Know Mode of Action GroupsKnow Mode of Action Groups to Manage Insecticide Resistance to Manage Insecticide Resistance

in the Florida Landscape in the Florida Landscape

James F. Price and Curtis NagleJames F. Price and Curtis NagleUniversity of FloridaUniversity of Florida

Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterGulf Coast Research and Education CenterWimaumaWimauma

Today we shall learn:Today we shall learn:

• What is resistanceWhat is resistance• That insecticide Active Ingredients That insecticide Active Ingredients

(AIs) have Modes of Action (MoA)(AIs) have Modes of Action (MoA)• That understanding MoA and That understanding MoA and

managing can reduce resistancemanaging can reduce resistance• How to identify MoAHow to identify MoA• How to make an insect control plan How to make an insect control plan

based on MoAbased on MoA

This is how resistance This is how resistance happens:happens:

• Populations have a very few that are Populations have a very few that are tolerant to the insecticidetolerant to the insecticide

• The insecticide kills othersThe insecticide kills others

• Survivors breed tolerant offspringSurvivors breed tolerant offspring

• Overuse creates population with Overuse creates population with many tolerant to the insecticidemany tolerant to the insecticide

So resistance is …So resistance is …

• a change from a susceptible a change from a susceptible population to a tolerant one.population to a tolerant one.

• caused by breeding among caused by breeding among survivors.survivors.

• driven by repeated use of the same driven by repeated use of the same MoA.MoA.

Mode of ActionMode of Action

Mode of Action (MoA) is a chemicalMode of Action (MoA) is a chemicalaction that disrupts a specific action that disrupts a specific life process.life process.

Example: Moth larvae outgrow their “skin” Example: Moth larvae outgrow their “skin” and make a new one. MoA group 15 and make a new one. MoA group 15 (inhibitors of chitin synthesis) prevent (inhibitors of chitin synthesis) prevent new skin formation.new skin formation.

For ornamentals in For ornamentals in Florida there are:Florida there are:

• About 200 insecticide trade About 200 insecticide trade

marked productsmarked products

• About 63 Active ingredients (AIs)About 63 Active ingredients (AIs)

• About 23 MoA groupings About 23 MoA groupings

To delay resistanceTo delay resistanceget rid of resistant genes:get rid of resistant genes:

• Include other control methodsInclude other control methods

(cultural, biological, etc.)(cultural, biological, etc.)

• Rotate insecticide Modes of Rotate insecticide Modes of Action (MoA)Action (MoA)

Rotation plan:Rotation plan:

• Observe label restrictionsObserve label restrictions

• Can repeat use of the same MoA Can repeat use of the same MoA group up to 1 life cyclegroup up to 1 life cycle

• Rotate through 3 or more MoA Rotate through 3 or more MoA groupsgroups

How does an applicator How does an applicator know the MoA group of an know the MoA group of an insecticide?insecticide?• Sometimes indicated on labelSometimes indicated on label• See: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN714See: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN714• Read label active ingredient (AI)Read label active ingredient (AI)

then go to http://www.irac-then go to http://www.irac-online.org/Crop_Protection/MoA.asp online.org/Crop_Protection/MoA.asp and select “MoA Classification and select “MoA Classification Scheme”Scheme”

Rotation MethodsRotation Methods

““Drawers of similar Drawers of similar

MoA insecticides”MoA insecticides”

rotation methodrotation method

MoA group 1A & 1B, MoA group 1A & 1B, Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (nerve action):inhibitor (nerve action):

• carbaryl (Sevin)carbaryl (Sevin)

• methiocarb (Mesurol)methiocarb (Mesurol)

• acephate (Orthene, etc.)acephate (Orthene, etc.)

more …more …

more MoA groupmore MoA group 1A & 1B, 1A & 1B, Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:inhibitors:

• chlorpyrifos (Dursban)chlorpyrifos (Dursban)

• malathion (Malathion)malathion (Malathion)

• naled (Dibrom)naled (Dibrom)

(more …)(more …)

More MoA groupMore MoA group 1A & 1B, 1A & 1B, Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:inhibitors:

• oxydemeton-methyl (MSR)oxydemeton-methyl (MSR)

• phosmet (Imidan)phosmet (Imidan)

• trichlorfon (Dylox)trichlorfon (Dylox)

MoA group 3A, MoA group 3A, Sodium channel modulatorsSodium channel modulators

(nerve action)(nerve action)::• bifenthrin (Talstar)bifenthrin (Talstar)

• cyfluthrin (Decathlon, Tempo) cyfluthrin (Decathlon, Tempo)

• cypermethrin (Demon)cypermethrin (Demon)

• deltamethrin (Deltaguard) deltamethrin (Deltaguard)

• fenpropathrin (Tame)fenpropathrin (Tame)

(more …)(more …)

More MoA group 3A, More MoA group 3A, Sodium channel modulators:Sodium channel modulators:

• lambda-cyhalothrin (Scimitar, etc.)lambda-cyhalothrin (Scimitar, etc.)

• permethrin (Astro, etc.) permethrin (Astro, etc.)

• tautau-Fluvalinate (Mavrik)-Fluvalinate (Mavrik)

• pyrethrins (PyGanic, Pyreth-It, etc.)pyrethrins (PyGanic, Pyreth-It, etc.)

MoA group 4A, MoA group 4A, Nicotinic acetylcholine Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonistsreceptor agonists (nerve action): (nerve action):

• imidacloprid (Merit, etc.)imidacloprid (Merit, etc.)

• clothianidin (Arena, Celero)clothianidin (Arena, Celero)

• acetamiprid (TriStar)acetamiprid (TriStar)

• dinotefuran (Safari)dinotefuran (Safari)

• thiamethoxam (Meridian)thiamethoxam (Meridian)

MoA group 7A, 7B & 7C, MoA group 7A, 7B & 7C, Juvenile hormone mimicsJuvenile hormone mimics (growth regulation) (growth regulation)::

• 7A s-methoprene (Extinguish)7A s-methoprene (Extinguish)

• 7B fenoxycarb (Award) 7B fenoxycarb (Award)

• 7C pyriproxyfen (Distance)7C pyriproxyfen (Distance)

MoA group 9B & 9C, MoA group 9B & 9C, Selective homopteran Selective homopteran feeding blockersfeeding blockers::

• 9B pymetrozine (Endeavor)9B pymetrozine (Endeavor)

• 9C flonicamid (Aria)9C flonicamid (Aria)

MoA group 10A & 10B, MoA group 10A & 10B, Mite growth inhibitorsMite growth inhibitors (growth regulation): (growth regulation):

• 10A hexythiazox (Hexygon)10A hexythiazox (Hexygon)

• 10B etoxazole (Tetrasan)10B etoxazole (Tetrasan)

MoA group 18, MoA group 18, Ecdysone receptor agonistsEcdysone receptor agonists (growth regulation): (growth regulation):

• tebufenozide (Mimic)tebufenozide (Mimic)

• halofenozide (Mach 2)halofenozide (Mach 2)

MoA group 20A & 20B, MoA group 20A & 20B, Mitochondrial complex III Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitorselectron transport inhibitors

(energy metabolism):(energy metabolism):

• 20A hydramethylnon (Amdro)20A hydramethylnon (Amdro)

• 20B acequinocyl (Shuttle)20B acequinocyl (Shuttle)

Each of the following Each of the following AIs is alone in its AIs is alone in its MoA group.MoA group.

EACH can be used in the same plan! EACH can be used in the same plan! (Each gets is own “drawer”)(Each gets is own “drawer”)

MoA group 2B, MoA group 2B, GABA-gated chloride GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists channel antagonists (nerve action): (nerve action):

• fipronil (Chipco Choice, etc.) fipronil (Chipco Choice, etc.)

MoA group 5, MoA group 5, Nicotinic acetylcholine Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric receptor allosteric activators (nerve action):activators (nerve action):

• spinosad (Conserve, Justice)spinosad (Conserve, Justice)

MoA group 6, MoA group 6, Chloride channel activatorsChloride channel activators (nerve and muscle action): (nerve and muscle action):

• abamectin (Avid, Lucid)abamectin (Avid, Lucid)

MoA group 11, MoA group 11, Microbial disruptors of Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranesinsect midgut membranes::

• Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis and its and its sub-speciessub-species

MoA group 12B, MoA group 12B, Inhibitors of mitochondrial Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthaseATP synthase (energy metabolism): (energy metabolism):

• fenbutatin-oxide (ProMite) fenbutatin-oxide (ProMite)

MoA group 15, MoA group 15, Inhibitors of chitin Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis type 0biosynthesis type 0 (growth regulation): (growth regulation):

• diflubenzuron (Dimilin) diflubenzuron (Dimilin)

MoA group 16, MoA group 16, Inhibitors of chitin Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis type 1biosynthesis type 1 (growth regulation): (growth regulation):

• buprofezin (Talus)buprofezin (Talus)

MoA group 17, MoA group 17, Moulting disruptor, Moulting disruptor, dipterandipteran (growth regulation): (growth regulation):

• cyromazine (Citation) cyromazine (Citation)

MoA group 22A, MoA group 22A, Voltage dependent sodium Voltage dependent sodium channel blockerschannel blockers (nerve action): (nerve action):

• indoxacarb (Advion, Provaunt) indoxacarb (Advion, Provaunt)

MoA group 23, MoA group 23, Inhibitors of acetyl CoA Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase carboxylase (lipid synthesis, growth (lipid synthesis, growth regulation):regulation):

• spiromesifen (Forbid) spiromesifen (Forbid)

MoA group 28, MoA group 28, Ryanodine receptor Ryanodine receptor modulatorsmodulators (nerve & muscle action): (nerve & muscle action):

• chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn)

MoA group un, MoA group un, compounds of unknown or compounds of unknown or uncertain mode of action uncertain mode of action (seperate drawers ?):(seperate drawers ?):

• azadirachtin (Azatin, Ornazin, etc.)azadirachtin (Azatin, Ornazin, etc.)

• bifenazate (Floramite)bifenazate (Floramite)

• cryolite (Kryocide)cryolite (Kryocide)

• dicofol (Kelthane)dicofol (Kelthane)

But some do not need But some do not need a MoA group code …a MoA group code …

No code:No code:• Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis, Botanigard)(Naturalis, Botanigard)• metaldehyde (Deadline, Trails End)metaldehyde (Deadline, Trails End)• neem oil (Triact)neem oil (Triact)• petroleum oils (PureSpray Green, Ultra-Finepetroleum oils (PureSpray Green, Ultra-Fine

oil, etc.)oil, etc.)• soaps (DES-X, M-Pede)soaps (DES-X, M-Pede)• SteinernemaSteinernema spp. –nematodes (BioVector, spp. –nematodes (BioVector,

Millenium, Nematac)Millenium, Nematac)

Example of a rotation Example of a rotation plan for chili thrips:plan for chili thrips:

5 spinosad -- Conserve5 spinosad -- Conserve1B acephate -- Orthene1B acephate -- Orthene3A cyfluthrin -- Decathlon3A cyfluthrin -- Decathlon

4A acetamiprid -- Tristar4A acetamiprid -- Tristar4A imidacloprid -- Merit4A imidacloprid -- Merit4A dinotefuran -- Safari4A dinotefuran -- Safari6 abamectin -- Avid6 abamectin -- Avid9C flonicamid -- Aria9C flonicamid -- Aria

Summary:Summary:

• Resistance is from overuse of an Resistance is from overuse of an insecticide MoAinsecticide MoA

• Delay resistance by using all control Delay resistance by using all control methods and rotating among MoAmethods and rotating among MoA

• MoA listed atMoA listed at

http://www.irac-online.org/ http://www.irac-online.org/ Crop_Protection/MoA.aspCrop_Protection/MoA.asp

(look for “MoA Classification Scheme”)(look for “MoA Classification Scheme”)

Phytotoxicity Red Flags Phytotoxicity Red Flags among Ornamental among Ornamental

InsecticidesInsecticides

Some Common Some Common Phytotoxicity Phytotoxicity Manifestations:Manifestations:

• Leaf/petal/bract specking, spotting, necrosisLeaf/petal/bract specking, spotting, necrosis• Leaf/petal/bract marginal “burn”Leaf/petal/bract marginal “burn”• Leaf blade/bract thickeningLeaf blade/bract thickening• Leaf blade/bract “crinkling”Leaf blade/bract “crinkling”• Leaf blade loss of shineLeaf blade loss of shine• Stem internode length reductionStem internode length reduction• Dead plantDead plant

Learn from pesticide labelsLearn from pesticide labels(Labels are your friends!)(Labels are your friends!)

““Red Flag” these:Red Flag” these:

• OilsOils

• Sulfur, sulfur containing compoundsSulfur, sulfur containing compounds

(... more to flag in a moment ...)(... more to flag in a moment ...)

Some Stated Pesticide Some Stated Pesticide Cautions with Oil:Cautions with Oil:(Many with “hidden sulfur”):(Many with “hidden sulfur”):

• DimethoateDimethoate• PropargitePropargite• FolpetFolpet• OxythioquinoxOxythioquinox• Organotin compoundsOrganotin compounds• AnilazineAnilazine• DichloranDichloran• DinocapDinocap

• MethiocarbMethiocarb• CaptanCaptan• DyreneDyrene• Dinitro compoundsDinitro compounds• SulfurSulfur• ChlorothalonilChlorothalonil• DicofolDicofol• PermethrinPermethrin

Oils Too May Be Oils Too May Be “Hidden” in “Hidden” in Pesticides:Pesticides:

• Condor OF Condor OF B.t.B.t. insecticide insecticide

• Certain high petroleum EC Certain high petroleum EC formulationsformulations

... (More to “Red Flag”):... (More to “Red Flag”):• Soaps (see many cautions on label)Soaps (see many cautions on label)• Poinsettia bractsPoinsettia bracts• Flower petalsFlower petals• FernsFerns• OrtheneOrthene• High temperatures (>80°F)High temperatures (>80°F)• Drought stress, other stressDrought stress, other stress

Consolidated Red Consolidated Red Flag List:Flag List:• OilsOils• Sulfur, sulfur containing compoundsSulfur, sulfur containing compounds• Soaps (see many cautions on label)Soaps (see many cautions on label)• Poinsettia bractsPoinsettia bracts• Flower petalsFlower petals• FernsFerns• OrtheneOrthene• High temperatures (>80°F)High temperatures (>80°F)• Drought stress, other stressDrought stress, other stress

Some Pesticide Formulations Are Some Pesticide Formulations Are Poorly compatible/incompatible with Poorly compatible/incompatible with OthersOthers

Mix the WALE wayMix the WALE way

In the Diluent, add:In the Diluent, add:

WWettable Powders and Water Dispersible Granulesettable Powders and Water Dispersible Granules

AAgitategitate

LLiquids, Surfactants and Flowablesiquids, Surfactants and Flowables

EEmulsifiable Concentratesmulsifiable Concentrates

(Search EDIS for “Pesticide Mixing”)(Search EDIS for “Pesticide Mixing”)

Reduce Phytotoxicity:Reduce Phytotoxicity:

• Know Red Flag SituationsKnow Red Flag Situations

• Refer to Pesticide Labels Refer to Pesticide Labels (Google, then bookmark: “Florida Pesticide (Google, then bookmark: “Florida Pesticide Information Retrieval System” and “CDMS Information Retrieval System” and “CDMS labels”)labels”)

• Mix the WALE wayMix the WALE way