual trees, way-

side strips, hedges and

eld trees and scrubs

are central elements o

a dierentiated cultural

landscape.

Mesophile limestoneorests have a special

value or nature conser-

vation as this biotope

type is populated by

a large number o endan-

gered species, e.g. the

Turks cap l ily

(Lilium martagon).


23/5223

Semi-natural low-

land streams, warm in

summer, are characte-

rised by a reduced fow

velocity and thereore

by a rather silty to sandy

sediment. The vegetation

is characterised by reeds

and pondweed commu-nities. The banks along

the water are usually

covered with carr (en

woodland), reeds, tall

orb communities or tall

sedge swamps.

Human settlement areas

with a high proportion

o indigenous vegetation

and typical regional ur-

ban ringe design secure

biological diversity within

the settled area too and

enhance the natural

scenery.

Checkdams considerably

prevent the biological

consistency o fowing

waters. Renaturation

can improve the biotope

network

Fig. 11:

Visualised examples rom the survey

and assessment o existing situation

(Section rom: LP Stadt Knigslutter,

2005, Map: Species and Biotopes

Prepared by: entera, Hanover)


24/5224

Even the survey o the existing situation including the display o existing impairments and ex-pected risks should increasingly be coordinated with the new landscape planning challengesand oreseeable conficting uses, provided these are relevant within the planning area:

I planning o extensive use o renewable energy exist (e.g. biomass, solar energy), in theinterests o modular, needs-oriented planning (c. Chap. 3.2), landscape planning canidentiy areas which are particularly sensitive, e.g. to specic orms o biomass cultivation(water shortage areas, visually sensitive areas).

The conditions which are relevant or good proessional practice or cross compliancerequirements should be identied (e.g. grassland areas with prohibited reversion, buerzones around biotopes worthy o protection, compaction-sensitive areas, landscape ele-ments to be preserved). For the land users it should be made clear where 1:1 use o theinormation is possible and where additional surveys may be necessary at operationallevel in order to deduce valid measures.

During the course o implementation o the Water Framework Directive, there are manycommon ground results between landscape planning and river basin planning whichshould be used to avoid duplicated work and to save costs. Thereore, close coordina-tion should take place when registering the existing situation. Wherever possible, datashould be acquired and processed so that it is compatible and usable or both planningtasks. For example, data rom landscape planning can be adopted and used to recordgroundwater-dependent biotopes, to dierentiate land uses or to determine impacts andpollution, in particular the endangerment o groundwater-dependent biotopes or diuseinputs rom agriculture. On the other hand, when recording and assessing the morpholo-gical water structure, landscape planning can now all back on the detailed water ma-nagement mapping [11].

With respect to the expected eects o climate change on biodiversity, soils (CO 2 release)and recreational possibilities (winter sport), at present only projections are possible inmost cases. The scientic undamentals are not yet sucient to enable precise spatialpredictions o the eects o the various climate change scenarios. However, it is alreadybecoming clear today that many nature conservation measures such as extensicationo land uses and the biotope network can either contribute to greenhouse gas reduction

in the short term or can support the adaptive responses o the fora and auna to climatechange. This should also increasingly be made clear in landscape planning.

These new challenges are o course also to be taken into account accordingly when drawingup objectives, requirements and measures, although they are not dealt with again separatelyin the ollowing chapter.

4.2 Objectives, requirements and measuresOne o the most important tasks o landscape planning is to speciy the generally worded le-gal objectives and principles o nature conservation and landscape management and such ohigher-level landscape planning (landscape programme, landscape structure plan) in concrete

terms or specic spatial areas and thereore to give them real practical use. Environmentalquality objectives are also taken into account; these are set down in the overriding pro-grammes or strategies such as the sustainability strategy o the Federal Government. The veryconcrete quality objectives with time horizons o the national biodiversity strategy have specialsignicance in this respect.

The spatial ly specic objectives should name nature and landscape qualities to be aimed oras well as need or action and, where possible, should give specic details in terms o timeand quantity. In this orm they can be used as local, regional or nationwide environmental qua-lity and action objectives and wherever possible spatial environmental standards.

Requirements and measures are used to realise the objectives ormulated or the planningarea. On the one hand, measures which are primarily to be implemented within the scope

o the nature conservation authorities tasks are named in the landscape planning plans. Onthe other hand, demands on other sectoral planning and land uses are ormulated, so-calledrequirements. They describe which planning or practical activities are expected rom otherplanning authorities within the scope o their task o participating in ullment o the nature

Renewable energies

Demands on agriculture

Water Framework

Directive

Climate change

Speciying general

objectives in concrete

terms

Environmental quality

objectives and standards

Requirements

and measures


25/5225

conservation and landscape management objectives. I applicable, coordinated proposals oraction are made regarding the possibilities o implementing the respective planning or landuse. 3)

Comparison o the objectives with various natural resources and landscape unctions (e.g.species protection versus recreational use) is essential or landscape planning. Any internalnature conservation conficts with the objectives that occur can be corrected, objectives andmeasures which complement or strengthen each other can be optimally matched. The aim

is to integrate all suitable objectives o other (sectoral) environmental planning in the overallnature conservation concept. This also serves to utilise synergies with tasks o other sectoralplanning and to develop multiunctional measures (c. Chap. 2.2).

Worthwhile or targeted conditions o nature and landscape can provided there is a need orillustration be ormulated graphically in models or in texts. New media provide diverse pos-sibilities or communicating to target groups a vivid impression o how the landscape coulddevelop [12] (c. Chap. 6.3). Models can be developed rom a combination o individual objec-tives in order to illustrate the desired uture landscape. I the legal objectives allow alternativedevelopments within a planning area the models can represent dierent development ideasor the landscape, which can be the basis or discussion within the scope o participationand consultation. The illustration o objective priorities and alternative development optionscan help the decision-makers to weigh up the nature and landscape objectives against otherclaims on the planning area.

With respect to integration in other planning and demonstrating consultation and participa-tion options to members o the public, the obvious thing to do would be to divide the opera-tive objectives into minimum objectives and desirable (possibly negotiable) objectives. Thisoccurs according to their signicance or realisation o the nature conservation and landscapemanagement objectives and i applicable existing alternative measures. In this way the targetgroups o landscape planning can recognise at rst glance which objectives and measurescan be part o the participation with respect to their organisation and their scope and whichshould be implemented as a matter o priority and which e.g. such as implementation o theNatura 2000 network are not decided locally. Illustrating these possibilities and limits o con-sultation is an important precondition or constructive participation processes (c. Chap. 6.3).

When making decisions regarding equivalent objectives or when planning measures, conside-ration must be given to the implementation conditions in order to promote ast and successulrealisation. Priority should thereore be given to easily unded objectives and objectives com-plying with the users wishes. Conditions o use and utilisation claims also play a role in suchstrategic decisions regarding objectives. For example, in agriculturally avourable areas small,localised biotope development measures will tend to be possible whereas in extensively usedareas the conditions are more avourable or more widespread or more ar-reaching measures.Implementation conditions can also be incorporated in the choice o measures: On the onehand, the requirements o arming processes can be taken into account. On the other hand,maintenance measures and use requirements can also be based on the marketing opportu-nities o the resulting product (e.g. grazing can be provided instead o mowing o meadows, ithe meat produced can be easily marketed). In urban and suburban areas on the other hand,

a large number o utilisation claims on limited spaces require particularly multiunctional con-cepts and recreational use requently has special relevance.

Priorities can be assigned to objectives and measures in order to e ectively deploy availableunds. These then control the selection o measures and the order in which they are imple-mented and are the basis or an implementation programme (c. Chap. 4.3) o the planningauthority.

3) The requirements, measures (proposals) and action proposals shown in landscape planning are also called measures or short in this brochure.

Weighing up internally

conficting objectives

Models

Implementation-orienta-

tion o the objectives and

measures


26/5226

Priority and development o nature and the landscape

The measures or the

individual natural resour-

ces and action areas

shown in the detailed

plans are summarised

here. The multiunction-

ality o the measures is

made clear by the spatial

overlay.


27/5227

Open space structure Recreation / landscape experience

Protected areas and objects

Areas suitable as compensation areas

Balance o nature: Species and biotopes Balance o nature: Water and climate

Fig. 12:

Objectives and measures

(LP Bhl-Ottersweier, 2006;

Prepared by: HHP,

Rottenburg a.N.)


28/5228

4.3 Examples from localand supra-local landscape planning

The Federal Nature Conservation Act sets the content ramework o landscape planning andnames areas o actions which are the subject to the planning:

Prevention, mitigation or removal o impairments,

Protection, management and development o valuable biotopes and landscape units,Development o the biotope network,

Development and protection o the Natura 2000 network,

Protection, improvement in quality and regeneration o soils, bodies o water, air andclimate,

Conservation and development o the natural scenery and recreation unction o thelandscape.

In the ollowing, examples rom the supra-local and local landscape planning are introducedor several o these areas o action.

With respect to the natural resources soil, water, climate and air, the task o landscapeplanning is to develop measures to permanently ensure their regeneration and sustainableusability. The complex relations between the biological water balance, the soil, vegetation andclimate as well as land uses and the interplay o natural resources within the scope o variouslandscape unctions (interactions) are taken into account. Practically, this takes place only inthe landscape planning as it is not the subject o other environmental planning or specicnatural resources.

With respect to the soil, the main aim is to conserve soil with high natural ertility and to pro-tect rare as well as particularly endangered and sensitive soils. Conservation and remediationobjectives are directed at preventing and reducing wind and water erosion, soil compaction,soil destruction and sealing as well as contaminant input. Depending on the sensitivity o the(sub)landscape and on the urgency o the problem, individual risk actors or example therisk o erosion can be dealt with in depth.

The planning statements concerning the natural resource water relate above all to the conser-vation and, i applicable, to improvement o the water supply unction as well as to the reten-tion unction. This includes groundwater recharging, the groundwater quality and the quality othe surace waters. The capacity o the balance o nature in alluvial plains is above all relevantor the retention unction and thereore food protection (c. Fig. 13).

Traditionally, the bioclimatic and air-quality compensating unction is primarily considered withrespect to climate and air. The depth and sharpness o statements can vary greatly accordingto the existing problem reerence within the planning area with regard to polluted areas.

In the context o global climate change, on the basis o existing regional climate orecasts,landscape planning can illustrate probable or possible regional and local eects on the soil, bio-diversity and recreation suitability (e.g. snow certainty) in scenarios. On the basis o changes

in their immediate environment, in this way it is made clear to politicians and the populationthat it is necessary to integrate measures to control the causes as well as to lessen the conse-quences (e.g. or species and biotopes). In addition, synergies with other nature conservationneeds can also be emphasised in landscape planning. Especially or extensively or completelyunused ecosystems there is an additional argument or protecting or expanding them due totheir contribution to climate protection (avourable greenhouse gas balance). The ollowingmeasures can be proposed:

Development o a biotope network can be combined with special measures or speciesespecially endangered by climate change.

A particular conservation need can be ormulated or grassland with very high CO2

storage. The prevention o ploughing up grassland can be achieved through protected

area regulations (nature reserve, landscape protection area) or through urban develop-ment planning descriptions.

Moors have a particularly high signicance as CO 2 storage. Intact moors are to beconserved to prevent or reduce the release o gases aecting climate change; measuresshould be developed or rewatering depleted or dewatered moors.

Content ramework

Protection, improvement

and regeneration o soils,

bodies o water,

air and climate

Climate change


29/5229

Fig. 13:

Water and material retention

(LP Stadt Knigslutter am Elm,

2005; Prepared by: entera,

Hanover)

Areas with special capability or water and material retention Natural landscape units

Miscellaneous

Areas with impaired / endangered capability or water and material retention


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Longer rotations in orest use also have a positive eect on the CO2

balance.

Landscape planning can include a check o whether energy recovery o landscape ma-nagement material is particularly desirable in certain sub-areas or not.

Adaptation measures such as possible roo planting or cooling buildings in areas at risko overheating can be proposed in settlement areas or the use o solar energy in loca-

tions with particularly avourable radiation.One objective o the Federal Nature Conservation Act is to create a biotope network to lastinglysecure native animal and plant species as well as ecological interrelations. Natura 2000 areas(see below) can be integrated in the national biotope network.

Landscape planning has the task o showing areas which are particularly suitable or developinga biotope network. Landscape planning is especially suitable or the planning concept o thebiotope network because an ideal solution is to acquire the necessary inormation by supple-menting and deepening the surveys which are carried out anyway as part o landscape planning.In addition, the suitable areas and measures or developing the biotope network as part o theoverall nature conservation concept can be directed at achieving synergies with other objectives(e.g. food protection) and can be translated into multiunctional measures. I biotope network

planning already exists it is compared with other environmental and nature conservation objec-tives within the scope o landscape planning and is prepared or transer into the overall spatialplanning and the urban development planning. The higher planning levels (landscape pro-gramme, landscape structure plan) represent the wide-ranging network and proposals or secu-ring the core areas, while small scale networking can take place at local level via other measuresor connecting elements.

At a local level landscape planning contains suggestions as to how the national or Europeanbiotope network can be supplemented by the conservation and creation o locally signicantstructures. Regional minimum densities (or linear and point elements) should be specied as thelegal basis or this and measures taken i the density requirements are not achieved in the lands-cape. Apart rom coordinating or creating the basic idea o the biotope network, the centraltasks o landscape planning includes preparing the site protection necessary or securing the

biotope network by proposing suitable instruments o nature conservation legislation or buildingcode and regional planning legislation.

Biotope network


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Fig. 14:

Biotope network concept

(extract rom LRP Braunschweig,

Drat 2006;

Prepared by: Aland, Hanover)

Biotope network areas Target biotope types

Birds

Amphibians, reptiles

Grasshoppers

Fish

Dragonies

Butteries

Endangeredmacrozoobenthos species

Stenotope carabidbeetles

Mammals

Target species (auna)(occurrence since 1980)

Negative eects (potential barriers, ragmentation)

Conicts with plannings

Development areas


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Requirements and measures or developing and protecting the European ecological networkNatura 2000 are explicitly named as contents o landscape planning. The signicance o theSpecial Areas o Conservation (SACs) and areas worthy or protection under the Habitats Di-rective as well as Special Protection Areas (SPAs) under the Birds Directive and the large-scaleunctional relationship can be shown on a state-wide or nationwide scale in the supra-local (regi-onal) landscape planning. With the overall consideration o all areas or the purposes o ensuringcoherence, landscape planning denes the action ramework or the management plans, which

are to be drawn up at lower scale level or individual (sub-)areas. In addition, landscape planningproposals or implementation o the non-deterioration and non-disturbance obligation can bemade at the respective suitable planning level o landscape planning. Management plans canalso be integrated in landscape planning as supplementary modules or sub-areas (as additional

Natura 2000


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Fig. 15:

Recreation theme map

(Section o LP Waal, 2003

Prepared by: AGL, Etting)

Nature and landscape as

experience and recreati-

on space or humans

work and services to be commissioned). Project sponsors and planning authorities as well asarmers should be able to identiy rom landscape planning at rst glance, in which cases plan-ned measures confict with European protected species or areas.

Nature and landscape are very important or the physical and mental well-being o humans.Diversity, characteristic eatures and beauty as well as the recreational value o nature andthe landscape should be permanently secured. The aim is to conserve and design a culturallandscape corresponding to these criteria. This ranges rom unspoilt landscapes which are

not characterised by intensive use and technical-industrial elements to designed open spaces invillages and towns.

The Federal Nature Conservation Act emphasises the importance o nature and landscape asan experience and recreation space or humans. Accordingly, suitable areas are to be protectedand made accessible or the purposes o recreation. The landscape planning authorities there-ore have an active design task to plan the landscape so that nature and landscape compatiblerecreational activities can be practiced. This task also includes preventing or remediating land-scape impairments caused by its use or recreation. Just like or other uses, all orms o leisureand recreation may only use nature and the landscape to the extent allowed by their need orprotection and their sensitivity. Thereore, within the scope o landscape planning, requirementsare also ormulated which are directed at users (tourism industry, sports organisations) andwhich should be taken into account in corresponding planning.

Legend

Sport facilities

Proposals for addition

Hiking trail

Cycleway: Ammersee cycle way

Church/chapel

Field cross

Castle

Landscape peculiarity

Festival hall

Sports ground

Tennis court

Playground

Ice rink

Bathing area

Hiking trail

Cycleway

Municipal border

Forest

Standing water

Flowing water

Create connection

Improvement by woody plants necessary


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Compatible use

o renewable energies

Preliminary work

or the impact mitigation

regulation

Fig. 16:

Preliminary assessment o the

intrusion by a planned building

development area on the basis o

landscape planning

(LP Rothenburg-Hhnichen 2004;

prepared by:

planquadrat, Dresden)

Planned building development area Hhnichen, Am Schinderberg

Building development use class Size Planning statusRural mixed use area approx 1.7 ha Draft land use plan

Connection and accessConnection via local authority roadsand new access road

Protection statusand higher-level planning

no

Aected sensitive receptors / unctions

Speciesand

habitats

Soil Water Climate Naturalscenery andrecreation

Signifcanceand size o theaected areas

Mesophilegrassland,intensive grass-land, arable land

Average to lowflter capacity,low to averagepotential yield

Low to highgroundwaterrecharging rate,low to averagegroundwaterprotectedness

Cold air sourcearea withouthuman settle-ment reerence

No outstandingnatural sceneryquality, averagerecreationalquality

Anticipatedimpairmentso existingvalues andunctions

Loss o habitatso higher,average and lowsignifcance

Impairment ofthe soil unctionsand potentialyield (suracesealing)

Risk of ground-water contami-nation, reductionin groundwaterrecharging

No impairmentanticipated Change in thelandscape andtownscape

Suitability o the area or building development rom the view o nature and the landscape

Conditionally suitable or building development

Proposals orprevention,mitigation andcompensationo the

intrusion

It is recommended that only the north-western part be shown as a building developmentarea, as neither valuable mesophile grassland nor areas with low groundwater protectednessare aected in this area.

Prevention of a high degree of surface sealing through low plot ratio, restriction of ancillary

acilities and buildings and use o permeable materials Typical village types of building Integration into the surrounding landscape through fruit and other broad-leaved woody

plants typical or the location Extensication of grassland along the new ditch south of Hhnichen

Within the scope o landscape planning, the sensitivity o sub-areas to use or certain orms orenewable energy (wind, solar, energy plants) can be dete

Landscape Planning Basis

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