Land Application of Compostcompost.org/pdf/workshop_proceedings_2009/NS pdfs... · Land Application...
Transcript of Land Application of Compostcompost.org/pdf/workshop_proceedings_2009/NS pdfs... · Land Application...
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Land Application of CompostIssues and Benefits
Compost Matters: March 3rd, 2009
Vernon Rodd, Philip Warman, John MacLeod, John Cline and Peter Hicklenton
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Outline of Presentation Definition of compost Types of compost Results of land application trials
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Compost: a fertilizing material consisting largely of decayed organic material. (Merriam Webster)
or: a solid mature product resulting from composting which is a managed process of bio-oxidation of a solid hetrogeneous substrate including a thermophillic phase (CCME, CCC, BNQ, AAFC)
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Compost Criteria in CanadaMaturityForeign MatterTrace ElementsPathogens
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Maturity (must meet two of the following criteria)C:N ratio
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Foreign material:Any material over 2 mm that results from human intervention and having organic or inorganic constituents that may be present in the compost but excluding mineral soils, woody material and rocks.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Trace Elements: Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Selenium, and Zinc. ** Criteria vary with individual elements and whether the compost meets Class A or B standard
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Pathogens
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and BenefitsTypes of Composts
Discussed:
Fisheries Waste- fish offal with carbon source added. Typically aerated static pile.
Municipal Source Separated Solid Waste Compost- household waste, soiled paper products and yard waste. Typically composted either in-vessel or windrow
Agriculture- animal manure with bedding. Typically composted either windrow or aerated static pile.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
0.2- 0.53.3- 7.61.0- 2.00.4- 0.82.0- 3.02.2- 4.7Total K
1.1- 3.12.2- 6.72.0- 2.20.2- 2.60.3- 0.54.0- 4.2Total P
2.6- 6.79.9- 20.12.0- 4.53.0- 4.00.6- 2.11.7- 2.1Total N
40- 6045- 6120- 3020- 3015- 2518.9- 25.0Dry Matter
Lobster or Crabx
SSMSWZPoultryYSwineYDairyY BeefZ%
WasteManure
Z Rodd et al. 2002. Comparison of N fertilizer, source-separated municipal solid waste compost and semi- solid beef manure on nutrient concentration in boot-stage barley and wheat tissue. Can. J. Soil Sci. 82: 33-43. Y Jones C. Comparisons of manure, compost and commercial fertilizers. Montana State University ExtensionX MacLeod et al. Utilization of seafood processing waste as a nutrient source for spelt and soybeans.
Major nutrients (%) in some starting materials.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Issues Nutrient release characteristics of the compost Foreign material present in the compost Heavy metals in the compost Presence of Persistent Organic Compounds
Benefits Increased C content of the soil Increased water holding capacity Better soil structure
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Barley Yield.
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
0 50 100 150
Estimated Plant Available N (kg/ha)
Yield
(Mg/
ha)
CompostManure
Wheat Yield
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
0 50 100 150
Estimated Plant Available N (kg/ha)Yi
eld (M
g/ha
)
CompostManure
Effect of SSMSW compost and fresh semi-solid beef manure on barley and wheat yield.
Note: Plant Available N was considered to be 15% and 50% the total N in the compost and manure, respectively. At 50% PAN 33,650 and 4,700 kg/ha was applied to the barleyand 16,600 and 5,000 kg/ha was applied to the wheat in the form of compost and manure, respectively.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
0
1
2
3
4
Control Compost Fresh Compost Fresh
Spel
t Yie
ld (t
/ha)
0
0.5
1
1.5
Control Compost Fresh Compost Fresh
Soyb
ean
Yiel
d (t/
ha)
____ ____ ________AutumnApplied
AutumnApplied
SpringApplied
SpringApplied
Effect of composted and fresh crab and lobster waste applied in the fall or spring on yield of spelt and soybean
From MacLeod et al.
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2
3
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NPK MSW 1 MSW 2 MSW 3 Mixture
Squa
sh Y
ield
(kg/
plan
t)
19971999
ca ab ab
bc
Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
2500 MSW +60N- 40P15,00010,0005,000120-95-019983,000 MSW+ 60N- 28P- 21K18,00012,0006,000120-145-501997
12,000 MSW +60N- 44P- 25K72,00048,00024,000120-200-601996
MixtureMSW 3MSW 2MSW 1NPK
Effect of fertilizer and MSW compost application on squash yield
Warman et al. 2009 In Prep.
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69.575.467.175.8% Class A36.639.08.558.65Carrots28.320.726.534.1Tomatoes5.167.368.557.46Y Beans4.223.578.055.33Broccoli
ConventionalOrganicConventionalOrganicCrop
_______1998______________1997_______
Yield of various horticultural crops under organic and conventional management.
Warman P.R. 1999. Plant growth and soil fertility comparisons of the long-term vegetable experiment: Conventional vs. compost amended soils. Proc. Inter. Composting Symp. 843- 853
Amendments applied since 1990.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
7.306.648.158.318.387.97pH__________________________g/kg_______________________
~17:1~16:1~7:1~6:1~7:1~8:1C:N Ratio
15.015.834.430.035.729.9Total N
249247237167251247Organic C
HMC+ICIHMCHMPMC+ICIPMCPMParameter
_______________Amendment________________
Composition of fresh poultry and hog manure and composted poultry and hog manure with and without inclusion of ICI organics
Rodd et al. 1999. Comparison of N release from raw and composted hog and chicken manure, with and without inclusion of industrial, commercial and institutional organics. Proc. Inter. Composting Symp. pp 421- 434.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
____________________Amendment__________________
0.00126.426.325.724.522.2NG(g/kg)
NBS (g/kg)
Yield(kg/ha)
26.6
2865
Compost +ICIN=24
0.001
0.573
F Prob.
25.724.424.119.2
2736265430802463
Compost N=24
ManureN=24
FertilizerN=12
CheckN=12
Effect of the amendments on barley yield, grain N content (NG) and boot stage N content (BS)
Rodd et al. 1999. Comparison of N release from raw and composted hog and chicken manure, with and without inclusion of industrial, commercial and institutional organics. Proc. Inter. Composting Symp. pp 421- 434.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
0.00127.725.727.224.225.024.024.119.2NBS(g/kg)
0.01326.226.527.225.426.824.624.522.3NG (g/kg)
0.70829842745264628262469283830802463Yield (kg/ha)
F ProbPMC+ICI
HMC+ICI
PMCHMCPMHM FertCheck
______________Amendments (N=12)______________
Effect of the various amendments on barley yield, nitrogen in the grain (NG) and boot-stage (NBS) tissue.
Rodd et al. 1999. Comparison of N release from raw and composted hog and chicken manure, with and without inclusion of industrial, commercial and institutional organics. Proc. Inter. Composting Symp. pp 421- 434.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
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0 18.8 37.5 75 150Estimated Plant Available N (kg N/ha)
So
il N
itra
te-N
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg
/kg
)
FertilizerHog ManurePoultry ManureHog Manure CompostPoultry Manure CompostHog Manure+ ICI CompostPoultry Manure +ICI Compost
Effect of manure and compost application on soil nitrate- N in the fall of the year.
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0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 50 100 150
Plant Available N (kg N/ha)
Bulk
Den
sity
(g/c
m3 )
CompostManure
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 50 100 150Plant Available N (Kg N/ha)
Bul
k D
ensi
ty (g
/cm
3 )
CompostManure
Year 1 Year 2
Effect of compost and manure addition on soil bulk density
Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
Rodd et al. 1999. Comparison of Source- Separated Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Solid Manure. Proc. Inter. Composting Symp. pp 773- 800.
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0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 1.4 2.8 4.1 9 18 24Amount of Carbon Applied (t/ha)
Bu
lk D
ensi
ty (
g/c
m3 )
Compost ManureBoth
Effect of carbon application on the soil bulk density
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and BenefitsWheat Yield
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4.5
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5.5
6
6.5
0 50 100 150
Estimated Plant Available N (kg/ha)
Yiel
d (M
g/ha
)
CompostManure
Rodd et al. 1999. Comparison of Source- Separated Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Solid Manure. Proc. Inter. Composting Symp. pp 773- 800.
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-295 to -433CH4 Formation7th
-120 to -240H2 Formation6th
-70 to -220HS- Formation5th
Second Stage
+170 to -180Fe+2 formation4th
+640 to +410Mn+2 formation3rd
+530 to +420Nitrate reduction2nd
+930 to 820O2 disappearance1stFirst Stage
Initial Redox Potential (mV)Main ReactionStep
Adapted from Russel 1977. Plant root systems: Their function and interaction with the soil.
Oxidation- reduction potentials at which reactions occur in typical soil systems.
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3
3.5
4
4.5
5
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Compost Manure Compost Manure
Barley Wheat
Boo
t Sta
ge T
issu
e C
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
kg)
0 50 100 150
Estimated Plant Available N
Effect of Compost and Manure Addition on Boot-Stage Cu Concentration
Rodd et al. 2002. Comparison of N fertilizer, source-separated municipal solid waste compost and semi-solid beef manure on the nutrient concentration in boot-stage barley and wheat tissue. Can. J. Soil Sci. 82: 33-43.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
5- 25 (Mills and Benton Jones)Plant Sufficiency Range 7- 11 (25) (NRC)Sheep 8 (100) (NRC)Dairy 8 (115) (NRC)Beef
20170Cu Conc. Yr 1100270 Yr 2----100CCME Guidelines
ManureCompost
5.675.54 Yr 24.204.74Max. Conc. Attained Yr 1
______mg/kg____
Rodd et al. 2002. Comparison of N fertilizer, source-separated municipal solid waste compost and semi-solid beef manure on the nutrient concentration in boot-stage barley and wheat tissue. Can. J. Soil Sci. 82: 33-43.
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Land Application of Compost/ Issues and Benefits
0.011
0.076
F Prob.
0.2858333339826397968751227431# Immature
0.352116319138889185764232639# Mature
F Prob.ManureCompostManureCompostYear 2Year 1
Residual earthworm populations post amendment application
Rodd et al. unpublished data