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Transcript of L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University,...
![Page 1: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
L. SeurontCNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France
School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, AustraliaSouth Australian Research and Development Institute, Aquatic Sciences, West Beach, Australia
Center for Polymer Studies, Department of Physics, Boston University, Bonston, USA
On the effects of hydrocarbon contamination on zooplankton behaviour
![Page 2: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Approach and focus
Feeding and swimming behaviours intertwined in calanoid copepod, hence critical to understand
- trophodynamics
- population dynamics
- carbon fluxes
![Page 3: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Approach and focus
Role of a range of ‘stressors’ on zooplankton behaviour
![Page 4: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Approach and focus
- temperature and salinity
- biologically-induced viscosity
- anthropogenic pollutants, e.g. hydrocarbons
Role of a range of ‘stressors’ on zooplankton behaviour
- natural contamination, e.g. HABs, diatom toxins
- food quality and quantity
![Page 5: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Approach and focus
- temperature and salinity
- biologically-induced viscosity
- anthropogenic pollutants, e.g. hydrocarbons
Role of a range of ‘stressors’ on zooplankton behaviour
- natural contamination, e.g. HABs, diatom toxins
- food quality and quantity
![Page 6: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
On (massive) hydrocarbon contaminations
![Page 7: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
On (pernicious) hydrocarbon contaminations
Oil leaked from a Nippon Petroleum Refining Co. oil factory float at Shiogama Bay, Miyagi prefecture, Japan
Source: http://www.toledoblade.com
Source: Google Earth
Petroleum leaking from a ship in Aden’s harbour
![Page 8: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sub-lethal effects of hydrocarbons on zooplankton:
- anomalous metabolism (Samain et al. 1980, 1981)
- decreased/inhibited feeding (Berdugo et al. 1977, Berman et al. 1980, Cowles & Remillard 1983, Barata et al. 2002)
- reduction in egg production (Ott et al. 1978)
- reduction in hatching rate (Cowles & Remillard 1983)
- increased mortality (Gajbhiye et al. 1995, Almeda et al. 2013)
- reduction in clutch size (Barata et al. 2005)
- behavioural changes (Seuront & Leterme 2007, Seuront 2010, 2011, 2012)
On pernicious hydrocarbon contaminations
![Page 9: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sub-lethal effects of hydrocarbons on zooplankton:
On pernicious hydrocarbon contaminations
Short-term exposure to low concentrationsno effects
![Page 10: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sub-lethal effects of hydrocarbons on zooplankton:
Short-term exposure to low concentrationsno effects
Long-term exposure to low concentrationsvarious effects
On pernicious hydrocarbon contaminations
![Page 11: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sub-lethal effects of hydrocarbons on zooplankton:
Short-term exposure to low concentrationsno effects
Long-term exposure to low concentrationsvarious effects
On pernicious hydrocarbon contaminations
Detrimental cumulative effects unidentifiable under standard short-term incubations…
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On pernicious hydrocarbon contaminations
Different tools are needed to assess the impact of pernicious ‘invisible’ contaminants
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Objectives
1. ability of copepods to detect and avoid contaminated water
2. behavioural changes in contaminated water
3. effect of contaminated water on chemoreception
4. effect of contaminated water on mating strategies
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Objectives
5. foraging behaviour as an end-point assessment and monitoring tool
1. ability of copepods to detect and avoid contaminated water
2. behavioural changes in contaminated water
3. effect of contaminated water on chemoreception
4. effect of contaminated water on mating strategies
![Page 15: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Results: impact of pernicious contamination
Pollutants: - naphthalene - WSF of commercial diesel oil - always sub-lethal and very low concentrations
2 to 3 orders of magnitude below lethal concentrations (LC50)
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Avoidance of WSF point source contamination:Temora longicornis and Eurytemora affinis
Seuront (2010) Zooplankton avoidance behaviour as a response to point sources of hydrocarbon-contaminated waterMarine and Freshwater Research, 61, 263-270.Seuront (2012) Hydrocarbon contamination and the swimming behavior of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis
Results: detection and avoidance
![Page 17: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Avoidance of WSF point source contamination:Temora longicornis and Eurytemora affinis
Seuront (2010) Zooplankton avoidance behaviour as a response to point sources of hydrocarbon-contaminated waterMarine and Freshwater Research, 61, 263-270.Seuront (2012) Hydrocarbon contamination and the swimming behavior of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis
Results: detection and avoidance
![Page 18: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Avoidance of WSF point source contamination:Temora longicornis and Eurytemora affinis
Seuront (2010) Zooplankton avoidance behaviour as a response to point sources of hydrocarbon-contaminated waterMarine and Freshwater Research, 61, 263-270.Seuront (2012) Hydrocarbon contamination and the swimming behavior of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis
Results: detection and avoidance
![Page 19: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Avoidance of WSF point source contamination:Temora longicornis and Eurytemora affinis
Seuront (2010) Zooplankton avoidance behaviour as a response to point sources of hydrocarbon-contaminated waterMarine and Freshwater Research, 61, 263-270.Seuront (2012) Hydrocarbon contamination and the swimming behavior of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis
Results: detection and avoidance
![Page 20: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Avoidance of WSF point source contamination:Temora longicornis and Eurytemora affinis
Seuront (2010) Zooplankton avoidance behaviour as a response to point sources of hydrocarbon-contaminated waterMarine and Freshwater Research, 61, 263-270.Seuront (2012) Hydrocarbon contamination and the swimming behavior of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis
Results: detection and avoidance
![Page 21: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Avoidance of WSF point source contamination:Temora longicornis and Eurytemora affinis
Results: detection and avoidance
Seuront (2010) Zooplankton avoidance behaviour as a response to point sources of hydrocarbon-contaminated waterMarine and Freshwater Research, 61, 263-270.Seuront (2012) Hydrocarbon contamination and the swimming behavior of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis
![Page 22: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pollutants: - naphthalene - WSF of commercial diesel oil - always sub-lethal and very low concentrations
Water contamination and behavioural stress: - stress/sickness decrease behavioural complexity
(Bassingthwaighte et al. 1994; Escos et al. 1995; Alados et al. 1996)
Results: impact of pernicious contamination
![Page 23: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pollutants: - naphthalene - WSF of commercial diesel oil - always sub-lethal and very low concentrations
Water contamination and behavioural stress: - stress/sickness decrease behavioural complexity
(Bassingthwaighte et al. 1994; Escos et al. 1995; Alados et al. 1996)
- fractal analysis reveals stress when standard behavioural metrics fail in dolphins (Seuront & Cribb 2011), snails (Seuront et al. 2007) and copepods
(Coughlin et al. 1992; Seuront & Leterme 2007; Seuront & Vincent 2008; Seuront 2011, 2012)
Results: impact of pernicious contamination
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Naphthalene and behavioural stress: Centropages hamatus
Results: motion behaviour
From Seuront & Leterme (2007) Increased zooplankton behavioral stress in response to short-term exposure to hydrocarbon contamination. Open Journal of Oceanography, 1, 1-7.
![Page 25: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Naphthalene and behavioural stress: Centropages hamatus
Results: motion behaviour
From Seuront & Leterme (2007) Increased zooplankton behavioral stress in response to short-term exposure to hydrocarbon contamination. Open Journal of Oceanography, 1, 1-7.
Sp
ee
d (
mm
s-1)
![Page 26: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Naphthalene and behavioural stress: Centropages hamatus
Results: motion behaviour
From Seuront & Leterme (2007) Increased zooplankton behavioral stress in response to short-term exposure to hydrocarbon contamination. Open Journal of Oceanography, 1, 1-7.
![Page 27: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Naphthalene and behavioural stress: Centropages hamatus
Results: motion behaviour
From Seuront & Leterme (2007) Increased zooplankton behavioral stress in response to short-term exposure to hydrocarbon contamination. Open Journal of Oceanography, 1, 1-7.
![Page 28: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Naphthalene and behavioural stress: Centropages hamatus vs. C. typicus - C. hamatus: inshore, i.e. more contaminated
- C. typicus: offshore, i.e. less contaminated
Results: motion behaviour
![Page 29: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Naphthalene and behavioural stress: Centropages hamatus vs. C. typicus - C. hamatus: inshore - C. typicus: offshore
- stress: C. hamatus < C. typicus
Results: motion behaviour
![Page 30: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Naphthalene and behavioural stress: Centropages hamatus vs. C. typicus - C. hamatus: inshore - C. typicus: offshore
- stress: C. hamatus < C. typicus
- vulnerability higher offshore than inshore
Results: motion behaviour
![Page 31: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Results: more on motion behaviour
Successive displacements are intermittent
Highly non-Gaussian! Additional tools needed…
![Page 32: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Results: more on motion behaviour
Successive displacements are intermittent
Highly non-Gaussian! Additional tools needed…
( )q qX
Intermittency in nutrients, phyto- and zooplankton(Seuront et al. 1996a, b, 1999, 2002; Seuront & Schmitt 2004; Seuront 2005, 2008; Yamazaki et al. 2006)
![Page 33: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Seuront (2010) Fractals and Multifractals in Ecology and Aquatic Science, CRC Press.Seuront & Stanley (in press) Anomalous diffusion and multifractality enhance mating encounters in the ocean. PNAS.
( )q qX
Results: more on motion behaviour
![Page 34: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Results: more on motion behaviour
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Filtered seawater
q
Results: more on motion behaviour
![Page 36: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Filtered seawaterFood-conditionned
seawater
q q
Results: more on motion behaviour
![Page 37: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Filtered seawaterFood-conditionned
seawater
q q
q
Results: more on motion behaviour
PAH contamination
![Page 38: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Filtered seawaterFood-conditionned
seawater
q q
q
Results: more on motion behaviour
PAH contamination
PAH contamination
![Page 39: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Results: impact of pernicious contamination
Modified from Seuront (2013) Chemical and hydromechanical components of mate-seeking behaviour in the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis. Journal of Plankton Research, 35, 724-743.
Copepods mate-seeking strategies rely on chemosensory abilitities
150
mm
150 mm
![Page 40: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Results: impact of pernicious contamination
Modified from Seuront (2013) Chemical and hydromechanical components of mate-seeking behaviour in the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis. Journal of Plankton Research, 35, 724-743.
Copepods mate-seeking strategies rely on chemosensory abilitities
150
mm
150 mm
![Page 41: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
WSF contamination and Temora longicornis mate-seeking and mating behaviour
- ability of males to detect, track and capture females
- control water vs. sub-lethal WSF concentration
Results: mating behaviour
![Page 42: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
From Seuront (2011) Hydrocarbon contamination decreases mating success in a marine planktonic copepod. PLoS ONE, 6(10), e26283.
Results: mating behaviour
![Page 43: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
From Seuront (2011) Hydrocarbon contamination decreases mating success in a marine planktonic copepod. PLoS ONE, 6(10), e26283.
Results: mating behaviour
![Page 44: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
From Seuront (2011) Hydrocarbon contamination decreases mating success in a marine planktonic copepod. PLoS ONE, 6(10), e26283.
Results: mating behaviour
![Page 45: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
From Seuront (2011) Hydrocarbon contamination decreases mating success in a marine planktonic copepod. PLoS ONE, 6(10), e26283.
Results: mating behaviour
![Page 46: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
WSF contamination and Temora longicornis mating behaviour
- decrease in male detection and tracking ability
- decrease in contact rates (2-fold)
- decrease in capture rates (3-fold)
Results: mating behaviour
![Page 47: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Conclusions and Perspectives- copepod behaviour is very complex, hence specific tools are
needed
- hydrocarbon contamination may have a critical effect on reproduction, even at very low concentrations
- copepods are very sensitive to hydrocarbon contamination
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Conclusions and Perspectives- copepod behaviour is very complex, hence specific tools are
needed
- hydrocarbon contamination may have a critical effect on reproduction, even at very low concentrations
- copepods are very sensitive to hydrocarbon contamination
- efficient tools to monitor water quality in quasi real-time
![Page 49: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Thanks for your attention!
![Page 50: L. Seuront CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Wimereux, France School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Research and Development.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102923/5517bbf35503461b658b45ed/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Thanks for your attention!
Special thanks to:
(financial support 2006-2012)
(financial support 1999-2000)
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