Knowledge management manifesto_mkwi2012_20120301

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Manifesto for a Standard on Meaningful Representations of Knowledge in Social Knowledge Management Environments

Bick, M., Hetmank, L., Kruse, P., Maier, R., Pawlowski, J.M., Peinl, R., Schoop, E., Seeber, I., Thalmann, S

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Current Team

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Knowledge Management – changing landscapes and instruments

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Knowledge Management Focus Areas

Maximize building and value reallocation of intellectual capital

knowledge balance sheet, scorecard, skill data bases citation & impact analysis

Maximize use of knowledge assets; operational effectiveness

knowledge-intensive business processes, knowledge processes, workflow patterns

Maximize effectiveness of people-centric learning organization

competencies, motiva-tion, roles & responsi-bilities, task patterns

Use IT to maximize capture, transformation, storage, retrieval and development of knowledge

semantics, knowledge workplace and infrastructure, services, tools

IM & IT Focus

Enterprise Effectiveness Focus

Intellectual Asset Focus

People Focus

After Wiig 1999, 158

I. human II. IT

III. processIV. value

IV. collaborative

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Knowledge Management going social… Source: B.D. Solis: htt

p://ww

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The challenges

Knowledge management trends Connecting human and technology orientation From document/repository orientation to

distributed resources and activities Social software as a central concept for connecting

resources and activities

How do we represent knowledge and connect activities, resources and people?

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The role of social software in knowledge activities Knowledge cannot completely be codified and shared Knowledge transfer can be improved by capturing information

about the current and historical context and the underlying activity.

Social media (SM) and social software (SSW) support knowledge transfer and construction of knowledge through social interactions between people.

Contextual information of interactions can be tracked by using existing SM and SSW functionalities such as activity streams, tagging and commenting

SM and SSW are mostly limited to personal and content metadata Standardization remains a key task for improving the handling of

large and complex information

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Current standardization efforts

Technical standards (document formats, metadata) Dublin Core Learning Object Metadata (LOM) Business Process Model Notation (BPMN) IMS Learning Design Specification Contextualized attention metadata (CAM) RDF, OWL OOXML, PDF, ODF

Human-oriented standards (guidelines and good practices)

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Knowledge activities

Author Knowledge (Management) Activity Author Knowledge (Management) ActivityAurum et al., 2008

knowledge creation, knowledge acquisition, knowledge identification, knowledge adaptation, knowledge organizationknowledge distribution, knowledge application

Alavi 2001 Creation, storage/retrieve, transfer, apply,

Newell et al., 2009

create knowledge, integrate knowledge, share knowledgecodify knowledge

Fong and Choi, 2009

Acquisition, creation, storage, distribution, use, maintaining

Hädrich, 2008 Identification, acquisitionCodification, combinationDistribution, search & retrievalapplication, developmentarchiving & deleting, learningnetworking

Holsapple, Singh, 2001

acquisition (identifying appropriate knowledge, capturing identified knowledge, organizing captured knowledge, transferring the organized knowledge

selection (identifying appropriate knowledge, capturing identified knowledge, organizing captured knowledge, transferring organized knowledge)

generate (monitor, evaluate, produce, transfer)assimilation (assessing, targeting, structuring,

delivering)emission (targeting, producing, transferring)

Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995; Nonaka & Toyama, 2003

Socialization, externalization, combination, internalization

To deal with the (automatic ) detection of the users’ task and activities based on collected contextual data a better understanding of potential knowledge activities and their connection and traceability is necessary.

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Activity Stream

Activity Streams allow applications to publish a live stream of a persons’ working, learning (or social) activities by aggregators that serialize items into a sequence of posts, making actions visible to other users of the service.

Motivation participants better understand boundaries

of their actions groups better manage & coordinate activities people decide with whom to collaborate attracts attention and signals enhances knowledge sharing, asking &

answering questions, solving problems enhances mechanisms to demonstrate

competences

(Olson et al., 2006)

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Active Documents

An electronic document which includes data as well as metadata and application logic. Alternatively, an active document can be directly connected with the application logic.

Metadata and application logic will be transferred with the active document and be able to activate, control and execute functionalities. [Trög07]

Standard system enviroment

Passive Document

Specific system environment interpreting metadata and application logic

Sort of document

Requirements regarding system

environment

Transformation characteristic

Integration of metadata

Enriched Document

Ability to react on an event

Reactive Document

Ability to initiate and control functions

Active Document

Ability to take decisions autonomously

Proactive Document

<creator>Muster</creator><date>11-01-2006</date>



Specific system environment

using autoactivation mode


[Trög07]

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Current findings

Knowledge management changes towards distributed, social, interactive environments

Current standards do not allow appropriate representation of social KM E.g. activities

New ways of knowledge representations are needed (and approaches are available)

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The Manifesto

New ways of knowledge representation Key aspects

Represent activities and interactions Represent context: in which environment do

knowledge activities happen? Allow bundling, merging and connecting resources,

activities and people Develop a standard for KM (systems) to enable

interoperability and re-use A basis for discussion, discourse, community

building!

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New conceptualization to support knowledge sharing

New Concepts Description

Knowledge Activity (KA) Goal directed actions within a user's context

Knowledge Activity Stream (KAS) Time-ordered list of knowledge activities (user-centric view)

Knowledge Trace (KT) Codified representation of a user's action that captures contextual information

Contextual Information Information, e.g. time, place, actions performed on knowledge objects as well as related people and their skills

Knowledge Object (KO) Codified knowledge of externalized knowledge (e.g. paragraphs, tables, figures, mind maps)

Knowledge Bundle (KB) Collection of knowledge traces that are affiliated to a knowledge object (object-centric perspective)

Knowledge Container (KC) A set of knowledge objects and their corresponding knowledge bundles

Towards knowledge containers

KAS1

referenceKA – Knowledge ActivityA – ActionKT – Knowledge TraceKO – Knowledge ObjectKB – Knowledge BundleKC – Knowledge ContainerKAS – KA Stream KC

KO KO

A KB KB

KB

A

KT A

KAS2

KO

KO

A A

KO

A A

KA1 KA2

embedded link

A

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Aspects of contextual information enriched knowledge containers

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Predictions and Recommendations

1. Acknowledge KM as a social activity• gap between technology and human orientation bridged by SSW and SM• trend acknowledged by research community and practitioners.

2. Focus the active, not the passive• we need a variety of ways to represent knowledge • the focus should shift from document-oriented to an activity-oriented

view to better capture the dynamic process.3. Context will be the key factor to understand KM

• context rarely analyzed or represented in both, research and standardization communities, thus lack of transferability of results

• adequate specifications needed to represent context.4. Stop using outdated frameworks

• standards in KM like Dublin Core do not take technological advances into account

• widely agreed conceptual KM framework needed considering social media as source for contextual metadata.

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Predictions and Recommendations (2)

5. Focus on specifications and standards• KM community has ignored standards for decades. • specifications and standards are important when designing and

experimenting with innovative systems.6. Form an enterprise-research alliance for standards

• consensus of all stakeholders needed, in particular researchers and enterprises.

• a balanced community needs to be formed from the very beginning.7. Stand on the shoulders of giants

• KM community has specific characteristics, but standards do not need to be created from scratch.

• build on existing base and similar standards already successful in use.8. Create standards now

• KM and SSW are mature enough that we understand the key success factors.

• KM community needs to create standards as an agreement in the community for competitive innovative and interoperable solutions

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Summary

We need new ways of representing knowledge management in standards

Key aspect: adding context and activities

Steps Find (further) appropriate approaches,

standards and alternatives Collaborate with standardization bodies Discuss, test, improve!

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Contact Information JYU

Prof. Dr. Markus [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Ronald [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Jan M. [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Rene [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Eric Schoop [email protected]

Knowledge management manifesto_mkwi2012_20120301

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Transcript of Knowledge management manifesto_mkwi2012_20120301