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CMYK

INSTITUT OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF BELGRADE

CITY ASSEMBLY OF BELGRADESECRETARIT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

ENVIRONMENT in the City of BELGRADE

Korice - Environment in the city of BGD - spolja

CMYK

ISBN 978-86-7550-052-0


27. marta 43-45, BeogradTel: (011) 32-26-106

Faks: (011) 32-22-681E-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.eko.bg.gov.yu

NSTITUT OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF BELGRADEDespota Stefana 54a, Beograd

Tel: (011) 207-86-37Faks: (011) 322-78-28

Web: www.zdravlje.org.yuwww.beoeko.com

Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC)

Primorska 31 (entrance from Preradovićeva st.)11000 Beograd, Srbija

Tel: (011) 32-92-899; 32-92-595; 32-93-010; 32-93-011


Web: www.recyu.org

CITY ASSEMBLY OF BELGRADESECRETARIT

FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

NSTITUT OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF BELGRADE

БЕОГРАДЧИСТ НАЧИСТО !

Korice - Environment in the city of BGD - unutra

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацијиНародна библиотека Србије

502.175(497.11)”2001/2006”(036)

ENVIRONMENT in the city of Belgrade / [authors Snežana Matić-Besarabić ...[et al.] ; editorial board Marija Grubačević, Snežana Matić-Besarabić ; translater Vesna Dražilović-Dadić]. - Belgrade : The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Country Office Serbia : Institute of Public Health : Secretariat for Environmental Protection, 2007 (Belgrade : Standard 2). - 42 str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm

Izv. stv. nasl.: Kvalitet životne sredine grada Beograda; odlomci. - Podaci o autorima preuzeti iz kolofona. Tiraž 1.000. - Str. 4: A Word from the Secre-tariat for Environmental Protection / Branislav Božović

ISBN 978-86-7550-052-0 (REC)1. Matić-Besarabić, Snežanaa) Животна средина - Контрола - Београд - 2001-2006 - ВодичCOBISS.SR-ID 143744012

ENVIRONMENT

in the City of BELGRADE

CITY ASSEMBLY OF BELGRADE SECRETARIAT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER

INSTITUT OF PUBLIC HEALTH of BELGRADE

Authors:

1. Dr (Mrs) Snežana Matić-Besarabić, MD (IPH)

2. Mrs Milica Gojković, B.Sc. (Eng)

3. Mrs Vojislava Dudić, B.Sc. (Eng) (Institute of Public Health Republic of Serbia „Dr Milan Jovanović Batut“)

4. Mr (Mrs) Gordana Pantelić, M. Sc Physics (Institute for Occupational medicine and radiological protection „Dr Dragomir Karajović“)

5. Dr Miroslav Tanasković MD (IPH)

6. Dr Marina Mandić-Miladinović MD (IPH)

7. Dr Dragan Pajić MD (IPH)

8. Boško Majstorović, B.Sc. (Eng) IPH

9. Dr Milan Milutinović MD (IPH)

10. Mirjana Gucić B.A. (Law), Secretariat for Environmental Protection

Editorial board

Mrs Marija Grubačević, B.Sc.(Eng), Secretariat for environmental Protection

Dr (Mrs) Snežana Matić- Besarabić, MD, inStitute of Public HealtH

Publishers Secretariat for environmental Protection, belgrade inStitute of Public HealtH of belgrade tHe regional environmental center, co Serbia

For publishers Mr Branislav Božović, B.Sc (Eng), Secretariat for environmental Protection Mr Slobodan Tošović, M.Sc. MD, inStitute of Public HealtH of belgrade Mr Milan Dacić, M.Sc. (Met), tHe regional environmental center, co Serbia

Translater

Mrs Vesna Dražilović-Dadić, B.A. (ling)

Design and prepress

Studio Čavka (Nebojša Čović)

Cover Page Design

Dragan Djordjević and Tijana Knežević

Printed by

Standard 2, Belgrade

ISBN 978-86-7550-052-0

ENVIRONMENT IN THE CITY OF BELGRADE

A word from Secretary from The Secretariat for Environmental Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

¤ Belgrade in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

¤ Important Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

¤ Facts about Belgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

¤ City Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

¤ City Public Companies and Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

¤ Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

¤ Culture and Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

¤ The Devlopment of Belgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

¤ Addresses & IMPRINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

¤ Activities of the Secretariat For Environmental Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

¤ Programs of the control of the quality of the Environment in Belgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

¤ Permanent Programs and Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

¤ MID – Term Programs and Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

¤ Research Studies, Programs and Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

¤ Environmental impact assessment of Plans and Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

¤ Other activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

¤ Monitoring Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

¤ Air quality Control – Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

¤ Criteria for the selection of air pollutants to be monitored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

¤ Ambient air quality 2002-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

¤ Air pollution by the substances originating from traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

¤ Radioactivity in the air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

¤ Quality of drinking water from the Belgrade waterworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

¤ Quality of drinking water from public Fountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

¤ Quality of surface water in the Belgrade Teritory between 2001-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

¤ Examination Results.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

¤ The river Sava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

¤ The river Danube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

¤ The Soil – Examination of soil pollution in the Terithory of Belgrade in 2006 . . . . . . . . . . 30

¤ Communal noise in Belgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

¤ Environment and Health Impact Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

¤ Public Utilities of Belgrade in the protection of the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

¤ About Institutions which participated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

C O N T E N T S

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In the beginning is always the word. This time the word is quality.

In its full sense this word may be too strong for the state of affairs that we currently have but it certainly is not for the objectives that we aspire after.

Our attempts at improving en-vironmental quality in our city as fast possible are reflected in the publciation which is before you.

Reports like these constitute a true cross-section in space (that of Belgrade) and time (annualy ) of the state of the environment around us.

The parameters of the qual-ity of environmental factors namely, air, water, soil, radio-activity and noise, covered by the monitoring programme, have been presented as recorded at the time of mea-surement. This publication consolidates the data for easier analysis. Evidently, they demonstrate that their quality is changeable.

The efforts that we have been exerting with a view to qual-ity improvement are shown by the programme activities undertaken.

Through its extensive regu-lation, reconstruction and construction programmes, primarily in the municipal, traffic and other infrastruc-ture, the City Administration is constantly upgrading not only the quality of facilities and the process of the functioning of

the city, but equally and just as importantly, the quality of environmental parameters in Belgrade.

What does the Secretariat for Environmental Protection in Belgrade have to its credit? Definitely a series of projects which meet the contemporary standards of organised coun-tries and of EU directives. For instance, the project „Green Legislation“, which has re-ceived undivided recognition for the regulation of green ar-eas in Belgrade. The executed projects of protection of Veliko Ratno Ostrvo (Island) and shortly also of Mt. Kosmaj and Mt. Avala (in 2005) are only the result of patient work in previ-ous years.

Projects for the removal of radioactive lightning rods and addressing the problem of medicinal waste have also been going on for a number of years.

Numerous direct activities have also been undertaken to raise environmental aware-ness, promote recycling, or better to put it the sorting and collecting of useful waste, clean-up campaigns, afforesta-tion campaigns, environmen-tal panels, etc. Accordingly, observed from our standpoint, cooperation with non-gov-ernmental organisations is very good. We are particularly glad to have been invited to participate in numerous environmental campaigns and equally happy with the massive response at our own.

Needless to say, we feel ill at ease because we are unable to financially support all the activities of non-governmental organisations.

The most important thing in 2004 happened at its very end. A package of environmental protection laws was finally adopted.

Consequently and logically, the bulk of preparations for changes aimed at conclusively regulating environmental protection acts at all planning and project levels fell to the purviews of all local admin-istrations and environmental protection services in our republic.

From the professional stand point, this Secretariat prepared appropriate procedures to meet the obligations stem-ming from the new laws, prac-tically in its stride. Assistance to that end was also extended to our colleagues from numer-ous municipalities in the area and farther afield.

Regrettably, the enormous workload placed on the Secre-tariat has not been paralleled by an adequtae number of new expert staff recruitments and a better organisation of the sector. But that is already something for the coming years.

SecretaryMr Branislav Božović

FOR BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN BELGRADE

A Word from the Secretariat for Environmental Protection

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There has been a settlement at the confluence of the Sava and Danube for seven mil-lennia. It has survived during this long period despite the invaders and their ruthless burning and destruction. Its inhabitants have always rebuilt it, and fashioned a new and better way of life, right up until the present day, as Belgrade proudly bears witness.

Belgrade is one of the old-est cities in Europe and is the largest urban centre in the Balkans after Athens. The old-est archeological finds in the area date from the fifth millen-nium B.C. The historic site of Vinca, with its cultural artifi-cats dating from prehistoric man (Neolithic plastic arts) is located on the banks of the Danube. The city of Singidu-num was established by Celtic tribesmen in the third century B.C. at the confluence of the Save and Danube, and the city is also mentioned by ancient sources.

In the sixth century, Slavs made ever more frequent crossings of the Danube in order to settle permanently in the area. And so they built their first settlement, known as Beli Grad (White City), on a rocky outcrop overlooking the confluence of the two rivers. The name of Belgrade is men-tioned for the first time in 878, and during its long and stormy history the city was occupied by 40 different armies and rebuilt from its ashes 38 times. From the 16th to the 19th century the city had numerous names in various languages, including: Alba Graeca, Alba Bulgarica, Bello grado, Nandor Alba, Griechisch Weissenburg and Castelbianco, all of which are translations of the Slavic word Beograd.

Belgrade has huge significance as a road and rail junction at the crossroads of eastern and western Europe, as well as be-ing an international river port, airport and telecommunica-tions centre. It comprises 3.6% of the teritorry of Serbia, is home to 15.8% of the popula-tion of the country and 31.2% of the employed population of the republic work there.

Belgrade is home to important trade, banking, agricultural and economic assets, the most important being the metal and metal-processing industry and the electronics industry. 30% of the Serbian national prod-uct is generated there.

Belgrade is the capital of Serbian culture, education and science. It is home to the larg-est concentration of institu-tions of national importance in the fields of science and art. The Serbian Academy of Sci-ence and Art, founded in 1886 as the Serbian Royal Academy, the Serbian National Library, founded in 1832, the National Museum, founded in 1841 and the National Theatre, founded in 1869 are all located in Bel-grade. The city is also home to Belgrade University, founded in 1808 as the Great School, as well as the University of Art.

The Belgrade City Office for the Protection of Cultural Monuments: www.belgradeheritage.com

BEFORE Belgrade in BRIEF

Foto: N. Čović

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7000 BC – the first Neolithic settlement

c. 630 – the Slavs capture Singidunum

878 – the first written mention of the Slavic name of Beograd in a letter from the Roman Catholic pope John VIII

1284 – the Serbian king Dragutin is given Belgrade by the Hungarian crown and the city comes under Serbian rule for the first time

1403 – during the reign of Despot Stefan Lazarevic, Belgrade becomes the capital city of medi-aeval Serbia

1521 – the Turks capture Belgrade

1806 – Karadjordje liberates the town of Belgrade and it again becomes the capital of Serbia

1808 – the Great School is opened

1841 – Belgrade becomes the capital of the Princedom of Serbia during the first reign of Mi-hailo Obrenovic

1867 – the Turkish commander Ali Reza Pasha hands the keys of Belgrade town over to prince Mihailo in the Kalemegdan fortress and the Turks finally leave Belgrade

1882 – Serbia becomes a Kingdom, with Belgrade as its capital city

1918 – Belgrade becomes the capital of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

1945 – a constitutional assembly proclaims the foundation of the Federal National Republic of Yugoslavia

1999 – for three months NATO bombs Yugoslavia, including targets in the centre of Belgrade

2006 – Belgrade is once again the capital of an independent Serbia

Important DATES

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Status: Capital of the Republic of Serbia, having city status as a separate teritorrial unit, and with its own local government bodies

Administrative divisions: 17 city municipalities, each having their own local government

Geographic position:

¤ Southern Europe, on the Balkan peninsula, West Balkan

¤ At the confluence of the rivers Sava and Danube, between the Panonian Plain to the north and the mountainous cen-tral region of Serbia known as Sumadija to the south; also the location of Mt. Avala (511 m) and Mt. Kosmaj (628 m)

Map coordinates:

¤ Latitude north: 44⁰49’14’’

¤ Longitude east: 20 27’44’’

Average height above sea level: 116.75 m

Area: 3,222.68 sq. km

Climate:

¤ mean annual air temperature: 11.7 ⁰C

¤ moderate continental

¤ mean annual rainfall: 669.5 litres/m2

¤ mean atmospheric pressure: 1,001 millibars

¤ mean relative humidity: 69.5%

Population: 1,732,400 (2005 figure)

Religion: Orthodox Christian 90.68%, Islam 1.29%, Catholic 1.03%, Protestant 0.24%, Jewish 0.03%, atheist 3%, unknown 2.02% (2002 census)

The City of Belgrade: www.beograd.org.yu

Facts about BELGRADE

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Departments:

¤ Finance Department

¤ Town Planning and Building Projects Department

¤ Public Works and Housing Department

¤ Property Rights and Building Inspection Department

¤ Traffic Department

¤ Environmental Protection Department

¤ Commerce Department

¤ Culture Department

¤ Education Department

¤ Sport and Youth Department

¤ Health Department

¤ Social and Children’s Welfare Department

¤ Inspections Department

¤ Administration Department

Professional services:

¤ Assembly Business and Regulations Service

¤ Information Service

¤ General Affairs Service

¤ Service for Communications and Citizen Relations

¤ Public Procurement Service

¤ City Assembly Chairman’s Office

¤ Mayor’s Office

Special Organizations:

¤ Institute for IT and Statistics

¤ Belgrade City Commercial Premises Agency

¤ Budget Audit Office

¤ Agency for Cooperation with Non-governmental Organizations and European Harmonization

City ADMINISTRATION

The City Administration performs an administrative role within the framework of the powers and responsibilities delegated to the City, as well as certain professional functions required by the City Assembly, the Mayor and the City Council.

Mayor Mr. Nenad Bogdanović

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Public service companies:¤ Belgrade City Transport Company

(www.gsp.co.yu)

¤ Belgrade Roads public service company (www.beogradput.org.yu)

¤ Belgrade Waterworks and Sewage public ser-vice company (www.bvk.co.yu)

¤ Belgrade Power Stations public service com-pany (www.beoelektrane.co.yu)

¤ City Markets public service company (www.bgpijace.co.yu)

¤ City Hygiene public service company

¤ Infostan public service company (www.infostan.co.yu)

¤ Belgrade Parks public service company (www.zelenilo.co.yu)

¤ Parking Service public service company (www.parking-servis.co.yu)

¤ Funeral Services public service company (www.beogradskagroblja.co.yu)

Companies and organizations:

¤ Belgrade City Construction Land and Building Directorate (www.beoland.com)

¤ Belgrade Town Planning Office (www.urbel.com)

¤ City Housing (www.stambeno.com)

¤ Sava Centre (www.savacentar.com)

¤ Ada Ciganlija (www.adaciganlija.co.yu)

¤ Belgrade Fortress (www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.yu)

¤ Studio B Public Radio Broadcasting Company (www.studio-b.co.yu)

¤ Belgrade Tourist Organization (www.tob.co.yu)

City public COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS

The City of Belgrade has founded the following: 10 public service companies, seven public com-panies, one organization, 34 cultural institutions (theatres, cultural centres, museums, libraries and other organizations), 27 health institutions (local health centres, pharmacies, institutes and medi-cal centres), 17 child welfare institutions (pre-school centres), three social welfare institutions and three physical culture institutions (sports centres).

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Belgrade ranks as one of the greenest capitals in Europe with large natural oases both on the edges of the town and near to the city centre itself. Dozens of rare bird species live in the woods on the outskirts of Belgrade. There are 182 trees in Belgrade which are protected by law. The greenery of Belgrade extends to more than 40 sq. kilometres.

The banks of the Belgrade rivers are 200 kilome-tres in length. There are 16 river islands on the Belgrade waterways of which the best-known are Ada Ciganlija, Veliko ratno ostrvo and Gro-canska ada. The length of the Danube in Bel-grade is 60 kilometres, and the Sava about 30.

Environment Culture and ART

Belgrade is the cultural and artistic centre of Serbia. The most important native artists work in the city and each year more than 9,000 the-atrical performances, art exhibitions, concerts, performances and other artistic events are held. Numerous eminent artists from the world of art come to Belgrade from all parts of the globe. It is the home of the top state and national cul-tural and art institutions such as:

¤ the National Theatre (www.narodnopozoriste.co.yu),

¤ the National Museum (www.narodnimuzej.org.yu),

¤ the Serbian National Library (www.nbs.bg.ac.yu).

Belgrade also houses the most important works of architecture, among them the Belgrade Fortress, various cultural monuments and other cultural treasures and numerous archeologi-cal sites whose remains bear witness to the well-developed civilization and culture that has flourished in the soil of Belgrade from prehis-toric times right up to today.

Foto: N. Čović

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On 16th March 2006 Belgrade was pronounced Southern European City of the Future. The Euro-pean Cities and Regions of the Future competi-tion is organised by the Financial Times. The categories and criteria guiding the jury were: economic potential, business costs, human re-sources, transport, information technology and telecommunications, quality of life for foreign investors, and the best promotional strategy for attracting direct foreign investments. For these reasons foreign investors see Belgrade as an increasingly attractive place to do business.

The Development of BELGRADE Addresses & IMPRINT

BELGRADE CITY ASSEMBLY

Dragoslava Jovanovica 2, tel. ++381 (0)11 3244-415, 3229-975

MAYOR

Dragoslava Jovanovica 2, tel. ++381 (0)11 3246-764, 3229-787

CITY ADMINISTRATION

Trg Nikole Pašića 6, switchboard 3229-678

27. marta 43-45, switchboard 3227-241

Tiršova 1, switchboard 2688-655

Golsvordijeva 35, switchboard 3083-800

Masarikova 5, switchboard 3614-500

Makenzijeva 31, switchboard 2453-142

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Committee for Urban Plan-ning and Protection of the Environment was established in Belgrade in 1974. It was the department of the City Man-agement. On April 1, 1990, the Department for the Environ-ment was separated from the Committee and became an independent body within the city managerial structure. It was formed under the name of Secretariat for the Environ-mental Protection.

The Secretariat has its assign-ments defined by relevant regulations. Beside them, it has been dealing with a part of assignments belonging to the duties and obligations of Serbia as republic. These have been performed according to the relevant by- laws adopted by the City Municipality and the Mayor. The Secretariat

assignments are performed within two sectors: Sector for Monitoring of the Quality of the Environment and Sec-tor for the Protection of the Nature and Definition of the Conditions for the Protection of the Environment.

Secretariat for the Environ-ment participates in realiza-tion of the adopted policy of protection and promotion of the environment in the Re-public of Serbia. Its rights and duties are to monitor the situ-ation in this area in the city of Belgrade, undertake measures and manage the activities related to protection of natural resources that are important to the quality of the environ-ment and population health.

Secretariat for the Environ-ment performs the assign-ments related to the protec-

tion and promotion of the environment, through defini-tion and realization of action and restoration plans and programs (environment- di-rected protective measures); ecological education; air, soil, and water quality control and protection of this qual-ity; protection of the flora and fauna and control of their populations; protection from excessive noise and vibrations; protection from ionizing and non- ionizing radiation and from hazardous and harmful substances. It defines the cri-teria of environmental protec-tion that have to be taken into account in urban planning and construction of facilities and plants. The Secretariat issues working permits for of plants and their performance; defines measures for the protection of

ACTIVITIES of THE SECRETARIAT for ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Sector for monitoring of the quality of the Environment

Sector for Protection of the Nature and Environment

Department for monitoring,protection from accidents and preventive protection

Department for law and Economics

Department for the protection of environmental

impact assessment

Section for comunal zoohygiene and control of pests

Section for environmental impact assessment of

plans and objects

Secretariat

OrganizatiOnal Chart - SeCreteriat fOr envirOnmental PrOteCtiOn

1�

nature and natural goods, their utilization and development; it establishes special fee for the protection and promotion of the environment and performs other assignments in this area.

The Secretariat performs its duties based on the relevant legislation, Statute and other by-laws.

The Secretariat performs as-signments of the government, related to the environmental protection and promotion, entrusted upon the city of Belgrade by the Republic.

Branislav Božović Secretary, B. Sc. (Engineering)

Dr Elizabet Paunović Deputy Secretary, M. D.

Andrea Zelić-Radojičić,

Associate, B. Sc. (Physics)

Biljana Glamočić Associate, B. Sc.

(Engineering)

Magdalena Obradović Associate

Marija Grubačević Assistant Secretary, B. Sc.

(Engineering)

Milutin Komanović Associate, B. Sc.

(Engineering)

Mirjana Sretković Technical Secretary

Radomir Mijic Associate, B. Sc. (Engineering)

Slavica Tošić Section Head, B. Sc.

(Engineering)

Mirjana Gucić Assistant Secretary, B.A. (Law)

Sanja Krstić Associate, B. Sc.

(Spatial Planning)

Valentina Sterđević Section Head, B. Sc.

(Spatial Planning)

Ivana Jevtić Associate, B. A.

(Economics)

Sanja Štrbac Associate, B. A.

(Law)

Milena Bujas Section Head, B, A.

(Law)

Vesna Višnjevac Associate

Tanja Srnic-Stanimirovic

Section Head, B. Sc. (Chemistry)

Secretariat

Sector for monitoring of the quality of the environment

Department for monitoring,� protection

from acciDentS anD preventive protection

Department for law anD economicS

Department for the protection of

environmental impact aSSeSSment

Section for environmental impact

aSSeSSment of planS anD objectS

Section for comunal

zoohygiene anD control of peStS

Zorica Popović, associate

1�

SYSTEMATIC CONTROL OF QUALITY OF THE ENVIRON-MENT has been performed on a regular basis, through exami-nation, monitoring and control of the following:

¤ Air quality

¤ Quality control of drinking water

¤ Quality of river waters

¤ Quality of spring water/ pub-lic fountains

¤ Level of communal noise

¤ Quality control of agricultural land

¤ Level of radioactivity

All programs have been car-ried out by authorized and ac-credited institutions, Institute of Public Health of Belgrade, Serbian Institute of Public Health “Dr Milan Jovanovic- Batut” and Clinical Center of Serbia, Institute for Occupa-

tional Medicine and Radiology “Dr Dragomir Karajovic”.

Each month, since 1988, all results have been published in Ecological Bulletin and on the Secretariat web page: www.eko.bg.gov.yuOn the occasion of June 5 - The World Environment Day, the Secretariat issues a special annual publication dealing with the quality of environ-ment in Belgrade.

I PROGRAMS RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN BELGRADE

These Programs have been adopted each year, with the exception of Air Quality Program (adopted for the two- year period). All programs have to be adopted by the City Assembly.

II PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS

PERMANENT PROGRAMS

Eradication and control of pest populations

The program deals with eradi-cation and control of mosqui-toes, ticks and rodents in the teritorry of 10 municipalities of the city. It has been realized as a preventive health- related program, targeted at protec-tion of public health.

¤ Realization of the Program for the control of mosquito populations encompasses use of chemical and bio-logical substances in order to control mosquito larvae and adult forms as well as do-mestic forms of these pests. The treatment is performed from the air or using devices from the ground, on the sur-faces that are continuously

monitored for the presence and abundance of mosqui-toes.

¤ Control of tick populations and their treatment in the area of Belgrade has been performed on the area of approximately 7, 500 hect-ares, where previous inves-tigations have revealed the presence of tick infestation (Lipovica forest, Sports Cen-ter “Jajinci”, Miljakovac Forest, Banjica, Hajd park, Topcider, Kosutnjak, Pioneers’ City, Films City, Nova Skojevska Settlement, The park in banovo Brdo, the Bele Vode park, Ada Ciganlija, Sumice, The Zvezdzra Forest, Tasmaj-dan Park, Kalemegdan, Novi Beograd- Usce with littoral area and surrounding parks,

the Bojcinska Forest and Stepin gaj).

¤ In one drive, the Program of Rodent Control encom-passes systematic treatment of approximately 500, 000 apartments; 220 unsafe set-tlements with no sanitation; approximately 160 hectares of partially used or com-pletely unused green areas; and approximately 100 kilo-meters of littoral land (rivers and streams of Ada Ciganlija and Ada Huja). There are two drives a year- the spring and autumn ones.

Program for the Protection of Natural Goods

There are approximately 45 registered natural goods in the area of Belgrade. They are

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of special value and features. The City Government provides realization of long- term plans of management and annual programs of protection and development of the goods under protection.

Between 1993 and 2007, the city of Belgrade issued numer-ous decrees about protection of natural goods, covering 19 natural monuments of botanical and biologic value (The Banjica Forest- 18 indi-vidual trees) and two areas of extraordinary characteristics in the Belgrade area (Veliko ratno ostrvo and the Kosmaj mountain).

During 2006, the following natural goods have been placed under protection: the Gingko tree in Vracar Mu-nicipality; the cypress three in Dedinje; yew tree in Pozeska Street and three trees of Eng-lish oak in Bare. The chosen plants have rare botanical value, are representative in their dendrometric features and promote the characteris-tics of certain areas of the city.

MID-TERM PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS

REMOVAL OF RADIOACTIVE LIGHTNING RODS

Ever since 2002, there has been a program of staged replacing of radioactive lightning rods from residential buildings, pre- school facilities and schools. The first and sec-ond stages have been ended, with the third one under way. More than 180 lightning rods have been replaced and 80 more have currently been under replacement.

“GREEN REGULATORY RULES OF BELGRADE”

It started in 2003 as one of the first within the Belgrade Mas-ter Plan by 2012. Its function is to help make an overview and completely resolve implemen-tation of the above document from the standpoint of the environment.

The “Green Regulatory Rules of Belgrade” have four stages. The first stage relates to the creation of a Decision Proposal concerning Protection and

Promotion of green Areas of the City. The second stage relates to the preparation of Contents and Programs for the Definition of GIS- green areas of Belgrade and Preparation of the Contents and Defining the Actions for the Belgrade Biotope Mapping.

¤ THE THIRD STAGE OF THE PROJECT “Green Regulatory Rules of Belgrade” continued in 2006, under the title “Plan of General Regulation of Green Areas of the City”. The

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mentioned “Mapping and Validation of the City Bio-topes” will have been done within this Project.

“INTEGRATED VALORIZATION OF FOREST RESOURCES OF BELGRADE”

The aim of this project is to implement strategies and measures to protect the en-vironment, natural resources, forestry, watercourses and the system of green areas that have been defined in strate-gic documents of the city of Belgrade.

The Project will have been done in three stages, encom-passing the forests of adminis-trative area of the city. It aims to give greater significance to

the forests within the system of environmental protection and multi- functional utiliza-tion.

It is expected that the Project will have resulted in expansion of areas under forests, espe-cially in the function of re- forestation of degraded areas and prevention of erosion. We

expect it to contribute to the development of urban forestry and promotion of the social significance of forests, their preservation in representative areas. It will certainly have re-sulted in the provision of sus-tainable utilization of biologic resources and bio- diversity.

“BELGRADE- HEALTHY CITY”

“Belgrade- Healthy City” has been realized in cooperation with representatives from the Secretariat for the Environ-ment, Secretariat for Health and the WHO Representative Office in Belgrade. “Healthy Cities” from Copenhagen have participated in the creation of Initial Documents on Healthy Cities.

III RESEARCH STUDIES, PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS

The Secretariat has accepted to fund research programs and projects that contribute to improvements in the environ-ment. Such scientific works are:

¤ Remediation study for the source of the Makis and Surcinsko Polje;

¤ Regulation and protection of the natural reserve “Veliko ratno ostrvo” (de- silting of the canal, stocking the river with fish species, revitaliza-tion of the ecosystem, etc.);

¤ Project “Toxic elements and pesticides in agricultural land and plant products in the Belgrade area”

¤ Project “Defining the popula-tions and categorization of

stray dogs in the greater and proper Belgrade”

¤ Project “Research of the methods to be used to control Ambrosia artemi-siifolia ragweed; effects of herbicides and monitoring of consequences of the mea-sures undertaken in the area of Belgrade”

¤ Study “Spatial bases for the protection of areas with preserved cultural and his-torical heritage in the area of Belgrade”, in accordance with the Convention on European Heritage

¤ “ A Map of Radiation in Bel-grade: “- identification and systematization of ionizing sources in the area of Bel-grade

¤ “Inventory of electro- mag-netic polluters in the area of Belgrade”- identification, measuring and assessment of electro- magnetic burden;

¤ “Revising and updating the “Hazard Map of Belgrade”- identification and assess-ment of chemical accidents hazards in stationary and mobile sources, serving as a basis for the definition of Ac-cidents Protection Plan.

¤ Program “Medical waste management”- in public health care facilities of Bel-grade.

¤ Programs and projects of de-fining and control of popula-tions of abandoned animals in order to ensure their protection and well- being.

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In December 2004, we ad-opted four new laws related to the environmental protection: Law on the Environment, Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment, Law on Environmental Impact Assess-ment and Law on Integrated Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution.

In the above period, environ-mental impact assessment of

plans and projects was real-ized through issuance of the following documents:

¤ 231 normative deeds de-fining the measures and conditions of environmental protection- an indispens-able part of spatial plans and projects;

¤ 57 opinions concerning pro-posals and decisions related

to the initiation of strategic environmental impact as-sessment (or the absence of need to initiate such assess-ment);

¤ 4 agreements related to the Reports on strategic EIA of a certain plan;

We have also had 227 admin-istrative procedures related to EIA.

IV ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PLANS AND PROJECTS

V OTHER ACTIVITIES

Within cooperation among ad-ministrative bodies and other secretariats and professionals, institutes and schools of the Belgrade University, we have given support to the realiza-tion of a series of projects and programs that are supposed to improve the quality of environ-ment in the city. We have also taken an active part in some of these.

PUBLISHING, PROMOTION AND PRESENTATIONS

Secretariat for the Environ-ment participated, inde-pendently or with other institutions, in the creation, publishing, printing and pro-motion of a large number of scientific, professional, educa-tional and information proj-ects, publications, magazines, monographs and editions.

SUPPORT TO PROFESSIONAL MEETINGS

Representatives of the Sec-retariat have participated in organization, preparation and work of a series of meetings, conferences, congresses, pub-lic debates, and workshops. They have participated in many study trips, in Serbia and in foreign countries.

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Air Quality Control - Objectives

Systematic, program- based measuring of air pollution on the teritorry of Belgrade, with the following objectives:

¤ monitoring of the degree of air pollution in relation to imission limit values (ILVs);

¤ undertaking preventive measures in the segments which are important for the protection of air quality from pollution;

¤ informing the public and de-fining recommendations for individual behavior in cases

of episodes of increased air pollution;

¤ monitoring of concentration trends, by city zones;

¤ assessment of population exposure;

¤ identification of the sources of pollution or risk;

¤ evaluation of long- term trends; and

¤ analysis of the measures undertaken to prevent air pollution.

Legal basis

The legal basis for adoption of the Program of Air Quality Control in the area of Belgrade, Serbia has been contained in the Law on Environmental Pro-tection. Therefore, the authori-ties of Belgrade are obliged by law, within their competence, to provide continuous control and monitoring of the envi-ronment. A systematic mea-suring of imissions included in the Program, have been performed through monitor-ing networks set up in several levels.

MONITORING PROGRAMS

1�CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS TO BE MONITORED

Main pollutants in ambient air, of interest in an urban setting, in the present air quality monitoring network of Belgrade have been presented in Table 1. The group of substances, widespread in ambi-ent air, has been selected because of their impact on human health. Additional increased attention has been paid to air toxics such as PAHs, acid aerosols and BTEX.

Table 1. Belgrade: Main pollutants in ambient air that have been monitored

Am

bien

t air

Gas componentsSO2, NOX, NO2 – 24-hour averages O3 – 24-hour, 1 and 8-hour averagesCO – 30 minute, 1 hour, BTEX 1-hour and 24-hour averages

Solid phases in the air

PAH – 3,4 benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) – averages per monthSoot, total deposited matter – 24-hour averages SPM (mass conc.) mass concentration, 24-hour averages Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni, Hg, Cr – averages per month

Methodologies of Air Monitoring

The local urban air quality network consists of 17 stationary measurement sites. These sites cover the teritorry according to the above mentioned objectives. During the year 2002, the existing air monitoring network was upgraded with three automatic analyzers (Horiba AP-360, series APNA-NOX, APSA-SO2, APMA-CO, APHA-total hydrocarbons). In order to fulfill the ISO 17025 require-ments, we have also obtained measurement devices for sampling SPM 2.5 and 10, PM10 (EN 12341), PM 2.5 and BTEX Analyser – type airmo BTX 1000.

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1. Annual Mean SO2, black smoke and NO2 concentrations µg/m3 in Belgrade

Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006SO2 13 30 16 24 24Black smoke 30 32 29 33 34Nitrogen dioxide** 30 32 29 31 31

** Systematic measuring started in 1996

2. Average Number of Days with Excessive ILVs, per location in Belgrade

Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006SO2 1.3 2.8 2.4 5 3Black smoke 44 41 31 40 43Nitrogen dioxide 8 9 9 3 6

3. Maximum annual concentrations registered in Belgrade

Maximum concentration*

Year2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Black smoke 259 417 408 394 286SO2 187 304 358 450 252NO2 258 192 491 189 137

* Expressed in µg/m3

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, 2002- 2006

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Chart 1. Mean Annual and Seasonal values of SO2 (µg/m3) in Belgrade, 2006

Chart 2. Mean Annual and Seasonal Values of Black Smoke (µg/m3) in Belgrade, 2006

Chart 3. Mean Annual and Seasonal Values of NO2 (µg/m3) in Belgrade, 2006

0102030405060708090

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We have performed sampling and measuring at 12 sampling points.

Examination of the pollutants at intersections in Belgrade has been done at 12 represen-tative spots, from January 1 to December 31, 2006.

Measuring of all parameters has been performed twice a month, at eight intersections. At four intersections it ahs been performed four times a month.

The results show that the trend of pollution has been increasing.

Most endangered zones of the city are the central one and transition route, where we have seen elevations of con-centrations of all pollutants. This is explained by the traffic structure and types of vehicles using these routes.

There are two types of inter-sections:

¤ these with 90- 92% of pas-senger vehicles (the loca-

tions of London, Nusiceva Street and Railway Station)

¤ These with approximately 70% of passenger vehicles (Cvijiceva Street, Railway Station).

Let us stress that differences in concentrations of the pol-lutants have not been signifi-cant. The narrow city core has directly been jeopardized by the intersections. The data also stress the impact of meteo-rological conditions, which directly influence the spread of pollutants.

AIR POLLUTION PRODUCED BY THE SUBSTANCES ORIGINATING FROM TRAFFIC

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Program of systematic moni-toring of the levels of radio-activity in the environment of Belgrade has been defined based on provisions of the Law on the Protection from Ioniz-ing Radiation (published in the “Official Herald of the FR Yu-goslavia”, no 45/ 97). There are two other legal documents to monitor this type of radiation: a) the Decree on Systematic

Examination of Radio nuclides in the Environment (published in the “Official Herald of the FR Yugoslavia”, no 9/ 99) and Rule-book on the Levels of Radioac-tive Contamination in the Envi-ronment and on the Manner of Decontamination (published in the “Official Herald of the FR Yugoslavia”, no 9/99).

Since1990, the Secretariat for the Environment has been de-

fining the Program of System-atic Monitoring of the Levels of radioactivity in the Belgrade Environment. The Institute for Occupational Medicine and Radiology “Dr Dragomir Karajovic” has realized the Program.

In the city, we have continu-ously measured the intensity of gamma radiation at 1 m above the ground.

RADIOACTIVITY IN THE AIR

Gamma irradiation

Intensity of the absorbed dose of gamma irradiation in the air was in 2006 within the intervals of 0.075 to 0.160 µGy/ h, with mean annual value of 0.0837 ± 0.004 µGy/ h. This corresponds to the limits of change of the natural radiation in the air.

137 Cs in the air Activity of 137 Cs in the air was low in 2006137 Cs in precipitation The values of 137 Cs were below the detection limits

QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER FROM THE BELGRADE WATERWORKS

For several decades, Institute of Public Health of Belgrade has been monitoring the qual-ity of drinking water processed in the Belgrade Waterworks Public Utility. The monitoring has been performed in order to secure safe, hygienic drink-ing water for the Belgrade population.

The control has been per-formed according to the Program based on the Rule-book on Hygienic Safety of Drinking Water (published in the “Official Herald of the FR Yugoslavia”, no 42/ 98). Beside this, additional examination of the water quality has been performed in the laboratories of the very Water processing Utility, at installations for water

purification and in the Service for Sanitation and Control of the Belgrade Waterworks. This Service takes approximately equal number of samples as Institute of Public Health of Belgrade.

Within the systematic control of quality of drinking water, the samples have been taken:

¤ at five installations for water treatment (Banovo Brdo, Bezanija, Bele vode, Makis and Vinca);

¤ from 16 tanks, and

¤ At 87 distribution network points, in various parts of the city.

The samples from installations have been taken daily; the samples from the tanks have been taken during one week. During the same time interval, all points from the distributive network have been covered. In the samples, we monitor physical, chemical, bacterio-logical, biological quality of the water and the degree of radioactivity. Physical and chemical examinations of samples have been done using several “regimens” (defined by the current Rulebook). These are basic, periodical and “large” regimens.

The results of laboratory examinations of the samples of drinking water (processed in the Belgrade Waterworks

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Public Utility) are presented in monthly and annual re-ports. These are distributed to Sanitary Inspection Service, Secretariat for the Environ-ment and the very Public Util-ity “Belgrade Waterworks”.

The city of Belgrade and its surrounding settlements

are major users of the water processed in the Belgrade Waterworks Public Utility. The average water consumption was 6, 772 l/h in 2006. Out of the total quantity of processed drinking water, 59.34% origi-nate from underground water

sources and the remaining 40.66%- from the rivers.

In respect to the results we have obtained, there have been no major aberrations from the legal norms in the past five years. Ovde staviti

Table 1. Total number of samples and percentage of physical, chemical and bacteriological aberra-tions in the samples of drinking water taken from The Belgrade Waterworks, 2001- 2006

Year Total no of exam-ined samples

Physical/ chemical aberrations Bacteriological aberrationsno of samples % no of samples %

2002 6, 535 115 1.7 337 5.22003 6, 565 64 1.0 275 4.22004 6, 579 83 1.3 349 5.32005 6, 537 100 1.5 420 6.42006 6, 631 96 1.4 383 5.8

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In respect to physical and chemical aberrations as against relevant norms, tur-bidity and iron content (with aberration percentage less than 2% (see Table 1) are most frequently seen. Another ex-amined parameters of physical and chemical characteristics in the samples of drinking water have always been within the allowed limits. PAHs, however, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine and organo-phosphoric pesticides, phe-nols, cyanides, mineral oils, al-kyl- benzo- sulphonates, toxic metals (such as mercury, cad-mium, chrom), nitrites, chlori-nated alcanes, ethenes, ben-zoles, aromatic carbohydrates and the total α and β activity has never been detected. In other words, they have always been below the detection limit of the applied method. Other parameters have been below MAC. From the standpoint of

human health, it is favorable that these substances have al-ways been significantly below the regulated limits. This has also been the case with the concentrations of by-products of disinfection, that occur in the water after treatment with chlorine.

From the technical standpoint of water utilization, it is worth mentioning that the values of total water hardness are lower in the part of system on the right bank of River Sava, i.e. in the old part of the city. They have ranged between 9.6 and 17.10 dH. Water hardness in the “Bezanija” installation (i.e. in the teritorry of Novi Beo-grad and Zemun) is greater- ranging between 16.7 and 18.90 dH.

In the bacteriological sense, the quality of drinking water processed in the Belgrade Waterworks Public Utility in

the five-year period had per-centage aberrations ranging from 4.0% and 6.5% (Table 1). In most instances, these samples were taken from the distribution network in the summer. Aberrations were the result of the increased number of bacteria. However, this has never posed any major health- related risk. It is important as the indicator of purity and in-tegrity of the very distribution network. It is crucial to say that pathogenic microorganisms have never been isolated from the drinking water processed in the Belgrade Waterworks.

Based on the scientific re-sults, examination methods and state-of the-art technical findings, we may assess that the water from the Belgrade Waterworks Public Utility is safe and healthy for human consumption.

QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER FROM PUBLIC FOUNTAINS

During 2006, we have taken and examined in the laboratories 328 samples of drinking water originating from public fountains. This assignment was done within the Program of control of the quality of water from the springs, captured in public fountains. The results of our examinations are shown in Table 2.

Scope of Examinations No of samples Unsafe (bacteriology) Unsafe

(physical-chemical characteristics)

Basic analysis 303 156 (51.5%) 82 (27.01%)Periodic analysis 25 14 (56.0%) 6 (25.0%)TOTAL 328 170 (51.8%) 88 (26.8%)

During the program realization, reports on the performed laboratory analyses of the water taken from public fountains have been regularly submitted to the relevant Secretariats. Institute of Public Health of Belgrade gave daily information (via telephone) about the current results and advised the population if the water from public fountains had been safe or unsafe for use.

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Methodologies of Control

For more than four decades, monitoring the quality of surface waters in Belgrade has been carried out on the two international rivers (Sava and Danube) and sixteen smaller watercourses of transit nature. The process has been per-formed on 27 control points.

Surface waters quality control has been done in order to as-sess the quality of watercours-es, monitoring the pollution trends, assessment of self- purification. It has been done to assess the adequacy of the river bodies to provide enough quantities of drinking water for the city of Belgrade and the settlements of Obrenovac, Baric and Vinca.

Another purpose of this pro-cess is to assess the options for irrigation of the surrounding agricultural land and provide protection of health of all these who use the waters for recreational purposes. The data we have obtained served as the basis for the assessment of efficacy of the measures we have been undertaking so far to diminish pollution. They will have be the cornerstone of our new proposals related to the protection of the surface waters. Throughout their courses, the waters of Sava and Danube have been classi-fied as “class II” - they might be used for recreational purposes,

stocking with cyprinid fish and drinking water supply (after the classical physical- chemical treatment).

The examinations have been done twice a month, on the spots upstream of the two points of water capture of the Belgrade Waterworks (Makis and Vinca). On other spots, they are performed once a month.

Laboratory examinations of certain parameters have been done according to the relevant ISO standards and USA-EPA and AWWA standard methods.

We examine basic physical- chemical parameters, indica-tors of oxygen regimen, nutri-ents, toxic organic substances (Council Directive 86/280/EEC of 12 June 1986 on limit values and quality objectives for dis-charges of certain dangerous substances),

inorganic toxic substances (metals and metalloids and other toxic inorganic substanc-es), sanitary- microbiological and biological parameters. We also determine the pollut-ants listed in the Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Decision establishing the list of priority substances in the field of water policy (EU Decision 2000/ 0035 (COD) and the List of Specific Sub-stances proposed by ICPD for the Danube River.

Disturbed samples of the sur-face sediment layer have been examined using Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines.

Once a year, we examine bio cumulation of organic micro pollutants and heavy metals in the shellfish and muscle tissue of benthonic zone fish and predators.

Assessment of the quality of surface waters and their suit-ability for water supply, recre-ational purposes and irrigation has been made based on the relevant Serbian legislation, WHO recommendations and EU Directives.

Assessment of the content of organic and inorganic micro pollutants in the sediment was made by comparison with probable effect levels accord-ing to the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines and inci-dence (percentage) of adverse biological effects in concentra-tion ranges was defined by these values.

Bio cumulation is assessed based on the values given in the Rulebook on the quanti-ties of pesticides, metals and metalloids and other poison-ous substances, anabolics and other substances that might be found in foods (issued in the “Official Gazette of the SFRY, no 5/ 92) and the WHO Recommendations.

QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS IN THE BELGRADE TERITORRY BETWEEN 2001 AND 2006

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The Sava

The examinations performed so far show that the quality of Sava River has aberrations mostly caused by changed sanitary- microbiological parameters. Several basic physical- chemical parameters and nutrients are occasionally beyond the limits of relevant norms. Indicators of oxygen regimen are sporadically beyond these limits too. Ex-

ceptionally rarely, in only 1- 2 samples, we register an annual increase in the concentra-tions of athrazine, phenol and mineral oils. Heavy metals are within the limits of the Class II river water quality.

Items from the List of priority substances in the field of water policy (EU Decision 2000/ 0035 (COD) and ICPD List for the Danube are, in most cases, below the detection limits of the applied method.

We often register high concen-trations of heavy metals in the

sediment. They are above the probable effect levels accord-ing to the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines.

Bio cumulation of heavy met-als is obvious in the shellfish. In the fish, we detect mild increase of mercury content in the predators.

Summary results of examina-tions of the Sava River water quality in the past five years have been shown in table 3.

The Danube

The situation is similar to the one with Sava River: most ab-errations are seen in sanitary- microbiological parameters. Occasionally, several basic physical- chemical parameters, nutrients and indicators of oxygen regimen are beyond the limits of relevant norms. It is especially seen immedi-ately downstream Belgrade. In extremely rare instances, in only one or two samples we have found elevated concen-

trations of athrazine, phenol and mineral oils. Heavy met-als are constantly within the limits regulated by Class II river water quality.

Items from the List of priority substances in the field of wa-ter policy (EU Decision 2000/ 0035 (COD) and ICPD List for the Danube are, in most cases, below the detection limits of the applied method.We often register high concen-

trations of heavy metals in the sediment. They are above the probable effect levels accord-ing to the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines.

Bio cumulation of heavy met-als is obvious in the shellfish. In the fish, we detect mild increase of mercury content in the predators.

Summary results of examina-tions of the Danube River water quality in the past five years have been shown in table 4.

EXAMINATION RESULTS

Table 3. Quality of the Sava River water in the territory of Belgrade, 2002- 2006

Year No of samples

II Classriver waters

beyond Class II, due to changed parametersbacteriology and

physical/ chemical

only physical and chemical only bacteriology

no of samples % no of

samples % no of samples % no of

samples %

2002 66 35 53.0 5 7.6 15 22.7 11 16.72003 68 24 35.3 11 16.2 7 10.3 26 38.22004 68 34 50.0 11 16.2 4 5.9 19 27.92005 68 19 27.9 22 32.4 13 19.1 14 20.62006 68 22 32.4 20 29.3 4 5.9 22 32.4

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Other small watercourses, es-pecially these flowing through settlements, have been seri-ously degraded. Their waters are constantly beyond borders of regulated river water class. Unpurified industrial and

sanitary wastewaters that pour into these small watercourses pose a huge environmental and health- related problem. They contain high concentra-tions of nutrients, resulting in a complete imbalance of oxygen

and gross microbiological pol-lution.

Sometimes, we find high concentrations of certain inor-ganic toxic substances in these waters.

Table 4. Results of the river water quality control for the Danube on the territory of Belgrade, 2002- 2006

Year No of samples

II Classriver waters

beyond Class II, due to changed parametersbacteriology and physical/ chemi-

cal

only physical and chemical only bacteriology

no of samples % no of

samples % no of samples % no of

samples %

2002 66 26 39.4 14 21.2 10 15.2 16 24.22003 67 19 28.4 24 35.8 6 9.0 18 26.82004 68 27 39.7 10 14.7 5 7.4 26 38.22005 68 13 19.2 26 38.2 9 13.2 20 29.42006 68 11 16.2 23 3.8 9 13.2 25 36.8

Foto: N. Čović

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THE SOIL

Examination of Soil Pollution in the Teritorry of Belgrade In 2006

Research Area

In 2006, the Soil Pollution Program was focused on the following research areas:

I the soil in the zone of sanitary protection of the Belgrade Waterworks

II the soil near large crossroads

III the soil within residential zone in the city

IV the soil near industrial facilities

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Results of Examinations

Scope of researchIn 2006, within the aim of the Program (Examination of Soil Pollution in the teritorry of Belgrade) we have sampled 64 soils from 33 locations and examined them in our laboratory

General remarksThe conclusions reached in previous years have been con-firmed: there are locations with re- confirmed degradation of the surface layer of the soil

Most frequently seen pollutantsIn a majority of samples we have registered aberrations from the relevant Rulebook, due to elevated concentrations of a heavy metal (nickel)

Nickel

Confirmation of the presence of nickel in similar (elevated) concentrations, in a great number of soil samples, at certain locations, points to its geographical origin. It is naturally found in the soil belonging to the city area

Other pollutants

In a smaller number of soil samples, at certain locations, we registered presence of specific pollutants that normally are not present in the surface layer of the soil (i.e pollutants of anthro-pogenic origin- PAH, DDT, mineral oils)

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The level of noise has been monitored at 30 reference points. These have been defined by Secre-tariat for the Environment, in accordance with legal provisions and professional criteria. Measuring spots were chosen as representatives of certain urban zones of different purpose and along major crossroads (intersections). Zoning of the city, from the standpoint of noise, was done in 1984, in only five municipalities.

Sources of noise Communal noise originates mostly from traffic. Industrial activities, small business, construction and other activities are less important

Measuring procedureIntroduction of the 24h measuring procedure (over the standard one) and use of the expanded protocol, helped us obtain more precise and reliable data on the levels of communal noise

The levels of noise mea-sured

The levels of communal noise registered in 2006 were still elevated (at 24 measuring points- daytime and at 25 measuring points- nighttime). They exceed regulated levels.

Exceeding the allowed level

The exceeding of allowed level of noise during the day is 2- 10 dB (A). During the night, it ranges from 1 to 16 dB (A), depending on the pur-pose of the zone in which it had been measured. The situation is more favorable than in 2005

Zoning On the average, greatest exceeding of the allowed levels are found in residential areas and zones along the busy highways

MaximumAbsolute greatest noise was recorded in the Glavna and Karadjordjeva streets. The relevant levels during the day reach even 75 dB (A) there. During the night, they reach 70 dB (A).

COMMUNAL NOISE IN BELGRADE

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Health and safe environment is one of the prerogatives of the Law on health care in the Republic of Serbia and at the same time of World Health Or-ganization “Health for All 21.” Aiming at protecting health of the populations, it stresses that everyday exposure to concentrations of pollutants should not exceed the pre-scribed limits. In order to pro-vide data on concentrations of pollutants in the environment, and consequently, analyze them and provide measure-ments, as risk factors in rela-

tion to health, we established a system of environmental monitoring for the teritorry of Belgrade. The data obtained from this system are used to interconnect wider notion of “Monitoring system of envi-ronment and health.”

Environmental monitoring provides data on the state of the environment. We are using DPSEEA (Driving Forces-Pres-sures-State-Exposure-Effects-Actions) model in designing a system of Environmental Health EH indictors within the decision-making context. Simi-

lar methodological principle has been applied in “Ecological Validation of Belgrade”. There are given health indicators of exposure to polluted air ac-cording to Air Quality Indexes, what is a good starting point for both decrease of air pollu-tion and removal of another risk factor and it certainly con-tribute to the improvement of population health.

Health Indicators are a power-ful instrument in communica-tion for policy management in environmental protection.

ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT

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The activities of Secretariat for Communal and Residential Affairs are:

¤ Regular maintenance of green areas, other public areas and sanitary facilities;

¤ Construction and regular maintenance of public fountains, parks and forests, bank areas and littoral zones, public bathing beach in Ada Ciganlija and other contents of this recre-ational resort;

¤ Defining the Water Supply Program (treat-ment of surface and underground waters and distribution of drinking water) and regulation of precipitation and wastewaters; production and delivery of heating.

PUBLIC UTILITY “WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM”

¤ In 2006, they produced 95.86% of water in relation to the adopted production plan. June 29, 2006 had the greatest production of drink-ing water- 7, 946 l/ sec;

¤ In 2006, there were 12.65% more interven-tions on the mains of waterworks compared to 2005;

¤ In 2006, they reconstructed and installed 30, 927 meters of mains of waterworks;

¤ The Utility built in 1,723 pieces of new metal frameworks, 22 pieces of pressure regulators, 128 hydrants;

¤ The Utility had 78 planned rinsing of the wa-terworks mains and 554 extraordinary ones.

Works performed on the Sewerage System

No Type of intervention

Total interventions in 2006

1 Sewers 134, 075 pcs

2 Sewerage connections 93, 689 pcs

3 Collectors 11, 380 m3

4 Waterworks mains 362, 382 m

MUNICIPAL WASTE SERVICES during year 2006. manz new actions have been undertaken

¤ Innovated the manner of street- cleaning by introducing vacuum cleaners attached to the garbage truck

¤ founded ecological patrols

¤ founded the first yard for recycling

¤ introduced new technologies for sweeping

¤ introduced primary classification of the com-munal garbage

¤ introduced drives for take- away of bulky waste

¤ cleaned flooded areas

¤ expanded their activities to the settlements in the outskirts of Belgrade- suburban settle-ments

Raw Materials and Recycling

In the “Waste” section of their Utility, within the first adopted plan,, they have managed to col-lect:

Used paper 3, 114 tScrap sheet metal 2, 180 tScrap iron 179 tSecondary scrap metal 30 tScrap non- ferrous metals 136 tPET bottles 297 t

PUBLIC UTILITIES OF BELGRADE IN THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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PUBLIC UTILITY FOR THE MAIN-TENANCE OF GREEN AREAS - BASIC ACTIVITIES

The Program of Maintenance of public green areas has en-compassed the following:

¤ planting of 2,984 trees (de-ciduous and coniferous) on the public green areas of the city and 1, 740 nursery plants in tree lines;

¤ planting of approximately 2,000 various trees and bushes on the green areas, around schools, day care centers, kindergartens and schools. It was done in co-operation with community representatives;

¤ from the green areas, the Utility has felled down and removed 908 trees that had been infested, rotten, dry or otherwise dangerous. The same was done with 1,111 trees in tree lines;

¤ dry branches were cut and removed in 5,117 trees on the public green areas. In 6,689 trees the treetops were supported and elevated. Other aesthetic interventions were performed on 2,000 trees.

THE BELGRADE ELECTRIC POWERHOUSE PUBLIC UTILITY

It is the greatest system for the transmission of thermal energy in Serbia, having

¤ 2,600 MW of installed power

¤ 504 km of thermal network and pipes

¤ 5,000 relays

¤ It uses natural gas, heating oil (fuel oil), extra light oil (diesel) and coal as sources of energy;

¤ In 2006, we have suspended 24 local heating stations that had been using coal and fuel oil

¤ We have made heating at-tachments for 2,462 resi-dential buildings (1,429,779 m2 or 23,830 apartments) in 2006;

¤ Since 1980 we have been performing the control of wastewaters, emission and imission with the aim of pro-tection of the environment

PUBLIC UTILITY “SRBIJAŠUME”, the Beograd Holding

Forest Holding “Beograd”

¤ Forests near Belgrade cover 32,323 hectares. Privately- owned forests spread on 15, 636 hectares;

¤ We afforest 400 hectares an-nually;

¤ Belgrade has 0.025 hectares of forest per one inhabitant;

¤ Eleven recreational forests have been recovered for holiday and relaxation of our population

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION UTILITY

The transportation system in the city is based on public and private partnership

¤ Daily, there are 1,600, 000 public drives, about 50% of all trips in Belgrade

¤ The network of bus and tram lines has been constantly upgrading

¤ Motor pool has been updat-ing regularly; we have 24 new EURO3 busses

¤ We have suspended 40 out-dated busses

¤ We have initiated a Pilot project involving the use of bio- diesel

¤ Promotion of sub- systems using electricity was 20% in 2006

¤ We apply environmental- friendly measures within our plants: taking care of the quality of air, wastewaters, waste handling, noise and soil pollution.

“BEOGRAD PUT” PUBLIC UTILITY

¤ In 2006, we have made 369,458 t of asphalt road mass, 10% more than in the previous year,

¤ We have renovated 414 streets (total lengthe of 367,61 km);

¤ We have renovated roads in 30 city main roadways (length of 45 km)

¤ We have paid special atten-tion in renovating city cross-roads within central munici-palities and renovated and maintained underpasses;

¤ We have stopped landslides in Rakovica and Avalski put, Vrbnicka, Cunarska ans Patri-jarha Dimitrija streets;

¤ New asphalt layer was made in 72 playgrounds, sports and school gymnastic fields;

¤ We have posted 7,380 street traffic signs;

¤ We have installed light signaling and mounted 543 traffic lights posts;

¤ We have undertaken envi-ronmental- friendly mea-sures by protecting the

workers from fuel oil impact, in accordance with current regulations.

“JEVREMOVAC” BOTANICAL GARDEN

¤ It is a huge laboratory in the open, working under the auspices of the Belgrade University School of Botany. It serves as a scientific center for the whole republic. The garden is a monument under

protection, natural reserve with class II protection regi-men.

THE BELGRADE DIRECTORATE FOR WATERS

¤ Assignments of the Director-ate have been closely con-nected with the reforms that have to be carried out within the defined time- frame. They will be adapted to the city economy and demands

of the international com-munity, which essentially defines general aims of our community.

¤ In the past two years, the Directorate realized two ma-jor city decisions: Decision on the Provision of Water to the City of Belgrade and Decision on the Installation of Vessels. The Decision on Processing and Channeling of Wastewaters is in the final stage of adoption.

Foto: N. Čović��

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The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC)]

The REC Contry Office Serbia is part of REC system country offices in countries of Central and East-ern Europe (CEE) region and Turkey.

The REC was established in 1990 and has its head office in Szentendre, Hungary, and country of-fices in 17 countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Turkey. The REC is a non-partisan, non-ad-vocacy, not-for-profit international organisation with a mission to assist in solving environmental problems in Central and Eastern Europe. The REC fulfils this mission by promoting cooperation among non-governmental organisations, governments, businesses and other environmental stake-holders, and by supporting the free exchange of information and public participation in environ-mental decision making.

Web address of REC Head Office: http//www.rec.org/

Web address of REC Country Office Serbia: http://www.recyu.org/

Direktor: Milan Dacić, tel: +381 11 3292 899

ABOUT INSTITUTIONS WHICH PARTICIPATED

REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER

Foto: N. Čović

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INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH: WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT DOES

The Institute has approximately 400 employees: 67 medical doctors of various specialties and a great number of health care associates with high school education- chemical engineers, chemists, biologists, environment protection engineers, pharmacists and programmers, who contribute to professional and scientific approach to the health and environmental protection and promotion. After a year of preparation, the Institute has accomplished a process of standardization to SRPS/ ISO 9001:2001 and SRPS/ ISO 14001:2004.

Center for Hygiene and Human Ecology

Multidisciplinary teams prepare, make plans and set up programs for monitoring of the environ-mental media: water, air and soil in urban and rural settlements. Registers, collect and evaluates data about health risk factors present in the environment, and give recommendations for preven-tive and mitigation measures. The Center monitors the level of communal noise.

Laboratory for Human Ecology and Ecotoxicology

Laboratory for Human Ecology and Ecotoxicology was among the first In Republic of Serbia to be accredited according to ISO 17025. Laboratory determines a large number of inorganic and organic compaunds in samples of air, water, soil, sediments and biological material.

IPH laboratory is one of the most advanced in the field of environmental trace analysis. Laboratory has some of the most sophisticated and advanced instrumentation on the market in accordance with EN ISO/SRPS 17025. IPH Laboratory carry out sampling and analysis, instrument callibration, maintenance and international inter-calibrarion.

Center for Eco-toxicology:

Deals with examination of hazardous wastes, determines caracterization and categorization of it, gives recomendations for handling, and treatment of solid and liquid waste.Performes collecting, recycling, destroying and final disposal of medical waste form medical and other health institu-tions.Center has been appointed responsible for the function of Ecotoxicological Center for the city of Belgrade. Formed Mobile Ecotoxicological Units (MEJ) take active part in prevention, and preper-adness to chemical accidents, gives measures for remediation,and sanitation;

INSTITUT OF PUBLIC HEALTH of BELGRADE

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INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH of SERBIA “Dr Milan Jovanović Batut“

Institute of Public Health of Serbia „Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut“ is the public health institution which performs the tasks of common concern and interest in the area of health care in the Republic of Serbia.

The specific areas of health activities covered by the institute are epidemiology, hygiene and hu-man ecology, social medicine, organization of health care and health services, health statistics and informatics, health educating etc.

The Institute is the professional and methodological, and the scientific and educational institution for the areas covered by.

As a reference proffessional and methodological institution, the Institute is involved in desingning the health care policy the strategies, organization and health system devlopment.

The Institute coordinates and participates in the implementation of the special health care pro-grammers in the population, which are brought by the government of Serbia.

It also coordinates activities and devlopment of the network of 23 regional public-health Institutes of Serbia.

Apart form other activities, the Institute is a teaching base for certain subjects at the Schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Pharmacy of the University of Belgrade, Novi Sad, Nis and Kraguje-vac.

The Institute has about 250 emploeeys: health workers and health co-workers, and workers of various other profiles. Out of them, 132 have university-level education among which there are 61 specialist in preventive medicine, stomatology, pharmacy, and 40 are university-level co-workers.

INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH of SERBIA “Dr Milan Jovanović Batut“

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CliniCal Center Of Serbia inStitute Of OCCuPatiOnal and radiOlOgiCal health

“dr. dragOmir KarajOvić” WhO COllabOrating Center

Deligradska 29, BelgradeSerbiaTel: +381 11 2685 485Fax: + 381 11 2643 675

Institute of Occupational Health in Belgrade is the national institute of Serbia. It has been founded in 1953 by Serbian Ministry of Health. Today, it is a part of the Clinical Center of Serbia, and WHO Collaborating Center in Occupational Health.

Main tasks

¤ Reference institution for occupational health care of working population

¤ Doctrinaire and methodological activities in the field of occupational health

¤ Occupational medical care and introduction of new methods in diagnostic, therapy and rehabili-tation in the field of occupational diseases and work-related diseases

¤ Protection from ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in health care workers

¤ Scientific and research projects

¤ Education and training in occupational health and related fields

Organization

The main departments of the Institute are as follows:

I Center for Occupational Diseases and ToxicologyII Center for Occupational HealthIII Center for assessment of fitness for workIV Center for Occupational Health Development and International RelationsV Center for Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

Employees

The total number of personnel is 149, out of which there is: 38 physicians, 21 graduates (technolo-gists, physicists, engineers, biochemists, pharmacologists, etc.), 56 nurses, among others.

Out of the total number of employees: 56 are specialists, 6 subspecialists ,12 with Ph.D.and

12 with MSc degrees.

International collaboration

The Institute has contributed to the international field by:

¤ Being one of the WHO collaborating center in occupational health

¤ Organizing eight international courses in toxicology for developing countries sponsored by WHO, Yugoslav and the Netherlands governments

¤ Experts from the Institute participated in the development of occupational health and specific toxicological laboratories in India, Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Greece and other countries worldwide

¤ Performing the collaboration with the Russian Federation, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Czech Re-public, Poland and other countries through scientific visits, joint projects, participation at interna-tional congresses and symposia, exchange of scientific literature and other.

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Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia

Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia is a governmental institution which has been perform-ing for more than half a century activities related to protection and improvement of the Serbian natural heritage. On the basis of research results and evaluation of the natural resources of a certain region, status and level of the ecosystem endangerment, the Institutes experts propose protection, i.e. type, category, measures and level of protection for natural properties. The Institute performs activities related to protection and improvement of the nature of Serbia: protection of natural as-sets, protection procedure activation by developing of scientific-expert studies, expert surveillance, monitoring, conservation of biological and geological diversity, participation in developing of regional plans and technical documentation concerning asses of environmental impact; also edu-cation, presentation and publishing activity. Results of the activities are the studies, which are used as a basis in applying any natural asset for protection. The seat of the Institute is in Belgrade and Work Units in Novi Sad and Niš, while the Priština Work Unit is currently not operating. The Institute performs its activities through the Nature Protection Sector, Research-Development Sector and General Administrative Sector.

The Institute intensively cooperates with numerous scientific and expert, governmental and non-governmental organizations in the country and abroad. It is member of several international organizations for nature protection: IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature), EU-ROPARC (Federation of Nature and National Parks of Europe), ProGEO (European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage), and ECNC (European Centre for Nature Conservation).

As result of work for protection and improvement of the Serbian natural heritage, in Serbia, at present, 6.14% of its teritorry is under statutory protection. The Institutes proposals enabled so far protection of 1119 natural assets.

Foto: N. Čović

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Foto: N. Čović

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Foto: N. Čović

CMYK

ISBN 978-86-7550-052-0


27. marta 43-45, BeogradTel: (011) 32-26-106


Web: www.eko.bg.gov.yu

NSTITUT OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF BELGRADEDespota Stefana 54a, Beograd

Tel: (011) 207-86-37Faks: (011) 322-78-28

Web: www.zdravlje.org.yuwww.beoeko.com

Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC)

Primorska 31 (entrance from Preradovićeva st.)11000 Beograd, Srbija

Tel: (011) 32-92-899; 32-92-595; 32-93-010; 32-93-011


Web: www.recyu.org

CITY ASSEMBLY OF BELGRADESECRETARIT

FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

NSTITUT OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF BELGRADE

БЕОГРАДЧИСТ НАЧИСТО !

Korice - Environment in the city of BGD - unutra

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацијиНародна библиотека Србије

502.175(497.11)”2001/2006”(036)

ENVIRONMENT in the city of Belgrade / [authors Snežana Matić-Besarabić ...[et al.] ; editorial board Marija Grubačević, Snežana Matić-Besarabić ; translater Vesna Dražilović-Dadić]. - Belgrade : The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Country Office Serbia : Institute of Public Health : Secretariat for Environmental Protection, 2007 (Belgrade : Standard 2). - 42 str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm

Izv. stv. nasl.: Kvalitet životne sredine grada Beograda; odlomci. - Podaci o autorima preuzeti iz kolofona. Tiraž 1.000. - Str. 4: A Word from the Secre-tariat for Environmental Protection / Branislav Božović

ISBN 978-86-7550-052-0 (REC)1. Matić-Besarabić, Snežanaa) Животна средина - Контрола - Београд - 2001-2006 - ВодичCOBISS.SR-ID 143744012

CMYK

INSTITUT OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF BELGRADE


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