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Lab Final Monday 6:30 PM Optional Lecture Exam 4 Monday 6:00 PM scantron

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Today: Human Evolution Darwins Finches Survivor Game Fossil Lab and Review

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Class of 2011 CONGRATULATIONS GRADUATES!

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Primate and Human Evolution

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What is the human genealogy? Who is the closest genetic relative? Why are we different? When did we diverge? What makes us human? Are we still evolving? But first, how was the stage set for humans? Who are we?

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Maiasaura, a Late Cretaceous ornithopod, nested in colonies in northern Montana

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Meteorite Impact Mass Extinction

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Global temperature models 60 ma to present

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Pleistocene CO2 Levels and Glacial Periods

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Sahelan-thropus tchadensis, the oldest known hominid nearly 7 million years old, discovered in 2002 in Chad Tormai Hope of Life Our family goes back farther than we thought

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human-chimpanzee stock separated from ancestral gorillas about 8 million years ago Humans and Chimpanzees Diverged

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human-chimpanzee stock separated from ancestral gorillas ~ 8 million years ago Sahelanthropus tchadensis~7 my ago at or near the time when humans and chimpanzees diverged Humans and Chimpanzees Diverged

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humans separated from chimpanzees about 5 million years ago

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis -- mosaic of primitive and advanced features The small brain case and most of the teeth are chimplike The nose, which is fairly flat, and the prominent brow ridges are features only seen, until now, in the human genus Homo Oldest Hominid

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As recently as 2000, the earliest fossil evidence of hominids was from 4.4-million-year-old rocks in eastern Africa Since then, as just noted, discoveries have pushed that age back to almost 7 million years Continuing Discoveries Change Our Ideas

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paleoanthropologists now think that human evolution is not a straight line The lines branched many times According to this bushy model key traits evolved more than once upright walking, manual dexterity large brain This probably produced many evolutionary dead-ends

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Bushy Model of Human Evolution

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These include changes in the skeleton and mode of locomotion, an increase in brain size, a shift toward smaller, fewer, and less specialized teeth, Trends in Primates

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the evolution of stereoscopic vision and a grasping hand with opposable thumb Not all these trends took place in every primate group, nor did they evolve at the same rate in each group

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The prosimians, or lower primates, while the anthropoids, or higher primates, include monkeys, apes, and humans Classification of Primates

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Lower Tarsiers are prosimian primates Tarsier

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Anthropoids are divided into three superfamilies Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, and hominoids Anthropoid Superfamilies

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Great Apes

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Chimpanzees Chimpanzee

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One of the Earliest Anthropoids Skull of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, one of the earliest known anthropoids

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evolved in Africa, The hominids (family Hominidae) the primate family that includes present- day humans and their extinct ancestors have a fossil record extending back to almost 7 million years Hominoids

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Hominids are bipedal; that is, they have an upright posture, which is indicated by several modifications in their skeleton

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Comparison between quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion in gorillas and humans Comparison of Locomotion In gorillas the ischium bone is long and the entire pelvis is tilted toward the horizontal

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In humans the ischium bone is much shorter and the pelvis is vertical Comparison of Locomotion Comparison between quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion in gorillas and humans

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hominids show a trend toward a large and internally reorganized brain Larger Reorganized Brain

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a present-day human

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Other features that distinguish hominids a reduced face and reduced canine teeth, omnivorous feeding, increased manual dexterity, and the use of sophisticated tools Other Distinguishing Features

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Many anthropologists think these hominid features evolved in response to major climatic changes during the Miocene into the Pliocene During this time, vast savannas replaced the African tropical rain forests where the lower primates had been so abundant Response to Climatic Changes?

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Australopithecine is a collective term for all members of the genus Australopithecus Currently, five species are recognized: A. anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. robustus, and A. boisei Australopithecines

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Australopithecus afarensis, which lived 3.93.0 million years ago, was fully bipedal and exhibited great variability in size and weight Members of this species ranged from just over 1 m to about 1.5 m tall and weighed between 29 and 45 kg Australopithecus afarensis

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A reconstruction of Lucys skeleton by Owen Lovejoy and his students at Kent State University, Ohio Lucy is an ~ 3.5-million- year-old Australopithecus afarensis individual whose fossil remains were discovered by Donald Johanson Lucy This recon- struction illustrates how adaptations in Lucys hip, leg and foot allowed a fully bipedal means of locomotion

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Preserved in volcanic ash at Laetoli, Tanzania Discovered in 1978 by Mary Leakey, these footprints proved hominids were bipedal walkers at least 3.5 million years ago The footprints of two adults and possibly those of a child are clearly visible in this photograph Hominid Footprints

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Most scientists think the footprints were made by Australopithecus afarensis whose fossils are found at Laetoli

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A. afarensis had a brain size of 380450 cubic centimeters (cc), larger than the 300400 cc of a chimpanzee but much smaller than that of present-day humans (1350 cc average) Brain Size of A. afarensis

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Landscape with A. afarensis Re-creation of a Pliocene landscape showing members of Australo-pithecus afarensis gathering and eating various fruits and seeds

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A reconstruction of the skull of Australopithecus africanus This skull, known as that of the Taung Child, was discovered by Raymond Dart in South Africa in 1924 and marks the beginning of modern paleoanthropology Skull of A. africanus

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The earliest member of our own genus Homo is Homo habilis, which lived 2.5-1.6 million years ago and coexisted with A. africanus for about 200,000 years The Human Lineage

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H. habilis had a larger brain (700 cc average) than its australopithecine ancestors, but smaller teeth It was about 1.2-1.3 m tall and only weighed 32-37 kg Characteristics of Homo habilis

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Homo erectus was a widely distributed species, having migrated from Africa during the Pleistocene Specimens have been found not only in Africa but also in Europe, India, China ("Peking Man"), and Indonesia ("Java Man") Its brain size of 800-1300 cc Homo Erectus

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Skull of Homo erectus

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The archaeological record indicates that H. erectus was a tool maker Furthermore, some sites show evidence that its members used fire and lived in caves, an advantage for those living in more northerly climates H. erectus Was a Tool Maker

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Homo erectus Using Tools Re-creation of a Pleistocene setting in Europe in which members of Homo erectus are using fire and stone tools

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Currently, a heated debate surrounds the transition from H. erectus to our own species, Homo sapiens Paleoanthropologists are split into two camps On the one side are those who support the "out of Africa" view According to this camp, early modern humans evolved from a single woman in Africa, whose offspring then migrated from Africa, perhaps as recently as 100,000 years ago and populated Europe and Asia, driving the earlier hominid populations to extinction The "Out of Africa" View

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established separate populations throughout Eurasia Occasional contact and interbreeding between these populations enabled our species to maintain its overall cohesiveness, while still preserving the regional differences in people we see today The "Multiregional" View

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Regardless of which theory turns out to be correct, our species, H. sapiens most certainly evolved from H. erectus Homo sapiens Evolved From H. erectus

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Perhaps the most famous of all fossil humans are the Neanderthals, who inhabited Europe and the Near East from about 200,000 to 30,000 years ago Some paleoanthropologists regard the Neanderthals as a variety or subspecies of our own species (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), whereas others regard them as a separate species (Homo neanderthalensis) Neaderthals

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Neanderthal Skull Reconstructed Neanderthal skull The Neanderthals were characterized by prominent heavy brow ridges and week chin

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Burial Ceremony in a Cave Archaeological evidence indicates Neanderthals lived in caves and participated in ritual burials as depicted in this painting of a burial ceremony such as occurred approximately 60,000 years ago at Shanidar Cave, Iraq

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About 30,000 years ago, humans closely resembling modern Europeans moved into the region inhabited by the Neanderthals and completely replaced them Cro-Magnons, the name given to the successors of the Neanderthals in France, lived from about 35,000 to 10,000 years ago; during this period the development of art and technology far exceeded anything the world had seen before Cro-Magnons

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Cro-Magnons were very skilled cave painters Painting of a horse from the cave of Niaux, France Painting From a Cave in France

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Re-creation of a Cro-Magnon camp in Europe Cro-Magnon Camp

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What makes us Human? Ability to walk upright But hominids did that Diversity of hand grips Ability to think abstractly Early toolmakers did that Plan? Civiliziations? Technologoy?

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List three distinctions thatYOU believe set humans apart and state whether this is clearly advantageous to our lineage.

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Closet genetic relative? How have chimps evolved compared to humans? How does altruistic tendencies set humans apart?

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Buffon, 18 th century said Genius is only a great aptitude for patience