kusum major project.docx

8/17/2019 kusum major project.docx

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A sign language (also signed language or simply signing) is a language which

uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning

This can involve simultaneously combining hand shapes! orientation and

movement o" the hands! arms or body! and "acial e#pressions

$herever communities o" dea" people e#ist! sign languages have been

developed %igning is not only used by the dea"! it is also used by people who

can hear! but cannot physically spea&


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Figure 1.1:- sign language

Idea of the project

%ign language is a language through which communication is possible without

the means o" sounds 'nstead! sign language relies on sign patterns! ie! body

language! orientation and movements o" the arm to "acilitate understanding

between people

The sign language translator we are developing uses a glove "itted with sensors

that can interpret the English letters in American %ign *anguage The glove

uses "le# sensors


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Figure1.2:- Translating glove

Sign language translating gloves

+ive "le# sensors sit on the "ingers! monitoring how they,re being manipulated!

while an accelerometer integrated into the "abric o" the glove "igures out how

the hand is being held and the direction in which it,s pointing

-uch li&e .oogle Translate can give anyone a basic grasp o" a "oreign language

in an instant! this glove is designed to help sign language users ma&e themselves

understood by those who can,t usually interpret

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM O TRANS!ATING G!O"#$%


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Figure 1.3:-Circuit diagram

C&A'T#R (

!IT#RATUR# SUR"#)


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INTRODUCTION O #M*#DD#D S)ST#M$%

Embedded system is a scaled down computer system which is designed to

per"orm a speci"ic tas&/operation 0nli&e a general purpose computer system

which is used "or variety o" tas&s! li&e playing music! games !sur"ing internet

etc the term embedded tells that whole system is embedded into an application

A single chip contains both hardware and so"tware (technically!"irmware)it is

design too per"orm operation which minimie(or even completely avoid)need o" human control

Figure2.1:- Embedded system

"arious +a,s can -e define$

•An embedded system is a special purpose computer system designed to

pre"orm one or "ew dedicated "unctions! o"ten with real time computing

constraint

• An embedded system is a so"tware program on H/$ chip designed "or

speci"ic purpose and can also contain some mechanical moving parts

• An embedded system is some combination o" computer hardware and

so"tware! either "i#ed in capability or programmable! that is speci"ically

designed "or particular &ind o" application devices


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So.e i.portant things to note a-out e.-edded s,ste. $

• 2nce on embedded hardware is programmed "or a certain tas&s! it is used

"orever "or the same tas&s changing the "irmware a"terwards is not

possible

• %uch system are limited in computational resource li&e memory! CP0

processing speed !'/2 "acilities but are still capable o" per"orming the

tas&s given to them very e""iciently

• Embedded system can also be having a reduced "unctionality version o"

operating system called RT2% (real time operating system ) "or highly

specialied application• 's a system built to per"orm its duty ! completely or partially independent

o" human intervention3

• 's specially designed to per"orm a "ew tas&s in the most e""icient way

• 'nteract with physical element in our environment ! controlling and

driving a motor! sensing temperature etc

A''!ICATION O #M*#DD#D S)ST#M$%

An embedded system can be de"ine as a control system or computer system

designed to per"orm a speci"ic tas&s E#ample 4

• Pen drives ("or controlling the communication between PC and "lash

chip and also the small *E5)

• Hard dis&s(again "or the same purpose)

•

-ouse(reads and interprets the sensors and send "inal result to PC)• Printer4 ever opened the printer "or installing in& cartridge3 then you

must have seen the printed head There are motors to control the print

head and the paper movement your PC is not directly connected to

them but there is built in -C0 o" printer to control all these 6our PC

7ust send the data through communication line (0%8 or parallel )8ut the

-C0 used here is "airly "ast and has lots o" RA-

• Automobiles


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• Calculators! electronic wending machine !electronic weighing scale!

phone

• Cell phones

•

%ecurity system• Alarm system

• Automobile system

• 5igital camera

• Environment monitoring system

Embedded systems are o"ten re9uired to per"orm real time operations 8y real

time operation ! we mean that !operation where delay o" even a "ew millisecond

could be dangerous %ome real time system may be4

• %ensor system in nuclear plant

• +light control system

• Automobile bra&ing system and engine controlling system

C&A'T#R$%/

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTRO!!#R

0&AT IS MICROCONTRO!!#R1

A microcontroller is a programmable digital processor with necessary

peripherals 8oth microcontroller and microprocessor are comple# se9uential

digital circuits meant to carry out 7ob according to the program /instructions

%ometimes Analog '/2 inter"ace ma&e a part o" microcontroller circuit o"


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mi#ed mode A microcontroller can be compared to swiss &ni"e with multiple

"unctions incorporated in the same 'C

+igure :4 -icrocontroller

MICROCONTRO!!#R "S MICRO'ROC#SSORS$

• A microprocessor re9uires an e#ternal memory "or program/data

storage ! instruction e#ecution re9uires movement o" data "rom the

e#ternal memory to be microprocessor or vice versa usually

microprocessor have good computing power and they have higher cloc&

speed to "acilitate "aster computation

• A microcontroller has re9uires on chip memory with associated

peripheral a microcontroller can be thought o" a microprocessor with

inbuilt peripherals

• A microcontroller does not re9uires much additional inter"acing 'C;% "or

operation and "unctions as a standalone system The operation o"

microcontroller is multipurpose ! 7ust li&e a swiss &ni"e

• -icrocontroller are also called embedded controller A microcontroller

cloc& speed is limited only to a "ew tens o" -H microcontroller are

numerous and many o" them are application speci"ic! application o"

microcontroller to numerous %tarting "rom domestic application such as

in washing machines! T


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automobiles! process control industries! cell phones! electrical drives!

and robotics and in space applications

*ASIC ARC&IT#CTUR# O MICROCONTRO!!#R

Microcontroller chips

8road classi"ication o" di""erent microcontroller chip could be as "ollows4

• Embedded (sel" =contained )>?bit microcontroller

• 1 to @ microcontrollers

• 5igital signal processors

eatures of .odern .icrocontrollers

• 8uilt in monitor program

• 8uilt in program memory

• 'nterrupts

• Analog '/2

• %erial '/2

•+acility to inter"ace e#ternal memory

• Timers

INT#RNA! STRUCTUR# O MICROCONTRO!!#R $%


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+igure 4 'nternal structure o" microcontroller

MICROCONTRO!!#R AMI!)$


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A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C! uC or -C0) is a small

computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core! memory!

and programmable '/2 peripherals program memory in the "orm o" B2R

"lash or 2TP R2- is also o"ten included on chip! as well as a typically small

amount o" RA- microcontroller are designed "or embedded application

$e are wor&ing on >bit controllers "amily li&e >:1! A


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C&A'T#R$%2

COM'ON#NTS US#D IN 'RO3#CT

!#4 S#NSOR$

A simple "le# sensor in length As the sensor is "le#ed The resistance

across the sensor increases The resistance o" the "le# sensor changes when the

metal pads are on the outside o" the bend

+igure F4 +le# %ensor

eature$

• Angel displacement measurement

• 8ends and "le#es physically with motion devices

• Possible uses

• Robotics

• .aming


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• -edical devices

• Computer peripherals

• -usical instruments

• Physical therapy

• %imple construction

• *ow pro"ile

#lectrical specification$

• +lat resistance41& ohms

• Resistance tolence4G@

• 8end resistance range 4& to 11 ohms

• Power rating 4 : watts continuous 1 watt pea&

Mechanical specification$

• *i"e cycle 4I1 million

• Height4J@mm(1F)

• Temperature range4 ?@:c to G>c

&o+ it +or5s1

+igure >4?


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C&A'T#R$%6

INTRODUCTION TO ANA!OG TO DIGITA! CON"#RT#R

ANA!OG TO DIGITA! CON"#RT#R

-ost o" the physical 9uantities around us are continuous ! we mean that the

9uantity can ta&e any value between two e#tremes +or e#ample! the

atmospheric temperature can ta&e any value within a certain range '" an

electrical 9uantity is made to vary directly in proportion to this value then what

we have is an analog signal Bow we have brought a physical 9uantity into the

electrical domain The electrical 9uantity in most cases is voltage To bring this

9uantity into digital domain we have to convert this into digital "orm +or this

an analogous to digital converter is needed -ost modern -C0 including

A bit A5C has a range o" ?: (>K:)The A5C also has a re"erence

voltage (Are") $hen the input voltage is .B5 the output is and when the

input voltage is e9ual to Are" the output is :: %o the input range is to Are"

and the output range is to ::

'nput voltage 5igital voltage

v

:v 1F

:v ::


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6ou can see that any analogous signal is not per"ectly converted = a "actor that

a""ects the output 9uality is the Lsampling rate The A5C cannot continuously

read the input signal and change its output = it does so in certain time intervals

The "re9uency at which it simples the input is called its sampling rate

TOR) O O'#RATION$

$hat we have see till now that the input given to uc was digital ie either G:v

(logic 1) or v (logic ) 8ut what i" we have an analog input ie! values varies

over range ! say v to G:v3 then we re9uire a tool that converts this analog

voltage to discrete values Analog to 5igital converter (A5C) is such a tool

A5C is available at P2RT A o" atmega1 Thus we have > pin available where

we can apply analog voltage and get corresponding digital value the A5C

RE.'%TER '% a 1 bit register ! ie the digital value ranges "rom 1?1@ what

we can also use only > bit out o" it (?::) as too much precision is not

re9uired

Re"erence voltage is the voltage to which the A5C assign the ma#imum value

(:: in case o" > bit and 1@ "or 1 bit ) hence ! A5C atmega1 divides the

input analog voltage range (v re"erence voltage ) in to 1J r : e9ual

parts ! depending upon whether >bit or 1 bit A5C is used "or e#ample i" the

re"erence voltage is :v and we used 1 bit A5C ! v digital e9uivalent !G:vis digitally 1@ and : v is appro#imately e9ual to :1

At.ega78 .icrocontroller features

• Advanced R'%C architecture

• 0pto 1 -'P% throughout at 1-H

• 1& bytes o" the system sel" programmable "lash

•

:1 bytes EEPR2-• 1& byte internal %RA-


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• @ programmable '/2 lines

• 'n system programming by on?chip boot program

• > channel! 1 bit A5C

• Two > bit timer/counter with separate prescaler;s and compare modes

• 2ne 1 bit timer/counter separate prescaler;s and compare modes

• +our P$- channels programmable serial 0%ART master/slave %P'

%erial inter"ace bytes oriented two?wire serial inter"ace

• Programmable watchdog timer with separate on?chip oscillator

• E#ternal and internal interrupt source

'in configuration

+igure M4? pin diagram o" atmega1


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C&A'T#R$%8

COD# "ISION A"R9C"A"R:

Code vision A"R9C"A"R:

An '5E as "ollowing "unction

• Prepocesssing

• Compilation

• Assembly• *in&ing

• 2b7ect translation

• Te#t additor

'" we 7ust use compiler and lin&er independently we still need to get a te#t

editor so combining everything will actually mess things up so the best way

is to get so"tware which has it all That;s call an intigrated development

environment '5E

' considered code vision to be the '5E "or getting started with A


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C&A'T#R$%;

INTRODUCTION TO !CD

!CD interfacing

Bow we need to inter"ace an *C5 to our microcontroller so that we can

display message ! output etc! some times using an *C5 becomes almost is

inevitable "or debugging and calibrating the sensor we will use the 1# *C5

which means it has two rows o" 1 characyer each hence in toatal we can

display @ character

+igure 14? *C5 inter"acing

O"#R"I#0 O !CD DIS'!A)

*C5 display are widely used in many application li&e mobile phones !

robotics! 5


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*C5 modules can present te#tual in"ormation to user 'ts li&e cheap monitor

that you can hoo& all o" your gadgets

They came in various type The most popular 1 is 1# *C5 modules 't has

rows and 1 column

*loc5 diagra. of !CD$%

+igure 114? bloc& diagram o" *C5

The intelligent displa,s are t+o t,pe $

• Te#t display

• .raphic display

Te#t display can display all character set and graphic display can show any

graphic because they are inter"ace e#cel wise in resent year the *C5 is "inding

wide spread use replacing *E5% (F %E.E-EBT *E5% and multi segement

*E5%)

This is due to follo+ing reason

• The declining prices o" *C5

• The availability to display the number ! character and graphics This is

not possible in *E5% which can display the number and "ew character


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• 'n corporation o" a re"reshing controller into the *C5 there by reliving

the CP0 o" the tas& o" re"reshing *C5 'n contrast the *E5 must be

re"resh by the CP0 (or some other way) to &eep displaying the data

The inter"acing o" *C5 id 9uit di""icult but we will try to ma&e it simple and

lets as e#plain "or you we will learn how to inter"ace the te#t intelligent *C5

displays these displays are available in the mar&et o" 1 column and 1 row

and more than 1row is displays

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