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Power Generation

Dr. Tahir MahmoodLecture No. 1

Sections: A / B / C

Days: Tuesday Dated: 06-09-2012

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Electrical Department 2

COURSE OUTLINE OF POWERGENERATION

Course Objectives: The students learn different power plant and

modes of energy conversion to generateelectrical energy in this course and theconcepts of fuel cells are introduced.

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COURSE OUTLINE OF POWER

GENERATION Course Contents: Thermal Power Plants :

Sources of conventional energy and method of harnessing, special features and cycles used insteam, gas and diesel power plants, combine

cycle systems and cogeneration. Location of theabove plants and selection of units, primemovers and associated equipment.

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GENERATION

Hydroelectric Power Plants : The plants and their equipment, layouts, run of

the river and accumulation type station, types of hydroelectric turbines and their stations.

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GENERATION Nuclear Power Plants :

Nuclear reaction, fission and fusion reaction,critical mass chain reaction, moderators, reactorcontrol and cooling, classification of reactors,different types of reactors, radiation damages,shielding of grays neutrons, materials forconstruction.

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GENERATION Thermoelectric Generators : Thermoelectric

effect, solid state description of thermoelectric effect, analysis and design of thermoelectric generators, figure of merit,device configuration, solar and radioisotope

powered generators, applications.

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GENERATION MHD Generators : Gaseous conductors,

analysis and design of MHD generator,problems associated with MHD generation,possible configuration.

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)

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Electrical Department 8Electrical Department 8

Books1. GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY ,

AUTHOR: B.R.GUPTA2. ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL POWER

STATION DESIGN, M.V. DESHPANDE 3. POWER PLANT ENGINEERING , A.K.RAJA,

Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish Dwivedi .

4. Guide to Electric Power Generation, A.J.Pansini, K.D.Smalling

5. Power Generation Technologies, Paul Breeze

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Books6. Electrical Power Systems Theory and Practice,

M.n. Bandvopadhyay7. Diesel Generator Hand Book, L L J MAHON

8. Diesel Engine Engineering Thermodynamics,Dynamics, Design, and Control, AndreiMakartchouk

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Description Period Duration

Registration 13 th Sep. 2010 01 Day

Teaching 14 th Sep. 2010 To 5 th Nov. 2010 08 Weeks

Mid Semester

Exam

8th Nov. 2010 To 12 th Nov. 2010 01 Week

Teaching 15 th Nov. 2010 To 07 th Jan., 2010 08 Weeks

Prep. Leaves 08 th Jan. 2011 To 16 th Jan., 2011 01 Week

End SemesterExam

17 th Jan. 2011 To 21 st Jan., 2011 01 Week

Semester Break 22 nd Jan., 2011 To 30 th Jan., 2011 01 Week

Academic Schedule

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Marks Distribution:

Sessionals =20 Marks (Assignments, Un-announced Quizzes, Tests, Mini-projects, FieldVisits)

Lab Work =20 Marks? (Assignments, Un-announced Quizzes, Tests, Mini-projects, FieldVisits)

Mid-Semester =20 Marks End-Semester =40 Marks

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Introduction

Electric energy ---> top grade in the energy hierarchy. In-numerable uses (home, industry, agriculture and even

in transport, etc.). The fact that :

electricity can be transported practically instantaneously, almost pollution free at the consumer level, and its use can be controlled very easily, make it very attractive as

compared to other forms of energy. The per capita consumption of electricity in any

country is an index of the standard of living of the peoplein that country

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Introduction

The annual per capita consumption of electricalenergy in: USA 13000 kWh,

Canada 16000 kWh, Japan 8000 kWh, UK 7200 kWh,

USSR 6000 kWh , and Pakistan 449 kwh India 349 kWh. // now 571 kwh

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Introduction

Table 1.1 shows the increase in installed capacity and yearly electrical energy production in USAduring the past few decades.

The United States has only 6% of worldpopulation but accounts for over 30% of theelectrical energy consumed in the world

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT A power plant is assembly of systems or

subsystems to generate electricity, i.e.,power with economy and requirements. The power plant itself must be useful

economically and environmental friendly tothe society.

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1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT A power plant may be defined as a machine

or assembly of equipment that generatesand delivers a flow of mechanical orelectrical energy.

The main equipment for the generation of

electric power is generator. When coupling it to a prime mover runs thegenerator, the electricity is generated.

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS

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1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT The type of prime move determines, the

type of power plants.

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1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT The major power plants, which will be

discussed in this course are,1. Steam power plant2. Diesel power plant

3. Gas turbine power plant4. Nuclear power plant5. Hydro electric power plant

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Electrical Department 21Dr. Tahir Mahmood, ElectricalDepartment, uet Taxila 21


The main parts of an electric power systemare power stations, transmission systems, anddistribution networks.

Power stations . An electric power station is afactory in which energy is converted from one forminto electrical energy.

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1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT1. The Steam Power Plant,2. Diesel Power Plant,3. Gas Turbine Power Plant4. Nuclear Power Plantsare called THERMAL POWER PLANT ,because these convert heat into electricenergy.

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1.3 ENERGY Energy is the capacity for doing work,

generating heat, and emitting light. Heat is the ability to change the temperature

of an object or phase of a substance. For example, heat changes a solid into a

liquid or a liquid into a vapor. Heat is partof the definition of energy.

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1.3 ENERGY Another part of the definition of energy is

radiation, which is the light and energyemitted in the form of waves traveling at thespeed of light.

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1.4 Power Power is the rate doing work, which equals

energy per time. Energy is thus required to produce power. We need energy to run power plants to

generate electricity. We need power to runour appliances, and heat our homes.Without energy we would not have

electricity.

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1.4 Power Electricity is the most convenient and

versatile form of energy. Demand for it, therefore, has been growing

at a rate faster than other forms of energy.

Power industry too has recorded aphenomenal rate of growth both in terms of its volume and technological sophisticationover the last few decades.

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1.4 Power Electricity plays a crucial role in both

industrial and agricultural sectors and,therefore, consumption of electricity in thecountry is an indicator of productivity and

growth. In view of this, power development has

been given high-priority.

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1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION The working substance of the energy

conversion device viz., prime-mover (whichconvert the natural resources of energy intopower or electricity) is called fuel.

The most common fuel is fossil fuel viz.,Coal, petrol, diesel or water gas (steam) inthe case of steam power plants, I.C.Engines, gas turbines , and hydro-electric

power plants.

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1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Uranium 235 as fissionable and U238 as fertile

fuel in the case of fission reactors of nuclearpower plant and hydrogen as fuel in the case of fusion nuclear reactor.

Fission reactor is conventional, while fusion

reactor is supposed to be non-conventional due toits uncontrolled reaction rate; and it is believedthat Russians have developed it but keeping thewhole world silence.

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1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION In the case of non-conventional power plants the

fuels are according to their characteristics viz.,Thermoelectric material (Bi2Te 3 , bismuthtelluride, lead telluride etc.); thermionic materials(Na, K, Cs, W etc.); hydrogen or hydrocarbon or

coal in the case of fuel-cells and further water and methane etc in the recent development of thesources of energy .

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1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Combustion of the fuel is a must in any energy

conversion device. Combustion is defined as rapidly proceeding

chemical reaction with liberation of heat and light .

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1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION But in the case of fuel cell it is of the nature of

chemical reaction i.e., transfer of ions, similarly inthe case of thermo-electric generator it isconduction of electron and holes, in the case of MHD power plant it is drifting of positive and

negative ion etc.

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1.6 RESOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION The hydel power source plays a vital role in the

generation of power, as it is a non-conventionalperennial source of energy.

Therefore the French calls it huile blanche white oil-the power of flowing water.

Unlike black oil, it is a non-conventional energysource.

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1.6 RESOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION

Water as a source of power is non-polluting whichis a prime requirement of power industry today.

The major difficulty in the development of hydroelectric projects is the relatively longer timerequired for its hydrological, topographical and

geological investigations. Lack of suitable site is an added problem for taking

up hydro-projects.

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Hydro-projects generate power at low cost, it isnon conventional, easy to manage, pollution freeand makes no crippling demands on thetransportation system.

But the major drawback is, it operates at the mercy

of nature.

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The next important source for power generation isfuel in the form of coal, oil or gas.

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The location of hydel-power plants is mostlydetermined by the natural topography available and

location of thermal plants is dictated by the sourceof fuel or transportation facilities available if the,power plant is to be located far from coalmines.

For nuclear power plant any site can be selectedpaying due consideration to safety and load.

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CLASSIFICATION

1.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POWERPLANT CYCLE

To convert energy from heat to work on acontinuous basis, one needs to operate a cycle .

A cycle is a series of processes that begins and ends at the same state and can be repeated indefinitely.

Figure 1.2 illustrates an ideal diesel cycle.

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FIGURE 1.2 Pressure-volume ( a) and temperature-entropy (b) diagrams of an idealdiesel cycle.

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1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTCYCLE

Figure 1.2 illustrates an ideal diesel cycle. Process 1 to 2 . Ideal and adiabatic (no heat

exchanged) compression

Process 2 to 3 . Heat addition at constant pressure

Process 3 to 4 . Ideal and adiabatic expansion process

Process 4 to 1 . Constant-volume heat rejection .

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Power plants cycle generally divided in to thefollowing groups,

(1) Vapour Power Cycle(Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, Regenerative cycle,

Reheat cycle, Binary vapour cycle )(2) Gas Power Cycles(Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual combustion cycle,

Gas turbine cycle .).

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1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICSCYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS

Thermodynamics is the science of many processesinvolved in one form of energy being changed intoanother.

It is a set of book keeping principles that enable usto understand and follow energy as it transformedfrom one form or state to the other.

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1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS

The first law of thermodynamics says that energy cant be

destroyed or created. When one energy form is converted into another, the total

amount of energy remains constant. An example of this law is a gasoline engine. The chemical energy in the fuel is converted into various

forms including kinetic energy of motion, potentialenergy, chemical energy in the carbon dioxide, and water

of the exhaust gas.

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The second law of thermodynamics is the entropylaw, which says that all physical processes proceedin such a way that the availability of the energyinvolved decreases.

This means that no transformation of energyresource can ever be 100% efficient.

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The second law declares that the material economynecessarily and unavoidably degrades theresources that sustain it.

Entropy is a measure of disorder or chaos, whenentropy increases disorder increases.

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1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS

The steam power plants works on modified rankine cycle

in the case of steam engines and isentropic cycleconcerned in the case of impulse and reaction steamturbines.

In the case of I.C. Engines (Diesel Power Plant) it workson Otto cycle, diesel cycle or dual cycle and in the case of gas turbine it works on Brayton cycle, in the case of nuclear power plants it works on Einstein equation, as wellas on the basic principle of fission or fusion.

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However in the case of non-conventional energygeneration it is complicated and depends upon thetype of the system viz., thermo electric orthermionic basic principles and theories et al.

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Assignment No.1+ Seminar (ppt.presentation) Last Date for submission 13-09-2011

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