(klasicizmidan modernizmamde) -...

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komparativistuli literaturis qarTuli asociacia

(GCLA)

literaturuli mimdinareobebi

(klasicizmidan modernizmamde)

GCLA Press

Tbilisi2017

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redaqtorebi:irma ratiani, gaga lomiZe

operator-damkabadonebeliTinaTin duglaZe

ydis dizainerirevaz mirianaSvili

ISBN 978-9941-473-29-6

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Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba..................................................................................5

irma ratianiklasicizmi evropul da qarTul mwerlobaSi...............................................................7

maia naWyebialiteraturuli baroko......................................................27

ramaz Wilaiasentimentalizmi...................................................................59

gaga lomiZeromantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti............................................................73

irma ratianirealizmis literaturuli modeli da misi refleqsia qarTul mwerlobaSi............................100

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winasityvaoba

me-20 saukunis udidesi nawili Cvenma qveyanam tota-litaruli reJimis, pirobebSi ganvlo, roca yoveli siax-le, Tu igi am reJimis ideologiur CarCoSi ar jdeboda, sastikad ikrZaleboda. aman gamoiwvia Cveni literaturisa da xelovnebis msoflio procesebisgan mowyveta. sabWoTa periodSi interpretaciis pluraluroba dauSvebeli iyo, vinaidan ideologia Tavis kanonebs awesebda, gansazR-vravda literaturul kanons da, Sesabamisad, „kanoni-kuri“ teqstebis interpretatoradac gvevlineboda.

literaturis mimdinareobaTa Sesaxeb krebuli, misi ZiriTadi informaciuli funqciis garda, klasikuri qar-Tuli literaturis axlebur wakiTxvebsac gvTavazobs. samwuxarod, sabWoTa epoqaSi erT-erT yvelaze metad ideologizebul sferos Teoriuli literaturismcod-neobis sfero warmoadgenda, ris gamoc mecnierebs araerT kompromisze uwevdaT wasvla. qarTuli literaturuli kanonis nimuSebis analizis/interpretaciisas erT-erTi umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeba teqstebis axlebur gaaz-rebas, vinaidan kanonikuri teqstebi skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebis programul teqstebs gulisxmobs. to-talitaruli ideologiis pirobebSi ideologiis msaxu-rebi – interpretatorebi Tavisebur, maTTvis sasargeblo kulturul-politikur interpretacias gvTavazobdnen. amitomac imdroindeli kulturis/literaturis revizia qarTuli kulturis globalur konteqstSi moTavsebas, am konteqstis organul nawilad mis miCnevas da analizs iTvaliswinebs.

postsabWoTa periodSi, 1990-iani wlebis miwuruli-dan, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRiniSna yofili sabWoTa qveynebis literaturismcodneobiT sferoebSi: daiwyo wi-na wlebSi arsebuli informaciuli vakuumis Sevseba. cxa-dia, sxvadasxva dros saqarTveloSi iqmneboda calke-

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uli naSromi, romelic iTvaliswinebda ama Tu im mimdinare-obis analizs Tu Taviseburebebis warmoCenas (mag., Jurnal „sjanSi“ sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynebuli nugzar muzaS-vilis statiebis seria sxvadasxva mimdinareobaze, nino na-kudaSvilis naSromi „literaturuli mimdinareobebi“, is-eve rogorc literaturis institutis mier momzadebuli krebulebi „qarTuli literatura istoria saerTaSoriso literaturuli procesebis WrilSi“ (ortomeuli), „qar-Tuli modernizmis tipologia“, „XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qa-rTuli literatura“ Tu „qarTuli romantizmi“). magram avtorTa koleqtivis mier Sedgenili gzamkvlevi, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba uSualod umaRlesi saswavleb-lis humanitaruli fakultetis studentebisTvis, aqamde ar momazadebula. arada, amis Zalian didi aucilebloba yovelTvis arsebobda. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia Teimuraz I-ze saubari barokos konteqstis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, iseve rogorc warmoudgenelia nikoloz baraTaSvilis Tu ilia WavWavaZis teqstebis analizi zogadad mimdinareobis gauTvaliswineblad. maSasadame, yvelaferTan erTad, aq-centi keTdeba konteqstze, analogiuri literaturuli mimdinareobebis WrilSi.

am krebulSi, mimdinareobis farglebSi, gaanalize-bulia cnobil mweralTa mier Seqmnili teqstebi. aseTi gzamkvlevi, aucilebelia yoveli ganaTlebuli erisaT-vis. sakmarisia gavixsenoT oqsfordis Tu kembrijis uni-versitetebis mier seriebis saxiT gamocemuli krebulebi sxvadasxva mimdinareobis Sesaxeb. krebuli mniSvnelovan daxmarebas gauwevs umaRlesi saswavleblebis leqtorebsa da studentebs da literaturismcodneobis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul farTo mkiTxvels.

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irma ratiani

klasicizmi evropul da qarTul mwerlobaSi*

qarTuli mwerloba kulturaTa gzaSesayarze

XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, ramdenimesaukunovani wyvetis Semdeg, qarTuli mwerloba dasavleTisaken iwyebs Semob-runebas. es procesi XV saukunis meore naxevarSi momxdari umniSvnelovanesi ideologiuri da kulturuli Zvrebis Sedegad unda miviCnioT: kulturuli qronologia yo-velTvis rodi emTxveva istoriul qronologias, aramed xSirad win uswrebs mas. 1453 wels konstantinopolis da-cemam da muslimuri samyaros gaZlierebam kardinalurad Secvala axlo aRmosavleTis geopolitikuri da geokul-turuli panorama. Tu SuasaukuneebSi qarTuli saxelmwi-foebrioba da kultura dasavluri qristianuli samyaros organul nawils warmoadgenda, XVI saukunidan qveyanam aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis Sexvedris geokulturul regionSi gadainacvla.** qarTuli mwerloba or dinebas Soris aRmoCnda moqceuli: erTi mxriv – aRmosavleTi, `SeCveuli axali realoba~, misi esTetikuri principebiTa da literaturuli kanonebiT, meore mxriv ki – dasavleTi, erTxel ukve daZleuli gamocdileba, misi konceptebiT, religiuri tradiciebiTa da poetikuri siaxleebiT. gan-sxvavebul kulturul da literaturul dinebaTa gza-Sesayarze mdgomi qarTuli mwerloba Tanabrad CaerTo rogorc aRmosavlur, ise dasavlur kulturul realo-baSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva literaturuli tendencie-

* werilis vrceli versia ix. irma ratianis wignSi `qarTuli mwerloba da msoflio literaturuli procesi~. -Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlo-ba, 2015. Ggv. 74-98.** amis Sesaxeb ix. z. firaliSvili, `qarTuli kaleidoskopi~, 2015, gv. 11-57.

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bisa da gemovnebis siWrele, konceptebis, gavlenebisa da paralelebis siuxve, stilisturi xerxebis, Janrebisa da poetikuri formebis mravalferovneba.

aRniSnuli periodis qarTuli literatura TiTqos gaxsnil kulturul sivrces warmoadgens: erTi mxriv, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs aRmosavluri, kerZod, sparsuli eposis sxvadasxva nimuSebis pirdapir qarTul Targmanebsa da, rig SemTxvevebSi, maTi gavleniTa da mibaZviT Seqmnil originalur versiebs, meore mxriv ki igrZnoba genetikuri SimSili dasavluri kulturisadmi. XV-XVI saukunis qarTveli avtorebis gatacebas sparsuli eposiT mkvlevarebi sxvadasxva mizeziT xsnian, kerZod: sparsuli teqstebis rainduli suliskveTebisa da paTo-sis gadamdebi efeqtiT (iv. javaxiSvili), qarTveli inte-ligenciis `faruli dapirispirebiT~ eklesiasTan (g. lob-JaniZe), agreTve, gafarToebuli literaturuli gemov-nebis arealiT (g. lobJaniZe). Tu aq CamoTvlil mizezebs davamatebT im aucilebel mizezsac, rom am periodis qarTuli realoba politikuri Tu ekonomikuri Tval-sazrisiT Zalian iyo damokidebuli swored sparsul realobaze, sparsuli kulturis eqspansia saqarTveloSi logikur xasiaTs iZens. am fonze gasakviri araa, rom qar-Tuli mwerloba sparsuli literaturisaTvis niSandob-liv araerT maxasiaTebels iTvisebs, maT Soris, giorgi lobJaniZis dakvirvebiT, gamoiyofa: siuJeturi analo-giebi, mxatvruli universaliebis ganmeorebiToba da midrekileba `mravalplaniani metafora-SedarebebiT stilis moCuqurTmebisaken~ (lobJaniZe 2012). gansakuT-rebul aRmavlobas ganicdis sparsuli teqstebis qarTu-lad `gadmoReba~, TumcaRa, savsebiT viziarebT sayovel-Taod miRebul azrs, rom qarTuli mwerloba Semoqmede-biTad udgeboda `sxva kulturis~ adaptirebis sakiTxs: `gadmoReba ucxo Txzulebisa ar iyo meqanikuri aRqmis procesi, aramed procesi SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebisa da Tavis sakuTar gemovneba-SegnebasTan Seguebisa. qar-

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TvelTa SemoqmedebiTma geniam SeZlo naTargmni litera-turis asimilireba, Tavis sakuTar ideur-esTetikur Seg-nebaSi gadaxarSva da gadadnoba misi erovnuli saqmianobis brZmedSi“ (kekeliZe 1951; lobJaniZe 2012: 63). sparsuli eposis Zeglebi TandaTan ipyroben qarTul literatu-rul sivrces, magram aq kidev erTxel iCens Tavs qarTuli kulturis rezistensuloba da qarTuli kulturuli da literaturuli cnobierebis specifika: miuxedavad aR-mosavluri poetikis SesamCnevi zegavlenisa, dasavluri poetika, rogorc qarTuli qristianuli mwerlobis sawyi-si da pirvelwyaro, Zlieri genetikuri mexsierebis doneze ganagrZobs arsebobas, raTa, pirvelive SesaZleblobisas, kvlav amotivtivdes zedapirze. da marTlac, sul male, TvalsaCino qarTveli politikuri da sazogado moRva-weebi aaRorZineben dasavlur esTetikaze orientirebul literaturas, ganpirobebuls evropuli ganmanaTleb-lobisa da klasicizmis kanonebiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT, sa-yuradReboa qarTvel mefeTa – Teimurazis, vaxtangisa da arCilis, agreTve, sulxan-saba orbelianis, daviT gura-miSvilisa da besik gabaSvilis (besikis) moRvaweoba.

Tu Teimurazis, vaxtangisa da arCilis poezia aSka-rad ganicdis aRmosavluri literaturuli kanonis ze-gavlenas, sulxan-saba orbeliani, eZleva ra saSualeba gaecnos Tanamedrove evropul literaturul procesebs, mis kvalad qmnis evropuli Janruli standartebis Se-sabamis teqstebs*: igavebis krebuls – `sibrZne-sicruisa~ (romelic inarCunebs kavSirs aRmosavlur literaturul tradiciasTanac) da mogzaurobis Janris teqsts – `mog-zauroba evropaSi~. amave periodSi niWierebiT gamorCe-uli poetis, besik gabaSvilis poeziaSi, miuxedavad poetis keTilganwyobisa aRmosavluri saleqso formebisadmi, cxadad SeigrZnoba swrafva dasavluri stilisturi eqs-perimentebisken, kerZod ki: aRmosavluri poeziisaTvis

* sulxan-saba orbelianma, vaxtang VI-is davalebiT, sagangebo misiiT imog-zaura evropaSi.

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niSandoblivi miTopoeturoba besikis poeziaSi Canacvle-bulia dasavluri poeziisaTvis niSandoblivi istoriul-yofiTi narativiT. besikis Tanamedrovis, daviT guramiS-vilis SemoqmedebaSi ki evropuli koncepti aSkara domi-nantaa: guramiSvilis `daviTiani~ ganmsWvalulia dasav-luri, qristianuli literaturuli msoflmxedvelobiTada Janrul-Tematuri tendenciebiT – istoriuli, di-daqtikuri da pastoraluri motivebiT, riTac sruliad bunebrivad uaxlovdeba dasavluri leqsis standarts da enaTesaveba mas rogorc konceptualuri, ise stiluri TavalsazrisiT. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sulxan-sa-ba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis mwerloba ara mar-to dasavleTisaken Semobrunebis niSnulad iqca qarTu-li literaturis istoriaSi, aramed ganapiroba qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi gezi da mimarTule-ba. orbelianisa da guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba ar SeiZle-ba ganisazRvros rogorc klasikuri neo-klasicizmis anganmanaTleblobis nimuSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom im drois evropuli literaturuli sivrce upiratesad swored am ori esTetikis Widils efuZneboda. qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedeba ufro sinTezuri xasiaTisaa. mid-rekilebas sinTezurobisaken, SesaZloa, kompromisis Ziebis mudmivi istoriuli Cveva ganapirobebda, TumcaRa, metadre savaraudod sxva motivacia gveCveneba: XVI-XVII saukuneebis evropul literaturaSi ukve moqme-debda neoklasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis sinTe-zuri modeli – e.w. `ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmi~, dafuZnebuli udidesi moazrovneebisa da mwerlebis – sidneis, draidenis, jonsonis, burkes, vinkelmanis, lesingis, Sileris Teoriebze, rac gacilebiT ukeT er-geboda humanisturi suliskveTebis matarebel qarTul kulturul da literaturul tradicias, vidre saf-rangeTSi Camoyalibebuli normatiuli literaturuli mimdinareoba, imTaviTve ganwiruli winaaRmdegobrivi arsebobisaTvis.

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klasicizmi frangul literaturaSi

evropuli, upiratesad franguli, klasicizmis ZiriTadi tendenciebi bevrad gansazRvra nikola bua-los traqtatma `L‘art poetique~, sadac frangi klasicis-tis mier sruliad cxadad da garkveviT iqna Camoyalibe-buli literaturisaTvis mosargebi sqematuri Teoria. bualo daubrunda poetikis klasikur (antikur) koncef-cias da principulad dasva JanrTa klasikuri ierarqiis aRorZinebis sakiTxi*. Tavad neoklasikuri periodis li-teraturuli mimdinareobis dasaxelebac – `klasicizmi~ – miuTiTebda neoklasikosTa gansakuTrebul intereseb-ze klasikuri periodis literaturuli da poetikuri tradiciebisadmi. franguli klasicizmis umTavres maxa-siaTeblebs warmoadgenda:

•mibaZva klasikuri periodis literaturuli kanonebisadmi;

•ukiduresi racionalizmi, keTilgonivrulisa da didaqtikuris primati;

•literaturis mibaZvis obieqtis anu asaxvis are-alis maqsimaluri SezRuduloba;

•saliteraturo enis diferenciacia; •drois, sivrcisa da moqmedebis (samTa) erTianobis

principis dacva.mibaZva klasikuri periodis literaturuli kano-

nebisadmi gamoixateboda, pirvel yovlisa, klasikur epo-qaSi Seqmnili literaturuli nawarmoebebis maqsimalur idealizebaSi: klasicistebi Tvlidnen, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi Seqmnili nawarmoebis mxatvruli forma unda Seesatyvisebodes antikuri periodis literaturul principebsa da normebs, amasTan, teqstebSi sasurvelad miiCnevdnen im istoriuli movlenebis aRweras nawarmoeb-Si, romelTac adgili hqondaT Zvel saberZneTsa an romSi.

* antikur epoqaSi JanrTa klasifikaciisa da ierarqiis sakiTxi ganxiluli iyo aristoteles TxzulebaSi – `poetika”.

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mibaZvas klasikuri poetikuri kanonebisadmi gamoxatav-da, agreTve, klasicistebis damokidebulebas poetikuri principebisadmi, kerZod, literaturis Janruli klasi-fikaciisadmi: klasicizmi mTlianad iziarebda klasikuri Janruli triadis (eposi, lirika, drama – i.r.) gamoyofisa da ganmartebis tendencias.

klasicizmis poetikis erT-erT umTavres principad ukiduresi racionalizmi iqca. sagrZnobi iyo rene dekar-tes filosofiis didi zegavlena. rogorc mogvianebiT SeniSnavda tomas elioti, klasicizmis epoqaSi moxda e.w. `umaRlesi sinTezis~, anu `msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis~ rRveva, kerZod ki, dairRva literaturisaTvis aucile-beli is racionaluri da emociuri mTlianoba Tu balansi, romelic manamde SenarCunebuli iyo yvela literaturul epoqaSi. eliotis azriT, msoflSegrZnebiTi mTlianobis rRveva XVII saukunidan ukurnebeli seniviT moedo evro-pul poezias; Tu renesansisa da gviani renesansis epoqis poetebi mondomebulad inarCunebdnen inteleqtualur da emociur balanss, – Tvlis elioti, – XVII saukunidan moyolebuli, es klasikuri wonasworoba rRvevis gzas adgeba: XVII saukuneSi, klasicizmis epoqaSi, saswori ra-cionalizmis mxares ixreba, XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi ki, – sentimentalizmisa da romantizmis epoqebSi, – impulsuri emociurobis mxares. orive SemTxvevaSi, eliotis azriT, dazaralebul mxares poezia warmoadgenda: racionaliz-mi `steriluri pragmatizmiT~ msWvalavs mas, emociuroba ki – `ironiuli melanqolizmiT~, wuxda elioti. K

klasicizmis epoqaSi maqsimalurad SeizRuda li-teraturuli asaxvis arealic: mibaZeT sasaxles da Seis-wavleT qalaqi, – acxadebda bualo. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli interesis umTavres obieqtebad iqcnen, erTi mxriv, mefe Tavisi sasaxliTa da aristok-ratiiT, xolo, meore mxriv, qalaqi da burJuazia. li-teraturuli asaxvis arealis SezRudvis kvaldakval, ganxorcielda asaxvis saSualebis anu saliteraturo

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enis diferenciaciac: ena daiyo `maRali~ da `dabali~ sti-lis enebad, sadac TiToeuls Tavisi Janruli Sesabamisoba (`maRali~ da `dabali~ Janrebi) hqonda da Tavisi mkiTxve-li (sazogadoebis `maRali~ da `dabali~ fenebi) gaaCnda. dabolos, `samTa erTianobis~ principma qronotopul (dro-sivrcul) CarCoSi moaqcia literaturuli asaxvis procesi: adgilis, droisa da moqmedebis erTianoba ukiduresad amcirebda poeturi fantaziis ganvrcobis masStabs.

am poetikuri kanonebis Sedegad, literaturam miiRo didaqtikuri, mkveTrad logikuri, racionaluri xasiaTi, xolo saliteraturo Janrebi gaimijna erTma-neTisgan statusis, enobrivi modelisa da mkiTxvelis niSniT. `klasicizmis Teoria, upirvelesad yovlisa, em-yareba Janrebis absuluturi sxvaobis (urTierTisagan gamijvnis) gagebas. igi realuri sinamdvilis rTuli da mravalferovani movlenebis warmosaxvas moiTxovs ara mTlianobaSi, aramed erTmaneTisagan gaTiSulad~ (lomiZe 1969: 14).

magram, klasicizmis pragmatuli da xisti lite-raturuli wesebis fonze, romlebic esadageboda abso-lutizmis epoqis msoflmxedvelobasa da amarTlebda evropeli monarqebis molodins, doqtrinis gabatonebi-sTanave, SeimCneoda e.w. `gamonaklisebi~ – konceptualu-ri da stilisturi gadaxvevebi, romlebic ganpirobebuli iyo calkeuli avtorebis siTamamiTa da SemoqmedebiTi principulobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasicizmi Riad qadagebda erTgulebas antikuri kanonebisadmi, upirate-sobas aniWebda logikurisa da zneobrivis, `bunebrivisa~ da `keTilgonivrulis~ primats, amkvidrebda `samTa er-Tianobis~ kanons, axdenda Janrebisa da saliteraturo enis diferencirebas, is Tavis TavSive moicavda winaaR-mdegobriv procesebs: kerZod, neoklasicizmis, rogorc xelovnurad Seqmnili poetikuri sistemis* literaturu-

* renesansis konceptualuri da gamomsaxvelobiTi Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg.

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li kanonis moqmedebis areali erTdroulad sayovelTaoc iyo da individualuric, kerZod:

•is mouwodebda avtorebs, eweraT konkretuli po-etikuri kanonebis farglebSi;

•avtorebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, emxrobodnen am kanonebs, meore mxriv, sakuTari talantisa da Semoqme-debiTi individualobis wyalobiT, uku-zegavlenas ax-denden maTze;

•neoklasikuri poetika, romelic Camoyalibda saf-rangeTSi, inergeboda da viTardeboda TiTqmis yvela li-teraturulad dawinaurebul evropul qveyanaSi, Tum-caRa, TiTqmis yvelgan – mniSvnelovani koreqtivebiT.

am garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, pirvel yovlisa, kritikulad unda gadaisinjos klasicizmis Teoriis avto-ris – nikola bualos Sexedulebebi: Seesabameba ki bualos samsaukunovani reputacia realobas*? vin aris bualo? `samefo karis favoriti poeti~, `pedanti~ da `cilismwame-beli~ Tu `klasicizmis Teoretikosi~ da `spikeri~, `axali poetikuri kanonebis iniciatori? aanalizebs ra nikola bualos pirovnebis am winaaRmdegobriv Sefasebebs, gor-don pokoki aRniSnavs, rom bualom XVII saukuneSi Seqmna axali literaturuli doqtrina da poetikuri normebi, daadgina weris teqnologiebi, magram misi samizne mxolod meqanizmis cvlileba rodi iyo, aramed – axali esTetikuri da zneobrivi normebis SemuSaveba. bualos Teorias, gar-da axali literaturuli kanonis Seqmnis pretenziisa, damcavi funqciac hqonda: bualo safrangeTis moqalaqeTa im ricxvs ekuTvnoda, romelsac eamayeboda absolutizmis epoqis sazogadoebis miRwevebi universaluri normebis SemuSavebis mimarTulebiT. mas miaCnda, rom normebisa da kanonebis sistema Seqmnida Sesabamis emociur konteqsts, sadac mkiTxvels kargi, Seureveli, `sufTa wylis~ poezi-is aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba miecemoda. pokoki aRniSnavs,

* cnobilia, rom romantikosebi mas literaturuli xedvis daviwroebasa da `literaturis yavarjnebze dayenebaSi” sdebdnen brals (Slegelebi).

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rom bualos xelovneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom efuZneboda klasicizmis doqtrinis axal kanonebs, sxva garemoebebsac iTvaliswinebda, magaliTad imas, rom esTetikuri pasux-ismgebloba yovelTvis ganpirobebuli unda iyos mTeli rigi inteleqtualuri da socialuri faqtorebiT; so-cialuri, inteleqtualuri da esTetikuri modelebi erT mTlianobas unda Seadgendes, raTa kulturam ganicados aRmavloba da winsvla da sxv. (pokoki 1980). Tavad bualos Semoqmedebac (odebi, satirebi), romelic mkiTxvels aRq-mis (recefciis) garkveul CarCos sTavazobs, iqve, avtoris maRali ironiis wyalobiT, am recefciis gadasinjvis gza-sac tovebs. swored amitomaa cocxali bualos teqstebi da dResac interesiT ikiTxeba – iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tavad nikola bualo ver Tavsdeboda mis mierve Seqmnili kanonebis standartebSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT pier kor-nelis, Jak rasinis, Jan batist molierisa da sxva TvalsaCi-no frangi mwerlebis Sesaxeb.

genialuri avtorebi arian da unda iyon meamboxeni – es cnobili Tezaa, romelsac dro da istoria adasturebs. klasicizmis epoqis geniosebic, TumcaRa iziarebdnen maTi sazogadoebis mier gamomuSavebul normaTa sistemas, ver Tavsdebodnen dadgenil sazRvrebSi: emociebisa da az-rovnebis diapazoni, romelic `diadi teqstebis~ weras esaWiroeboda, saSualebas ar aZlevda kornelis, rasinis, moliers an la fontens daufiqreblad mieRoT gabatone-buli wesebi – SemoqmedebiTi procesi srulad avsebda dadgenil poetikur normebsa da warmosaxvis Tavisufle-bas Soris darCenil napralebs. SemoqmedebiTi procesis `TviTneboba~ klasicizmis Teoretikosebis mier daSvebu-li im Secdomebis Sedegi iyo, romlebzec zemoT viasubreT da romlebzec samarTlianad miuTiTebs alasTeir foule-ri: `pirvel yovlisa, maT mkacrad hqondaT gansazRvruli Janris wesebi. axali tipis teqstebi an iZulebiT emorCi-lebodnen Zvel wesebs, anac warmoadgendnen maT Rirseul damatebebs, mcire gadaxvevebs arsebul kriteriumebidan.

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meore didi Secdoma Janris neoklasikuri Teoriisa gax-ldaT Janris viwro da lokaluri gagebis generalizacia (ganzogadeba – i.r.). antikur epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli Jan-ruli formebi xelovnurad asimilirdeboda (STanTqavda – i.r.) klasicizmis epoqisaTvis niSandobliv JanrebTan. es kargi iyo Janris klasikuri formebis aRorZinebisaTvis, magram damangreveli axali Janruli formebis ganviTa-rebisTvis~ (fouleri 1982: 27-28).

rogorc aRvniSneT, genialuri avtorebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, emxrobodnen axal kanonebs, meore mxriv, saku-Tari SemoqmedebiTi individualobis wyalobiT, uku-ze-gavlenas axdendnen maTze. swored es garemoeba SeiZleba miviCnioT fanguli klasicizmis Zlier mxared: miuxedavad imisa, rom XVIII saukunis ukve dasawyisidan safrangeTSi fexs ikidebs ganmanaTlebloba, is ver angrevs (TumcaRa aryevs) klasicizmis Teoriul stabilurobas, vinaidan klasicizmi riSeliesa da reformatoruli eklesiis avto-ritarizmis nawilia; ganmanaTlebloba verc klasicizmis mxatvrul Rirebulebas angrevs, radgan es ukanaskneli aRsavsea meamboxe geniosTa SemoqmedebiT. maTi kalmis wya-lobiT antikuri epoqidan `gadmobargebuli~ literatu-ruli Janrebi – tragedia, oda, igav-araki, komedia – axal sicocxles iZens. kornelisa da rasinis dramaturgia axa-li TemebiTa da emociebiT aRavsebs tragediis Janrs: wina planze gamodis pirovnuli da moqalaqeobrivi valdeb-ulebebis Sejaxeba, makiaveluri suliskveTebis* gamoxatva, adamianuri emociebisa da vnebebis demonstrireba (siyvar-uli, eWvianoba, seqsualuri ltolva), anarqiis molodini gamyarebuli disciplinis CarCoebSi;L la fontenis alego-riul da simbolikiT datvirTul igav-arakebSi ukiduresi daZabuloba SeigrZnoba socialur fasadsa da realur md-gomareobas Soris, molieris Teatralur niRbebs miRma ki vnebebi boboqrobs: niRabs amofarebuli mwerali arnaxul

* nikola makiaveli – renesansis epoqis moazrovne, avtori gaxmaurebuli wig-nisa `mTavari”.

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Tavisuflebas grZnobs – vizualuri efeqtis gamoyenebiT, morgebulad moZraobs realursa da gamonagons Soris, am-wvavebs maT mxatvrul dapirispirebas, Sreobrivad anawi-lebs da arTulebs xasiaTebs, aRwevs gonivrulisa da in-stinqturis ukidures antagonizms, arnaxulad cocxals, energiuls, ordinarulsa da, xSirad, familarulsac ki xdis mxatvrul metyvelebas.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, samar-Tliani iqneba imis aRniSvna, rom franguli klasicizmis wiaRSi Seqmnil Rirebul (e.w. `diad~) teqstebSi `goneba~ ufro instrumentia, vidre safuZveli, ufro raciona-lizaciaa, vidre racionalizmi. rene breis azriT, Tundac calkeuli mwerlebis SemoqmedebiTi siTamame adasturebs, rom klasicizmi sulac ar iyo iseTi srulyofili, rogo-radac moCanda: Teoria xSirad furcelze rCeboda, praq-tikuli saqmianoba ki sxva geziT miemarTeboda – avtorebs meti aqcentebis dasma SeeZloT calkeul problemebze, vidre winaswar SemuSavebul moralur mowodebebsa da kanonebs. Aamis erT-erTi mizezi unda yofiliyo safrange-Tis socialuri siWrele, vinaidan mwerloba yvela droSi valdebulia reagireba moaxdinos socialur gamowvevebze: `wesebi ufro xSirad ergeboda Tanamedrove mayureblis (mkiTxvelis – i.r.) gemovnebas, vidre winaswar SemuSave-bul zneobriv da racionalur normebs~ (brei 1974: 13).

evropuli mwerloba da ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmi

amrigad, neoklasicizms hqonda `sisusteebi~, rom-lebsac `Tavis sasargeblod~ iyenebdnen wamyvani frangi mwerlebi da qmnidnen Rirebul literaturas. swored es iZleoda meTodologiur safuZvels, raTa neoklasiciz-mis literaturuli mimdinareoba Tamamad, magram sxvada-sxva koreqtivebiT ganviTarebuliyo evropis mTel rig

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mowinave qveynebSi, ise, rom ar damorCileboda doqtrinis standartebs. miT ufro, rom klasicizmis doqtrinas safrangeTSive gamouCnda Rirseuli oponenti volteris saxiT. volteris filosofiis, esTetikisa da literatu-ris wiaRSi klasicizmis epoqis `saxelmwifoebrivad ori-entirebulma da reglamentirebulma adamianma, imperiis wevrma, romelic eufleba xilul samyaros~, Tvisebrivi transformacia ganicada da gardaiqmna `iniciativian, avanturul adamianad, romelic cxovrobs mswraflcva-lebad samyaroSi~ (borevi 2001: 206). volteris esTetika axlos idga neoklasicizmis esTetikasTan, TumcaRa az-rovnebisa da Semoqmedebis axal standartebs adgenda: xelovneba ganixileboda zneobrivi aRzrdis saSualebad, tragedia ki – keTilSobilebis Semecnebis wyarod, sadac keTilSobileba moqmedebiT Seimecneba da ara didaqti-kiT. `volteriseul tragediaSi klasicizmis moqalaqe-obrivma motivebma antiabsolutisturi mimarTuleba SeiZina~ (borevi 2001: 206), ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada `we-sebis~ morigeba `maRal gemovnebasTan~ da, garkveulwi-lad, gansazRvra ganmanaTleblobis WeSmariti ideolo-gis, deni didros esTetikuri dakvirvebani*.

volteris ideebs germaniaSi gamoexmaura lesingi, romelic vinkelmanTan erTad axali tipis esTetikuri formalizmis fuZemdeblad aris miCneuli. maTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, teqstSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba vizualur niSnebsa da moZraobas, rac, logikuri msjelobebis gar-da, aRZravs grZnobebsa da emociebs. lesingis esTetikuri Sexedulebani Camoyalibebulia mis saetapo naSromebSi

* didro Tvlida, rom xelovneba mowodebulia, aRzardos adamiani moqalaqeobrivi keTilSobilebis suliskveTebiT da gauRvivos siZulvili codvisadmi~. didros filosofiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava adamianis mier `maRali idealebis~ SemuSavebis aucileblobam, rac, Tavis mxriv, unda aesaxa xelovnebas. TumcaRa, didrosave azriT, arcerT xelovnebas ar ZaluZs iyos ufro srulyofili, vidre aris buneba: buneba ufro maRalia vidre xelovneba, is pirvelwyaroa da xelovani uZluria, Seqmnas originalze ukeTesi asli. xelovani unda akvirdebodes bunebas, rogorc Tavisi Semoqmedebis wyaros (didro 1935-1947: 544).

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`hamburgis dramaturgia~ da `laokooni~. saimon rixte-ris marTebuli SeniSvniT, `lesingi iyo pirveli, vinc SeZ-lo aecremlebina germaneli mayurebeli aristotelese-ul proporciebze gawyobili burJuaziuli tragedi-ebis meSveobiT~ (rixteri 2005: 441). man Seqmna germanuli nacionaluri Teatri, daSorebuli franguli neoklas-icizmis zegavlenisgan. aristoteleanuri da neoklasi-cisturi `SiSi~ da `sibraluli~ lesingma `TanagrZnobiT~ (Sympathy) Searbila da daamkvidra `TanagrZnobis eTikis~ cneba, romelic aqtiurad iqna gamoyenebuli ganmanaT-leblobis (didro, svifti), sentimentalizmisa (ruso) da romantizmis (hiugo) epoqis esTetikaSi.

germaniaSive, neoklasicizmis recefciis individu-aluri versiebi daamkvidres goeTem da Silerma vaimaru-li klasicizmis periodSi. paTosi, romliTac dawerilia goeTesa da Sileris Sromebi, SeiZleba ganisazRvros ro-gorc `maZiebeli paTosi~, anu dauokebeli survili axali literaturuli formebis Ziebisa neoklasicizmis mier SemoTavazebul CarCoebs miRma. mimoixilavs ra am epoqis germanul esTetikasa da dramas, wignSi `tragediis sik-vdili~ georg Staineri aRniSnavs, rom Sileri swored is avtori iyo, romelic eZiebda tragediis WeSmarit formas, Sesaferiss racionaluri, optimisturi da, amave dros, sentimentaluri post-paskalianeli adamianisaTvis*. eZi-ebda da poulobda: Staineris azriT, Silerma SeZlo krizisis gadalaxva ara marto xasiaTebisa da idealebis, aramed – epoqebisa da mijnebis avTentur konfliqtSi: `don karlosi, uolensteins todi, da, rasakvirvelia, ma-ria stiuarti tragediis samyaros ganekuTvnebian. vaRi-areb, rom romantizmi antitragikuli movlena iyo, mag-ram romantizmis epoqa jer kidev inarCunebs beThovenis suliskveTebas~ (Staineri 1961: 185). Sileri marTlac idga klasicistur-ganmanaTlebluri da romantikuli esTe-

* Stainers dabejiTebiT miaCnda, rom goeTes `fausti~ ufro `diadi~ melodrama iyo, vidre tragedia (Staineri 1961: 135).

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tikis gzaSesayarze: xelovneba misTvis zneobrivi da go-nebrivi ganaTlebis sferoa, ara garegani, aramed Sinagani tendencia, romelic warmoadgens umokles gzas Tavisu-flebisaken: bunebis mona adamiani bunebis kanonmdebelad iqceva, vinaidan ZaluZs misi gaazreba; Tuki aqamde bune-ba iyo mbrZanebeli, axla is adamianis Seswavlisa da dak-virvebis obieqtia.*

franguli neoklasicizmis doqtrina arc inglisur literaturul wreebs miuRiaT sufTa saxiT: XVI-XVII sa-ukuneebis inglisSi namdvili omi gaCaRda poeziis im mo-delis winaaRmdeg, romelic puritanobis wiaRidan momdi-nareobda da mxars uWerda frangul klasicizms. ase maga-liTad, mwvave kritika xvda wilad aleqsander poups, ro-melic klasicizmis franguli modelis gulSematkivrad miiCneoda. misi mTavari Sroma – `ese kritikis Sesaxeb~ – araerTgvarovnad iqna miRebuli misive Tanamedrove in-glisuri sazogadoebis mier. zogierTi Tvlida, rom poupi Zalian `bevrs rasmes~ esesxeboda antikuri epoqis moaz-rovneebs, zogsac miaCnda, rom is franguli klasiciz-mis mimdevari iyo da cdilobda, Tavs moexvia es kanonebi ingliseli mwerlebisaTvis. TumcaRa, XXI saukunis kri-tikosebis azriT, poupis Sroma zedmetad radikalurad iqna Sefasebuli misi Tanamedrove kritikis mier: XVII sa-ukunis inglisSi neoklasicizmi ar yofila miRebuli misi pirvandeli formiT, aramed – mniSvnelovani koreqtive-biTa da CasworebebiT; poupis Sromac `ukiduresobaTa~ da `gadaxvevaTa~ harmonizebis mcdelobas warmoadgenda, rac, erTi mxriv, warmoaCenda avtoris keTilganwyobas klasicizmis poetikuri normebisadmi, meore mxriv ki, asa-buTebda normebidan gadaxvevis esTetikur aucileblo-basa da SesaZleblobebs. amave periodSi inglisuri esTe-tikuri azris sxva warmomadgenlebmac – draideni, jon-soni, burke – mosinjes kalami.

* aq sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia ioane bagrationis Txzuleba `kalmasoba~, romelic 1813-1828 wlwbSi daiwewra da romlis avtoric aSkarad dgas gan-manaTlebluri klasicizmisa da romantikuli esTetikis gzajvaredinze.

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gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs jon dra-idenis naSromi `eseebi dramatuli poeziis Sesaxeb~, rome-lic, a. fouleris azriT, `gamoirCa Segnebuli paTosiT, daecva literatura arsebuli wesebisagan~ (fouleri 1982: 27). draideni, romlis avtoritetic Zalzed maRali iyo inglisur literaturul wreebSi, ara marto aRwerda literaturul formebs maTi dakanonebuli normebis far-glebSi, aramed eZiebda konkretuli tipis teqstisaTvis mizanSewonil individualur wesebs anu afasebda nawar-moebs arsebul normebs miRma. draideni konceptualurad enaTesaveboda ben jonsons, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mou-wodebda kritikosebs, meti masStaburobiT gaeazrebinaT literaturuli Janrebis specifika. miuxedavad imisa, rom draideni misdevda neoklasicizmis mier dawesebul liraturul kanons, Sermanis azriT, is `moulodneliSemobrunebebis didostatia~ (Sermani 2004: 16); gaore-bebi, satiruli wiaRsvlebi, mwvave dialogebi Tan gas-devs draidenis mravalferovan da masStabur literatu-rul memkvidreobas, Seqmnils aseTsave mravalferovan da istoriulad aramdgrad epoqaSi. draidenis teqstebis (upiratesad, dramebisa da satirebis) paTosi mizanmimar-Tuladaa ganzavebuli maSindeli inglisis politikur da socialur realobasTan – `ganaxlebis Semdgom aravis Caudia amdeni zizRi Tavis pamfletebSi, parodiebsa Tu dramebSi, ramdenic man Cado~ (Sermani 2004: 18). draidenma axali sunTqva SesZina neoklasikur Janrebs, magram, rac arsebiTia, literatura erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis miseuli modelis Sesaqmenlad gamoiyena: draideni ingli-suri da evropuli ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmis ideo-logia, romlis Semoqmedebac adasturebs, rom normati-ul sistemaze agebul mxatvrul-literaturul teqsteb-Sic ki SesaZlebelia axali nacionaluri identobis Semo-tana da damkvidreba. amgvari moRvaweoba mas ara marto sakuTar literaturul kredod miaCnda, aramed – misi drois mkiTxvelebisaTvis esTetikuri tkbobis miniWebis erTad-

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erT swor gzad: `vaRiareb, – wers igi, – rom Cemi mTavari survilia, tkboba mivaniWo epoqas, romelSic vcxovrob~ (draideni 1974: 36).

ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmi warmoadgenda Suale-dur, sinTezur, erTgvar gardamaval literaturul formas klasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis esTetikur modelebs Soris. is iyo memkvidre klasicizmisa da wina-morbedi ganmanaTleblobisa – mis wiaRSi absolutizmis paTosiT SeduRabebuli sazogadoeba axladfexadgmuli burJuaziisa da konservatoruli aristokratiis dapi-rispirebis velad gadaiqca. klasicizmis epoqis `regla-mentirebuli morCili~ gonivruli politikis farglebSi miRweuli `Tavisuflebis momxre moqalaqem~ Caanacvla, xolo literaturuli Janrebis myari da ierarqiuli sistema – literaturuli Janrebis uCveulo moqnilobam, gamowveulma sazogadoebrivi da socialuri yofis swrafi cvalebadobiT.

ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmis refleqsia qarTul literaturaSi

swored aseT gardamaval, sinTezur xanaSi iwyebs Semobrunebas qarTuli politikuri realoba evropisa-ken, xolo qarTuli literatura – dasavluri litera-turuli procesebisken. dasavlur yaidaze gamarTuli Teoriuli daL literaturuli novaciebis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs qarTveli me-fe-poetebis, agreTve, sulxan-saba orbelianis, anton I kaTalikosis, mamuka baraTaSvilis, daviT guramiSvilis, besik gabaSvilis sazogadoebrivi da SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba.

am adamianebma erT-erT yvelaze rTul da naklebad wakiTxul epoqaSi icxovres. es iyo dro axali qarTuli

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identobis da kulturuli strategiebis formirebisa, qarTUli kulturis Cabrenebisa dasavlur kulturaSi, romlis fonzec Zireul gardaqmnas iwyebda qarTuli li-teraturuli procesi. miuxedavad imisa, rom XVIII sauku-neSi Seqmnili Teoriuli traqtatebi – anton kaTalikosis `wyobilsityvaoba~ da mamuka baraTaSvilis `WaSniki~, – Ta-vianTi arsiTa da struqturiT sqolastikur-didaqtikur xasiaTs atarebda, isini savsebiT esadageboda evropuli klasicizis atmosferos (`sami Stilis Teoria~, `dabali da maRali Stili~ da sxv.). am tipis naSromebis ukve Seqmna iyo da aris dasturi qarTuli saazrovno sivrcis Semob-runebisa dasavluri poetikisaken, sulxan-saba orbeli-anisa da daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba ki TvalnaTliv warmoaCens qarTuli mwerlobis aramarto SemoqmedebiT swrafvas dasavluri literaturuli principebisadmi, aramed draideniseul paToss, rom normatiul sistemaze agebul mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSic ki SesaZ-lebelia axali nacionaluri identobis Semotana da damkvidreba.

sulxan-saba orbelianma ara marto uerTgula sa-kuTar sazogadoebriv principebs, aramed xeli Seuwyo mTeli saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciis Camoya-libebas sakmaod winaaRmdegobriv epoqaSi; man ara marto imogzaura evropaSi, aramed moaxdina evropeistuli az-rovnebis gadarCenili fragmentebis Tavmoyra da aRdgena saqarTveloSi; aRmosavluri kulturuli modelisadmi keTilganwyobil qarTul saazrovno da literaturul sivrces sulxan-sabam damajereblad SesTavaza evropuli neoklasikuri da ganamanaTlebluri kulturis tenden-ciebi. amis dasturia is, rom: `sibrZne-sicruisa~, miuxe-davad avtoris erTgulebisa rigi aRmosavluri motive-bisadmi, konceptualuri, Janruli da stilisturi Tval-sazrisiT, gviani neoklasicizmisa da adriani ganmanaT-leblobis daxvewil nazavs warmoadgens; `mogzauroba evropaSi~ iqca ara marto kulturul-samecniero, geog-

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rafiul, istoriografiul da literaturul-Janrul movlenad, aramed – inteleqtualur orientirad sabas Tanamedrove evropul kulturaSi. metic, sabaseuli mog-zaurobis teqstma dasabami misca interkulturuli ko-munikaciebis literaturul tradicias saqarTveloSi da safuZveli Cauyara uaRresad saintereso da mravalfe-rovan qarTul samogzauro narativs, romelmac Semdgom epoqebSi gagrZeleba hpova grigol orbelianis (`mogza-uroba Cemi tfilisidan peterburgamdis~), ilia WavWava-Zis (`mgzavris werilebi~), aleqsandre yazbegis (`namwyem-saris mogonebani~) da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi. sulxan-saba orbelianis mxatvruli teqstebis, leqsikonebis, religi-uri xasiaTis Sromebisa Tu qadagebanis literaturuli da sarwmunoebrivi, erovnuli da politikuri mniSvneloba ar SemoisazRvra mxolod misi droiT, aramed SeinarCu-na aqtualoba dResac. msgavsi sicocxlisunarianoba ki sulxan-sabas mier organizebuli literaturuli da sax-elmwifoebrivi paradigmis konceptualuri da strategi-uli siaxlis maCvenebelia.

reformatoruli misiis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian co-ta qarTveli mwerali da moazrovne TuU Seedreba daviT guramiSvils. swored man, pirvelma, dasZlia qarTul poeziaSi aRmosavluri eposis zegavlena da, evropuli leqsis reformatoruli tendenciebis fonze, Seqmna originaluri qarTuli lirika; daviT guramiSvilma da-abruna qarTul literaturaSi qristianuli simbolika da saxismetyveleba, moaxdina marginalur poziciaze myofi qristianuli diskursis reanimacia. guramiSvili gamoexmaura ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmisaTvis niSan-dobliv iseT esTetikur principebs, rogoricaa: lite-raturuli teqstis aqtiuri mimarTeba erovnul poli-tikur da socialur realobasTan, zomieri raciona-lizmisa da didaqtikis damkvidreba, nacionaluri fol-kloruli motivebis gaaqtiureba. daviT guramiSvilma

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mSvenieris, amaRlebulis, diadis esTetikiT gaajera Tavisi leqsi.

rasakvirvelia, Tamami Zvrebis miuxedavad, qarTuli literaturuli realobis srulad gamoyvana aRmosav-luri poetikis zegavlenisgan arc martivi procesi iyo da arc erTjeradi. magram tendencia, romelic XVII-XVIII saukuneebisaTvis gamoikveTa, eWvgareSea: qarTuli men-taloba identobis aRmoCenis axal fazas uaxlovdeboda, wamyvani qarTveli avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi ki meTodurad xorcieldeboda evropuli konceptis aRdgena, gamoxatu-li ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmis modeliT*. miuxedavad imisa, rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelo, Tavisi isto-riuli realobidan gamomdinare, aqtiurad ver erTveboda evropaSi gaCaRebul klasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis esTetikaTa WidilSi, qarTulma literaturam (da kul-turam), SezRuduli SesaZleblobis farglebSic ki, moax-dina am orive saazrovno modelis refleqsireba. arsebi-Ti mizezi amisa iyo qarTuli literaturis tradiciuli an genetikurad organizebuli kulturuli CarTuloba evropul (dasavlur) saliteraturo sivrceSi. Sesabami-sad, imis mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelos xelaxali evrope-izaciis procesi ukavSirdeba XIX saukunidan formirebul rusul kulturul-literaturul gavlenebs, safuZvel-moklebulad migvaCnia: rusuli romantizmis gamocdile-bam mxolod daaCqara (da, amasTan, daazarala) romantiz-mis dasavluri literaturuli skolis damkvidreba sa-qarTveloSi, vinaidan qarTuli literatura ukve idga ar-Ceul gzaze – es iyo gza evropisaken, im literaturu-li da saazrovno modelisken, romelsac dasabamidan, bunebrivad ekuTvnoda arsobrivad qristianuli qarTu-li mwerloba.

* rigi qarTveli mkvlevarebi am epoqis qarTul mwerlobaSi barokos kvalsac xedaven. ix. gG. gaCeCilaZe, renesansi da baroko // sulxan-saba orbeliani 350. saiubileo krebuli, 2009; i. kenWoSvili, `gardamavali megaperiodi qarTul literaturaSi // literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove problemebi, Tb., 2007; m. naWyebia, qarTuli barokos sakiTxebi, 2009./

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damowmebani:

borevi 2001a: Борев, Ю. Ампир. В кн: Теория литературы, т. IV. Литературный

процесс. Москва: ИМЛИ РАН, «Наследие», 2001.

brei 1974: Brey, R. La Formation de la Doctrine Classique en Franc. Nizet, 1974.

draideni 1974: Dryden. The Critical Heritage. Ed. By James Kinsley and Hellen

Kinsley. London: Routhledge& Kegan Paul, 1974.

kekeliZe 1951: kekeliZe k. `mTArgmnelobiTi meTodi Zvel qarTul lit-

eraturaSi da misi xasiaTi~. literaturuli Ziebani, VII. Tbilisi: 1951.

lobJaniZe 2012: lobJaniZe g. `qarTul-aRmosavluri mxatvruli ge-

movneba da literaturuli universaliebi XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi~. wg-Si:

XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli literatura. aRmosavluri da dasavluri

kulturul-literaturuli procesebis gzaSesayarze. Tbilisi: univer-

sali, 2012.

lomiZe 1969: lomiZe g. komediis Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis prob-

lema. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1969.

pokoki 1980: Pocock, Gordon. Boileau adn the Nature of Neo-Classicis. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1980.

rixteri 2005: Richter, Simon. German Classical Tragedy: Lessing, Goethe, Schil-

ler, Kleist, and Buchner. A companion to Tragedy. Ed. By Rebecca Bushnell. Blackwell

Publishing LTD. 2005.

fouleri 1982: Fowler, A. Kinds of Literature. An Introduction to the Theory of

Genres and Modes. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982.

Sermani 2004: Sherman, S. “Dryden and the Theatrical Imagination”. The Cambridge Companion to John Dryden. Cambridge: University Press, 2004.

Staineri 1961: Steiner, G. The Death of Tragedy. Faber and Faber 24 Russell Square.

London: 1961.

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maia naWyebia

literaturuli baroko

baroko warmoadgens gansakuTrebul istoriul-kulturul da mxatvrul epoqas, romelmac moitana axa-li, renesansis sapirispiro msoflmxedveloba da msofl-aRqma. renesansuli idealebis krizisma XVI saukunis mi-wuruls evropul literaturasa da xelovnebaSi axali mimdinareoba warmoSva, romelic espaneTidan da itali-idan evropis sxva qveynebSic gavrcelda da zogierT qveyanaSi XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedamde gastana.

termini baroko

termin `barokos~ sxvadasxva ganmartebebi arsebobs da yoveli maTgani mniSvnelovania misi arsis gasagebad. iTvleba, rom es saxelwodeba momdinareobs portuga-liuri perola barrocca–dan, romelic cisartyelis ferebiT mbrwyinav uswormasworo formis Zvirfas margalits aR-niSnavs. meore versiis Tanaxmad laT. barrocco Znelsacna-uri sqolasturi silogizmia da mesame, barrocco siyalbesa da tyuils niSnavs. margalitis uswormasworo forma ba-rokos apirispirebs harmoniul, klasikur idealTan miax-loebul renesansis xelovnebasTan, Zvirfas margalitTan daaxloebiT ki xazi esmeba barokos midrekilebas fufu-nebisken, daxvewilobisken, dekoratiulobisken, xolo silogizmis xseneba miuTiTebs barokos kavSirze Suasa-ukuneTa sqolastikasTan, dabolos, is, rom baroko ga-nimarteba rogorc siyalbe da tyuili, xazs usvams ilu-zorulobis moments, romelic uaRresad Zlieria barokosxelovnebaSi. sabolood, ufro xSirad am termins uswor-masworo formis margalitis saxelwodebas ukavSireben.

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XVIII saukunidan es termini mtkiced damkvidrda xelov-nebaTmcodneobaSi, xolo literaturaTmcodneobaSi ki gacilebiT gvian – mxolod XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mo-ikida fexi. miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturaTmcod-neobaSi es termini SedarebiT gvian SemoiRes, dRes ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom baroko gansakuTrebuli saxis ideur-kulturuli mimarTulebaa, romelic suli-eri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Seexo, moicva isini da ev-ropul xelovnebasa da literaturaSi specifikuri mxat-vruli sistema Seqmna.

barokos xSirad ganixilaven rogorc stils am sity-vis viwro gagebiT, anu rogorc formalur-esTetikuri xerxebis jams, magram baroko aris mxatvruli stilic da literaturuli mimarTulebac da amasTan erTad igi garkveuli kulturis tipsac warmoadgens. jerjerobiT barokos adamianis msoflSegrZneba, baroko, rogorc mxatvruli sistema, naklebadaa Seswavlili da rogorc barokos cnobili mkvlevari J. ruse SeniSnavs: `barokos idea im ideaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelsac rac ufro me-tad akvirdebi, miT ufro gisxlteba xelidan da miT ufro naklebad axerxeb mis moxelTebas~.

is Semoqmedni, romlebic barokos mxatvrul siste-mas miekuTvnebodnen, xSirad saerTo msoflmxedvelobasa da esTetikur principebs iziarebdnen, magram es ar gamor-icxavda barokos SemoqmedebaSi gansxvavebebs msoflmxed-velobiT da mxatvrul aspeqtebSi. sxvadasxva sazogado-ebrivi dajgufebebis warmomadgenlebi barokos xelovne-bas Tavisi interesebis samsaxurSi ayenebdnen da amitomac erTi mxatvruli sistemis farglebSi arsebobda gansxva-vebuli mimarTulebebi da stiluri tendenciebi. baroko Tavisi arsiT sayovelTao evropuli da sazogadoebrivi krizisis gamovlineba iyo, romelsac sxvadasxva qveynebsa da erebSi specifikuri Tvi sebebi axasiaTebda.

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renesansidan barokosken

gadasvla renesansidan barokosken xangrZliv da araerTmniSvnelovan process warmoadgenda, barokos zogierTi niSani ukve manierizmSi (gviani renesansis sti-luri mimdinareoba) momwifda. baroko renesansuli ide-alebis kriziss warmoadgens, barokos arsis gaazrebis-Tvis ki mniSvnelovania imis ganmarteba, Tu raSi mdgo-mareobda es krizisi. humanistebi xotbas asxamdnen miwier cxovrebas da diTirambebs uZRvnidnen gonebis Semoqmede-biT aRmafrenas. eklesiis wnexisagan Tavisufali renesan-suli literatura icavda adamianis Tavisufal azrs da mis pirovnul Tavisuflebas. humanistebs swamdaT adamianis keTili bunebis, isini darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom adamiani ar isargeblebda TavisuflebiT boroti saqcielis Casa-denad. maTi rwmeniT adamians bunebam misca iseTi Tvisebe-bi, romlebic mas akaveben codvis, yovelgvari siboroti-sa da uaryofiTis Cadenisgan. renesansma xelovnebis cen-trSi adamiani moaTavsa da aq umniSvnelovanesi iyo Teo-logiuri da filosofiuri tradiciis SeTanxmeba. swored qristianuli kategoriebiT azrovnebis Sedegia, rom re-nesansis axalma, humanisturma orientaciam yvelaze cxadi gamoxatuleba adamianis Sesaxeb Seqmnil moZRvrebaSi hpo-va, rodesac bibliuri qristianobis safuZvelze adami-anis axali koncefcia, renesansuli humanizmis safuZveli – renesansuli anTropocentrizmi (berZn. anqrwpo~ – ada-miani da laT. centrum – centri, warmodgena adamianze, ro-melic dakavSirebulia religiasa da idealizmTan. am war-modgenis Tanaxmad, adamiani aris samyaros saboloo mizani da misi centri) Seqmna. humanisturi azris mwvervals war-moadgens swored swavlebani adamianis Sesaxeb. renesansis kulturam adamiani samyaros centrSi moaTavsa da igi `sam-yaros gvirgvinad~ dasaxa. renesansis msoflmxedveloba damyarebulia samyaros harmoniis, adamianis keTili nebis rwmenaze, magram gviani humanizmi ukve eWvis qveS ayenebs doqtrinas `adamianis usazRvro SesaZleblobaTa~ da ada-mianis keTili bunebis Sesaxeb.

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baroko. zogadi daxasiaTeba

barokos epoqa evropisTvis uaRresad rTuli da krizisuli xana iyo politikuri, ekonomikuri da soci-aluri TvalsazrisiT. es periodi TiTqmis mTel evropaSi religiuri, socialuri, politikuri da sazogadoebrivi kataklizmebis droa: ocdaaTwliani omi germaniaSi, ro-melic qveynisTvis erovnul katastrofad iqca, antife-odaluri ajanyebebi espaneTSi, italiasa da portugali-aSi, reformacia da kontrreformacia (reformacia – re-ligiuri da sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba XVI-XVII saukuneebis dasavleT da centraluri evropis qvey-nebSi, romelic mimarTuli iyo kaTolikuri qristianobis reformirebaze. kontrreformacia – igive periodSi Casa-xuli moZraoba, romlis mizanic iyo roma-ul-kaTolikuri eklesiis prestiJis aRdgena), fronda (amboxeba, romelic 1648-52 wlebSi lui XIV-is mefobis dros moxda) safran-geTSi, burJuaziuli revolucia inglissa da niderlan-debSi, osmalebis Semoseva, romlebic venamde mividnen, Savi Wiris epidemia da sxva bunebrivi katastrofebi. baro-kos warmoSobas gansazRvravs axali msoflaRqma, rene-sansuli msoflmxedvelobis krizisi da grandiozuli da universaluri pirovnebis (homo univesralis) ideis uaryofa. axali warmodgenebis safuZvelSi, romlebmac gansazRvres barokos arsi, Zevs samyaros sirTulis, misi Rrma winaaR-mdegobriobis, yofierebis dramatulobis da adamianis daniSnulebis gagebis cda. am warmodgenebze garkveul-wilad gavlenas axdenda epoqis religiuri Ziebani, rac mkafiod aisaxa mis literaturaze, es gansakuTrebiT po-ezias exeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi mecnieri baro-kos ganixilavda, rogorc wminda konfesiur movlenas da mas kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris mimdinare re-ligiur brZolebs ukavSirebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom rig qveynebSi igi kontrreformaciis procesSi kaTolicizmis propagandasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, baroko zekonfesi-

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uria Tavisi arsiT, vinaidan man nayofieri niadagi ipova rogorc kaTolikur da protestantul, ise marTlmadi-deblur garemoSi.

barokos msoflaRqmasa da SemoqmedebiT praqtikaSi erTmaneTTan ucnauradaa gadajaWvuli gazviadebuli afeqturoba, grZnobaTa ukiduresi egzaltacia, Seucnob-lis Secnobisken swrafva da fantastikis elementebi. am epoqis Semoqmedebis warmodgeniT samyaro gaxleCili da uwesrigoa, adamiani ki mxolod da mxolod saTamaSoa mi-uwvdomel ZalaTa xelSi. cxovreba qaoturia, radgan igi SemTxveviTobaTa jaWvs warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, cxov-reba aramdgradia da misTvis damaxasiaTebelia cvaleba-dobis imanenturi mdgomareoba, xolo misi kanonebi mouxel-Tebelia. baroko TiTqos xleCs samyaros: masSi zeciurTan erTad miwieri Tanaarsobs, amaRlebulTan ki – mdabali. am dinamiuri da myisierad cvalebadi samyarosTvis ara mxolod cvalebadoba da warmavlobaa damaxasiaTebeli, aramed yofierebis uCveulo intensiurobac da mSfoTvare vnebebis daZabulobac, polaruli movlenebis – siboro-tis grandiozulobisa da sikeTis sidiadis gaerTianeba. monumenturobisken midrekili baroko grZnobaTa mTel diapazons itevs: masSi aris religiuri motivebi, warmav-lobis, samyaros xrwnadobis, sikvdilisa da ganwirulobi Temebi, magram amave dros tragikul sawyisTan Tanaarsobs saocari hedonizmi.

garda imisia, rom barokos Semoqmedni aRiarebdnen cxovrebis tragikulobasa da winaaRmdegobriobas, isi-ni Tvlidnen, rom arsebobs raRac umaRlesi RvTaebrivi goniereba, yvelaferSi aris faruli azri da maSasadame, saWiroa Segueba msoflwesrigTan. barokos kulturaSi, gansakuTrebiT literaturaSi, garda imisa, rom igi kon-centrirebuli iyo siborotis problemasa da samyaros xrwnadobaze da warmavlobaze, gaCnda krizisis daZle-vis survili, survili umaRlesi gonierebis gaazrebisa, romelSic Serwymulia rogorc keTili, ise boroti sawyi-

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si. es ki winaaRmdegobriobis daZlevis cda iyo da samyaros ukidegano sivrceebSi adamianis adgili ganisazRvreboda misi, adamianis, gonebis SemoqmedebiTi ZaliT da saswaulis SesaZleblobiT. amgvar midgomaSi RmerTi warmoadgenda samarTlianobis, gulmowyalebis da umaRlesi gonebis gansaxierebas. am epoqis mravali SemoqmedisTvis damaxa-siaTebeli iyo eWvisa da skepticizmis gancda, tipuria msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom imqveyniuri cxovreba sjobs tanjvas codvil dedamiwaze.

imis gamo, rom barokos periodisaTvis damaxasiaTe-belia Rrma krizisi, qaosi da saerTo moRuSuli atmos-fero, romelic evropaSi sufevda, xalxs eufleboda uime-dobisa da ganwirulobis grZnoba, eWvi da undobloba amqveyniuri cxovrebisadmi. barokos warmomadgenlebma renesansis avtorebisTvis Cveuli, realobis kritikuli asaxva kidev ufro gaaRrmaves da realobas misTvis damaxa-siaTebeli mTeli tragizmiT xatavdnen. maTSi ar gvxvdeba realobis is idealizacia, romelsac mimarTavdnen rene-sansis avtorebi, rodesac cdilobdnen Tavisi idealebi ganxorcielebulad da gamarjvebulad warmoedginaT. tragikulma cnobierebam da samyaros winaaRmdegobaTa gadaWris SeuZlebloba barokos mwerlebSi warmoSobs pesimizms, zogjer ki moRuSul da enamweare sarkazms.

baroko. adamianis koncefcia

barokos avtorebTan ukve veRar vxvdebiT sicocx-lis xaliss; rwmenas, rom adamiani borotebaze gaimar-jvebs; sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeba pesimizmis, skepti-cizmi, amqveyniuri cxovrebis aramyarobis da warmavlobis motivebi. dominanturi xdeba adamianis mier imis Segneba, rom borotebis winaaRmdeg brZola ganwirulia damar-cxebisTvis. barokos literaturis stilisa da Tavad Si-

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naarsis cvlileba ganapiroba istoriuli sinamdvilis xarisxobrivma cvlilebam, renesansis xanis dasrulebam. erTaderT cxovrebiseul WeSmaritebas xalxi isev misti-kur, transcendentul, araamqveyniur samyaroSi eZebda. sazogadoebaSi isev gavrcelda Suasaukunoebrivi ganwyo-bileba, rac qristes meored mosvlasa da ukanaskneli sam-sjavros win mis aTaswlian mefobaSi gamoixateboda.

barokos literaturaSi xdeba rogorc samyarosa da adamianis disharmoniis, maTi tragikuli dapirispirebis, ise adamianis sulSi mimdinare brZolebis gaazreba. swored amis gamo barokos Semoqmedis mier danaxuli samyaro da adamiani pesimisturia, miuxedavad amisa, baroko mTli-anobaSi ganmsWvalulia sulieri sawyisis, RmerTis sidi-adis rwmeniT.

epoqis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, barokom axali koncefcia wamoayena, romelic upirispirdeboda adami-anis renesansul humanistur koncefcias. es ki imaSi mdgo-mareobda, rom barokos Semoqmedi uaryofda humanistebis Teziss adamianis keTili bunebis Sesaxeb da nergavda azrs adamianis bunebis ontologiur, Tavdapirvel codvilo-baze, ris mizezsac bibliur `pirvelcodvaSi~ xedavda da adamianis gadarCenis saSualebad mxolod religiuri dog-mebis dacva esaxeboda. arsebuli sinamdvilis mankierebas isini qristianuli rwmenis daviwyebiT xsnidnen. meoreni ki uaryofdnen maxinj realobas, gaurbodnen mas, amreziT uyurebdnen arsebul sinamdviles da Tavis nawarmoebebs rCeulTaTvis, elitisaTvis qmnidnen.

baroko aRsaniSnavia imiT, rom igi Seecada moexdina im sulieri gamocdilebis aqtualizacia, romelic Sua saukuneebis qriatianulma kulturam daagrova, magram amasTan erTad misTvis ar iyo ucxo antikuri miTologiis personaJebi, romelsac ostaturad iyenebda bibliur sa-xeebTan erTad. magram renesansisgan gansxvavebiT, igi ar iswrafoda antikuri kanonebis, ideebisa da principebis aRorZinebisken, man droiT ufro axlos mdgari, Sua sa-ukuneTa religiuri gamocdilebis gaaqtiureba moaxdina.

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barokos kulturis religiur-eTikuri wanamZRvari mdgomareobs Rrma rwmenaSi, rom aucilebelia postrene-sansuli adamianis gadarCena: saWiroa adamianis xsna saku-Tari Tavisgan, daxsna im boroti Zalebisgan, romlebmac misi bunebis bneli siRrmeebidan amoxeTqes, amisTvis ki saWiro iyo samyaros im Teocentruli (berZn. Θεός – Rmer-Ti da laT. Centrum – centri. – filosofiuri koncefcia, romlis safuZvelSic Zevs RmerTis, rogorc absolutis, srulyofili da umaRlesi arisis gageba. amasTan, adami-anis cxovrebis umaRles miznad miiCneva RmerTis baZva. Teocentrizms upirispirdeba anTropocentrizmi) sura-Tis aRdgena Tavisi zneobrivi moTxovnebiTurT adami-anis mimarT, romelic renesansis anTropocentrizmma gan-devna. XVII saukunisTvis is renesansuli guneba-ganwyobi-lebani, romlebic amkvidrebdnen adamianis – am `samyaros gvirgvinis~ – Tavisuflebas zebunebrivi Zalebisgan, erTi mxriv mitovebulobis, meore mxriv ki usazRvro amora-lizmis safrTxiT Semotrialda. barokos samyarom ver da ar miiRo samyaro, sadac centraluri adgili ekava adami-ans da ara RmerTs. barokos kultura paskalis filoso-fiur-eTikuri ZiebebiT, rembrandtis, el grekos, berni-nis mxatvrobiT, diu bartas, kalderonisa da grifiusis poeziiT da baxis musikiT gaiWra maRla, RmerTisken. es aRtkineba axali epoqis damkvidrebasTan erTad sul uf-ro da ufro Zlierdeboda. barokom Seqmna sivrce, sadac ar sufevda wonasworoba, sadac Warbobda dramatuli efeq-tebi, winaaRmdegobani da disharmonia, sadac sufevda kon-trastebi, brZola, vnebebi da tanjva. xelovnebaTmcodne-Ta dakvirvebiT, mxatvrobasa da arqiteqturaSi uwindeli renesansuli wre, harmoniis simbolo, gaiWima da barokoSi elifsis forma miiRo, rogorc daZabuli winaaRmdegobis gawevis simbolom. aRorZinebis epoqis statikurma, Rir-sebiT aRsavse renesansis skulpturebma da ferwerulma figurebma adgili dauTmes mistikuri aRfrTovanebiT gasxivosnebul barokos saxeebs (berninis `wminda terezas

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eqstazi~, el grekos `wminda franciski eqstazSi~, `mariam magdalineli~).

mniSvnelovani ryevebisa da gardatexebis epoqebs yovelTvis sdevs bibliuri wignebis xelaxali aRmoCena, radgan miusafar samyaroSi adamiani cdilobs miagnos axal sayrden wertils, amitomac iqca biblia barokos ada-mianis mTavar wignad. `dabadeba~ da Sesabamisad pirvel-codvis Tema erT-erTi sakvanZo iyo barokos literatu-raSi, romelsac igi sxvadasxva aspeqtiT warmoaCenda da sxvadasxva mizans usaxavda. adamianis bibliuri konce-fcia, romelic pirvelcodvis Zveli aRTqmiseul ambavs efuZneba, evropuli barokos mraval avtorTan aisaxa: bibliuri Temebidan gansakuTrebuli popularobiT ada-misa da evas ambavi sargeblobda. am Temazea Seqmnili ita-lieli jambatista andreinis `adami~ (1613), holandieli vondelis `liuciferi~ (1654) da `gandevnili adami~ (1664), miltonis `dakarguli samoTxe~ (1667) am Temis literatu-rulad gaformebis pirveloba barokos epoqaSi ki frangu-li barokos erT-erT udides warmoadgenels diu bartas ekuTvnis, romelmac Seqmna vrceli poema `pirveli kvira, anu dabadeba~ (1578). poemaSi aqcenti keTdeba qaosidan wesrigis Seqmnaze, es ki gagebulia, rogorc cvalebadoba anu metamorfoza. diu barta poemaSi samyaros Seqmnas war-moadgens, rogorc RmerTis mier Seqmnil suraTs, Tavad RmerTs ki mxatvrad saxavs. umniSvnelovanesi ram, risi Tqmac avtors surs, aris is, rom warRvna aris codvili adamia-nis sasjeli, warRvnis Sedegad formadakarguli samyaro ki aSorebs adamians RvTisagan, maSin, rodesac piriqiT, RvTaebrivi madli aRadgens samyaros formas. maSasadame, sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, formadakarguli samyaro igi-vea, rac samyaro RmerTis gareSe. pirvelcodvis Tema qa-rTuli barokos literaturaSi asaxulia `gabaasebaSi ka-cisa da soflisa~ (1684), sadac formulirebulia barokos epoqis umniSvnelovanesi idea: adamiani soflis mbrZaneb-

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lidan, rac adamianis renesansuli koncefciaa, gadaiqca/gadaqceva soflis monad, rac ukve adamianis barokoseul koncefciaa: „kaco, Sen RvTis msgavsad radme Seqmnilo, // Cemad da CemTa nivTTaze uflad da mTavrad ganzrdilo, // va Sen, rom mcnebas gardahxe, bolo karga xans daqnilo, // ganSiSvldi didebisagan, ugunur pirutyvad qmnilo“. barokos poetebis mier imis gancxadeba, rom pirvelcod-vis Sedegad samyaro kargavs harmonias da RvTis msgavsad Seqmnili adamiani, `samyaros gvirgvini“, soflis monad iqceva, mkafiod asaxavs renesansisa da barokos mTavar principTa dapirispirebas: renesansis adamiani yovlisSem-Zlea, samyaros centrSi dgas, xolo barokos adamiani ukve aRar aris RvTis toli, igi mxolod `moazrovne lerwamia” (paskali).

barokos adamiani Rrma religiuri gancdis adamiania da amitom mTeli misi msoflSegrZneba qristianul re-ligiazea orientirebuli. igi gacilebiT ufro Rrmad da mZafrad ganicdis Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas, vidre winama-vali epoqis adamiani.

bibliuri wignebidan barokos epoqaSi gansakuTre-bul adgils ikavebs `fsalmunni~, romelic itevs adamia-nis gancdaTa usasrulo diapazons, aseve uaRresad li-rikuli, maRalmxatvruli da alegoriuli `qebaTa-qeba solomonisa~, romlis RvTiuri mijnurobis motivebi izidavda barokos avtorebs, romelTaTvisac RvTis rwme-na aRiqmeboda rogorc movaleoba, emocia da Sinagani moTxovnileba. es damokidebuleba qarTuli barokos li-teraturaSi mkafiod aisaxa vaxtang VI-is poeziaSi: `misTa trfialTa keTili ar miecemis kariTa,//siyvaruliTa mi-siTa guli, goneba kariTa, // misisa mixlebiTa eSysa sur-vili kariTa, // egeba rome gveRirsos Sesvla samoTxis kariTa~ (`satrfialoni~, 29).

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barokos Temebi da motivebi

amaoebis motivi: àmaoeba amaoTa, yovelive amao~ (Vanitas vanitatum, omnia vanitas…). barokos filosofiur bazad èklesiaste” iqca, romelSic am epoqis avtorebma maTTvis yvelaze organul teqsts miakvlies. masSi daxa-tuli brZenis saxe, romelmac yvelafers miaRwia, razec adamianma SeiZleba iocnebos, ganicada yvelaferi da mi-vida daskvnamde: `rameTu eseca amao da xdoma sulisa!~ (eklesiaste 2: 26). samyaros wrebrunva ucvlelia, xolo RvTis gzebi Seucnobeli. eklesiastes antinomiuroba mag-nitiviT izidavda barokos epoqis avtorebs, romelTaTvi-sac antiTeza saazrovno sistemas warmoadgenda. warmaval, amouxsnel samyaroSi eklesiaste adamianis sulier Ziebebs pasuxobda da amitom iqca mis devizad àmaoeba amaoTa, amaoeba amaoTa, yovelive amao~ (eklesiaste 1:2). amaoebas gancda, adamianisa da misi yofierebis warmavlobis Tema xSirad ismis grifiusis poeziaSi: `rad meZaxiT, sadac yovelive imsxvreva, qreba, yofna icvleba aryofniT da siame – gloviT!~. amaoebis gancdas ukavSirdeba samyaros metamorfozis, misi maradiuli cvalebadobis Temas: àra-feria iseTi maradiuli, rogorc cvalebadobis mudmivoba~ (onore d’urfi).

sikvdilis Tema: `gaxsovdes sikvdili!~ (Memento Mori!) barokos epoqaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula didma aRmoCenebma astronomiaSi, fizikaSi, kosmologiaSi da es iyo biZgi imisa, rom geocentruli da Sesabamisad, anTropocentruli koncefciebi ukve sul sxva midgome-biT Secvliliyo. barokos adamiani sul ufro da ufro mZafrad grZnobda damokidebulebas iracionalur Za-lebze. rogorc aRmoCnda, dedamiwa aRar iyo Caketili sa-myaros centri da adamianic veRar aRiqvamda Tavs samyaros centrad. am gardamtexi cvlilebebis Sedegad, renesansu-li evropis cxovrebis idealizebuli suraTi Seicvala yo-fierebis rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi suraTiT, cxovre-

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bis warmavlobisa da cvalebadobis gancdiT. maRalzne-obrivma bibliurma kategoriebma daikaves renesansuli mSvenierebis idealis adgili. barokos adamians arasodes ar aviwydeboda, rom cxovreba droebiTi da xanmoklea, xolo sikvdili gardauvali da amitomac renesansis lo-zungi “Carpe Diem!” icvleba radikalurad sawinaaRmdego arsiT “Memento Mori!” – `gaxsovdes sikvdili!~. magram ba-rokos epoqis SemoqmedTaTvis sikvdili mxolod gangeba ki ar iyo, aramed yovelive cocxalis gamanadgurebeli da Semmusvreli.

XVII saukunis realoba ukve aRar tovebda adgils renesansuli humanisturi iluziebisTvis, xolo am axa-li msoflSegrZnebis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo mniSvne-lovanma cvlilebebma mecnierebaSi. am dros mecniereba pirvelad gaformda, rogorc oficialuri instituti, evropaSi Cndeba pirveli mecnieruli sazogadoebebi da akademiebi, iwyeba samecniero Jurnalebis gamocema. rene-sansis calkeul genialur gamonaTebebs enacvleba cod-nis sistematiuri dagroveba. mecnierebis wamyvan sferod XVII saukuneSi iqceva maTematika. amasTan erTad, am epo-qaSi xdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis Camoyalibeba,romlis qvakuTxedic xdeba meqanika. qanqariani saaTis meqanizmis gamoyenebam adamianebs sul ufro Rrmad gaac-nobierebina drois srbola. dro, romelic aqamde wle-biT, TveebiTa da dReebiT ganisazRvreboda, uecrad aC-qarda da misi sazomi ukve saaTebi, wuTebi da wamebi gaxda. cxovrebis swrafwarmavlobis es gancda epoqis niSnad iq-ca, amitomac msWvalavs ase Zlier barokos poezias dro-is warmavlobisa da samyaros xrwnadobis Tema, romelic mistikur SiSs warmoSobs, magram meore mxriv mqrolvare drois gancda, romelic yvelafers STanTqavda, yovelive miwieris amaoeba, iwvevda gasaocar hedonizms: sicocx-lismoyvareobasa da sicocxlis trfials. amgvari para-doqsi warmarTavda barokos literaturas da swored es antiTezuroba amTlianebda barokos gaxleCil adamians,

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romelic sapirispiro grZnobaTa da gancdaTa Soris ix-liCeboda. udidesi barokouli eqspresiiT gamoirCeva guramiSvilis striqonebi, romelSic adamianis gaorebu-li sulis tragikuli gancda da gamTlianebis vedreba an-tiTezuri wyvilebiT aris gamoxatuli: `Tu xar RviZili, raRa ars Zili?//Tu xar simaZRre, ra ars SimSili?//Tu xar sicocxle, raRa ars sikvdili?//iyav erT-erTi, iwame RmerTi!“.

sikvdilis cekva. barokos kultura sikvdilis cek-viT (La Dance Macabre), sikvdilis sanaxaobiTa da ConCxiT aris mojadoebuli. Tu aRorZinebis mxatvrebi adamianis anatomias aRiqvamdnen, rogorc adamianis sxeulis Sesa-xeb swori warmodgenis Semqmnel damxmare saSualebas da udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen kunTovani sistemis Ses-wavlas (polaiolo, leonardo da vinCi), radgan anatomiis codna maT adamianis sxeulis mSvenierebis gadmosacemad sWirdebodaT (amitom aris suraTebze aRbeWdili rene-sansuli sxeulebi aseTi srulyofili da sicocxliT savse) da swored maRalma renesansma wamoayena homo univer-salis-is ideali, ideali srulyofili adamianisa, romelic yovelmxrivaa ganviTarebuli, rogorc fizikurad, ise sulierad, barokos mxatvrobam da poeziam renesansu-li interesi adamianis sxeulisadmi sul sxva veqtoriT warmarTa: aq anatomia damxmare saSualeba ki aRar aris, aramed sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli gancda. Memento mori-s droSis qveS mimdinare barokosTvis adamianis anatomia da sikvdili ukve gaigivebulia: rogorc poeziaSi, ise mxat-vrobaSi cxovrebis sasrulobis asaxvis erT-erTi forma adamianis anatomiur sxeulTan aris dakavSirebuli. baro-kos epoqa STagonebulia kacobriobis istoriisa da bedis dramatuli da tragikuli xilvebiT da es xilvebi aisaxa poeziaSi, mxatvrobaSi, Teatrsa da dramaturgiaSi, cva-lebadobis gancdis es tragikuli Cvenebebi mJRavndeboda amaoebis grZnobaSi da ukavSirdeboda mTeli cxovrebis – dabadebisa da sikvdilis enigmas. sikvdilis gancda Za-

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lze Zlieria franguli barokos literaturaSi, Tumca, ra Tqma, unda mxolod mis sakuTrebas ar warmoadgens. xangrZlivi drois manZilze mis asaxvaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia moZraobisa da Teatralurobis eqspresi-as, romelic mkvidr adgils ikavebs mis stilistikaSi. Con-Cxis, Tavis qalisa da Zvlebis gansaxierebani monawileo-bas iRebdnen dadgmebSi, dramatul scenebsa da sazeimo dasaflavebis procesiebSi. isini SeiWrnen religiur gra-viurebsa da eklesiis dekoraciaSi. kapucinebis sasaflao da romSi berninis mier Seqmnili akldamebi brwyinvale nimuSia am xelovnebisa, romelic asocirdeba Teatralur TamaSTan da formebis cvalebadobasTan. aq igulisxmeba sikvdilis warmodgena, rogorc cocxali personaJisa, ro-gorc yvelgan myofi mocekvavisa da farda exsneba ConCxis arss, romelic xorcqveSaa dafaruli. `WeSmariti sikvdi-li~ saflavSi dasvenebuli ConCxi ki ar aris, aramed – `is, vinc Tavisi fexiT daiareba Cvens Soris~ – ambobs espaneli barokos warmomadgeneli grasiani. es ConCxiT mojadoebu-li poezia ufro xSirad religiuria da Zlier aris ori-entirebuli aRsasrulsa da adamianis sulier daniSnule-baze. barokos literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebelia medi-taciebis ayvaveba qristes vnebaTa Temaze, romlebSic aR-werilia boboqari, dauokebeli, mSfoTvare, kargad damu-Savebuli, simboloebiTa da paradoqsebiT mdidari sti-liT. es poetebi detalurad aRwerdnen qristes agonias, romelsac isini warmoidgenen da acocxleben misabaZad (Sasinie, lazar de selvi, moteni, uvrei, sezar nostrada-mi, zaxar de vitre). magaliTad, erT-erT sonetSi la kape-di wers: `me dasisxlianebuli var am bedisweriT~. ConCxiTa da Tavis qaliT mojadoebuli barokos poezia ZiriTadad religiuri poeziaa, romelic Zlier aris orientirebuli gankiTxvis dReze, meditaciaze da adamianis sulier da-niSnulebaze. sikvdilis am Teatrs, sruli rom iyos, unda daematos sakuTari sikvdilis maTeuli warmosaxva. li-teraturisaTvis ar iyo ucxo sasuliero gamocdileba, sa-

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kuTari Tavis, rogorc sikvdilis zRvarze myofis ganxil-va. sakuTari dasaflavebis TviTWvretis am xelovnebas miv-yavarT sikvdilis apologiamde. rembrandtis tilo `doq-tori tiulpis anatomiis gakveTilic~ adamianis gakveTas asaxvs, sadac gvamis Sinagan wyobas intesesiT dascqerian anatomiuri Teatris monawileni, xolo franguli barokos poeti Jan-batist Sasinie uWvrets Tavis sxeulis gamosa-xulebas, romelic nawevrdeba da ambobs: `aq me anatomiu-rad var warmodgenili~. Sasinies sonetSi `sikvdilis arad Cagdeba~ mokvdavi fiqrobs imaze, Tu rogori aris Wiebis mier SeWmuli gvamebi saflavSi: xorcgaclili, uZarRvo, sadac amoCrili Zvlebidan tvini inTxeva, xolo saxsrebi daSlilia, daskvna ki aseTia: `miende mxolod RmerTs da amaoebad CaTvale yovelive~. barokos mxatvrobisTvisac axlobelia Tavis qalisa da ConCxis gamosaxva, romlebsac naxatze asaxuli sxva sagnebis amaoebis dasabuTebis fun-qcia akisriaT. amgvari damokidebuleba sikvdilisadmi qarTuli barokos poeziaSic aisaxa, sadac sikvdili, ro-gorc personaJi, daviT guramiSvilis mier plastikuri xe-lovnebis TvalsaCinoebiT aris daxatuli: `tanzeda xorci ar gakravs~, `sikvdilis msgavsad gauxda kacs tanT xorcT Semocliloba~, `Tagvis soroebs migigavs cxviri, piri da Tvalebi~. poeziaSic da mxatvrobaSic kargad Cans baro-kos adamianis damokidebuleba sikvdilisadmi: `da yove-live erTsa adgilsa mivals. yovelive Seiqmna miwisgan da yovelive miiqcevis miwad~ (eklesiaste 3:20).

motivi `cxovreba sizmaria~. barokos literaturaSi religiis warmoudgenlad gazrdilma mniSvnelobam da mi-si emociuri arsis zegavlenam gamoiwvia is, rom grZnobiT, miwier cxovrebas da realur sinamdviles gamoxatavdnen niSnebis, simboloebisa da emblemebis saxiT. simboloebis, emblemebis, alegoriebis, paralelebis axsna barokos Sec-nobis wyarod iqca. sinamdvilis aseT mxatvrul ganmarte-baze damokidebuli iyo adamianis sicocxlis, rogorc

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moCvenebiTis da iluzorulis axsna. cxovreba aRiqmeboda, rogorc sizmari, Crdili an Teatri. „cxovreba sizmari da Crdilia.... imas, riTac varsebobT, amaod vuwodebT cxovrebas. es mxolod sizmaria, sizmari, romelic mxolod wamiT mogveca“ – ase ganmartavdnen cxovrebas barokos avtorebi. am motivis mwvervals ki kalderonis moralur-filosofiuri drama `cxovreba sizmaria“ warmoadgens.

barokos mxatvruli meTodi

barokos epoqis mwerlebis axalma, renesansuli hu-manizmisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulma msoflaRqmam warmoSva sinamdvilis axali mxatvruli xedva, rac Tavise-buri meTodebiT aisaxa. samyaros cvalebadobis ideam, misma ganuwyvetelma moZraobam drosa da sivrceSi gana-piroba barokos mxatvruli meTodis iseTi Tvisebebi, ro-goricaa araCveulebrivi dinamizmi da eqspresiuloba, Sinagani dialeqtika, kompoziciis antiTezuroba, mxat-vruli sistemis mkveTri kontras tuloba, enaSi `maRali-sa~ da `dabalis~ SeTavseba da sxva. mxatvruli azrovnebis am antinomiurobis erT-erTi konkretuli gamoxatule-baa tragikulisa da komi kuris, amaRlebulisa da daba-lis aSkara Serwyma. aRorZinebis Semoqmedni qa da gebdnen bunebis baZvis aristoteliseul princips: xelovnebas isini uyurebdnen, rogorc sarkes, romelic samyaros win idga da, maSasadame, asaxavda samyaros ara marto utyu-arad, aramed am asaxvas sayovelTao mniSvnelobac eniWe-boda. barokos xelovanTaTvis bunebis amgvari gageba sru-liad miuRebeli aRmoCnda, vinaidan maTTvis gare samyaro qaoturi da Seucnobadia. amitomac baZvis adgili warmo-saxvam da fantaziam daikava. mxolod gonebiT mier mowes-rigebul fantazias SeuZlia gare movlenaTa qaosidan Seq-mnas samyaros mozaikuri suraTi. magram warmosaxva qmnis

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realobis mxolod subieqtur suraTs, arsi ki amoucnobi rCeba. amasTan aris dakavSirebuli barokos erT-erTi um-niSvnelovanesi Tviseba: SeuTavsebel movlenaTa da sagan-Ta SeTavseba mxatvrul erTianobaSi. am gansakuTrebuli pluralistuli Sexedulebis konkretuli gamovlinebas warmoadgens mkvdari bunebis niSnebis gadatana cocxalze an piriqiT, moZraobisa da grZnobebis miniWeba abstraqtu-li cnebebisTvis (magaliTad, germaneli barokos dramat-urgis, andreas grifiusis tragediaSi scenaze gamodioda `maradisoba~ da mware ironiiT axdenda tragediis gmiris tanjvis komentirebas), emblematizmi, alegoriuloba da rTuli metaforuloba.

gare samyaros arasakmarisi codna barokos mwerlo-baSi gansakuTrebiT gamoixata maTTvis damaxasiaTebel dekoratiulobaSi, Teatralurobasa da gansa kuTrebuli detalebis mimarT midrekilebaSi. amave rigis movlenebs ekuTvnis pompezuri Sedarebebi, hiperbolebi, romlebic imis nacvlad, rom amartivebdnen mkiTxvelisaTvis nawar-moebis aRqmas, piriqiT, arTuleben mas.

literaturuli baroko da misi mxatvruli meTodi gamoirCeoda antiTezuri, moZravi, dinamiuri, grZnobiTi, naturalisturi, spiritualuri, metafizikuri, misti-kuri, algoriuli, emblematuri, idumali, ucnauri, gan-macvifrebeli, Sokismomgvreli, efeqturi, ornamentuli, groteskuli, deformirebuli, disharmoniuli, harmoni-uli, tragikuli, komikuri, emociuri, detaluri, hiper-boluri, paTetikuri, Teatraluri, heroikuli, xalxuri da folkloruli elementebisadmi siyvaruliT.

barokos CamoTvlili elementebi nawarmoebSi Tavi-seburad poulobda asaxvas rogorc SinaarsSi (warmod-genebi, azrebi, motivebi da Temebi), ise formaSic (kom-poziciuri xerxebi, saxeebi, stili da stilisturi da eno-brivi xerxebi). mxatvruli zemoqmedeba miiRweoda ideuri da formaluri elementebis moulodneli SerwymiT, amas-Tan, formaluri mxare xSirad batonobda Sinaarsobliv mxareze.

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barokos poetika

literaturul barokos hqonda Tavisi poetika, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi Tavs ver moiwonebs raime eqskluziuri da gansakuTrebuli barokouli stilistu-ri da enobrivi saSualebebiT (tropebiTa da figure-biT). barokosTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo zogierTi ise-Ti cnobili stilisturi da enobrivi saSualebebisTvis (tropebisa da figurebisTvis) upiratesobis miniWeba, romelTa „gabarokoulebac~ ufro mtad iyo SesaZlebeli. tropebidan yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneboda metafora, epiTeti, sinonimi, omonimi, personifikacia, metonimia, alegoria, simbolo, emblemebi, sarkazmi, oqsimoroni, paradoqsi, hiperbola, liota, naturalizmi, vulgariz-mi, barbarizmi, neologizmi, moduri sityvebi. metafora barokoSi ara mxolod Txrobis mokazmvis saSualebaa, aramed gansakuTrebuli Tvalsazrisi. figurebidan um-niSvnelovanesi iyo antiTeza, anafora, epizeuqsa, paro-nomazia, polisindetoni, klimaqsi, elifsi, apostrofi, eqsklamacia, inversia, Sedareba, digresia (retardacia), izokoloni, aliteracia, onomatopea, riTmuli klauzu-lebi, kalamburebi, sityvis TamaSi, xmovani efeqtebi da eqo, qiazmebi.

barokos Teoretikosebi

XVII saukune mdidaria sxvadasxva saxis literatu-ruli traqtatebiT. am drois evropaSi ori litera-turuli mimdinareoba arsebobda: baroko da klasicizmi, romelTa principebic radikalurad gansxvavdeba erT-maneTisagan, vinaidan baroko renesansis ideebis kri-ziss warmoadgens, xolo klasicizmi reaqciaa barokos RvarWnil, emociur stilze. renesansisagan gansxvavebiT

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barokos ar Seuqmnia raime literaturuli manifesti, rogorc es safrangeTSi iyo „pleadis“ SemTxvevaSi da arc iseTi saprogramo traqtati, rogoric bualos `po-eturi xelovnebaa~, Tumc iwereboda mniSvnelovani li-teraturul-Teoriuli naSromi.

barokos Teoria warmoiSva ukve arsebuli lite-raturuli gamocdilebis ganzogadebis gziT da yvlaze ufro TvalsaCinod igi warmodgenilia xelovnebis is-torikosTa – espaneli balTazar grasianis da italieli emanuile Tezauros – traqtatebSi. barokos poetikis Sesaxeb pirveli wigni gamosca italielma maTeo peregri-nim (1639), xolo 1642 wels gamovida espaneli balTazar grasianis (1601-1658); espaneli mwerali da filosofosi) ritorikuli traqtati `gonbamaxviloba anu sxarti gon-ebis xelovneba~, romelic Seicavs barokos metaforis ganvrcobil Teorias. esTetikuri azris istoriaSi pirve-lad, grasiani nawarmoebis Sefasebis kriteriumad ayenebs gemovnebas (gusto). grasianis traqtatSi `gonbamaxviloba anu sxarti gonebis xelovneba~ (1642) formulirebulia ZiriTadi moTxovnebi xelovnebisadmi, romelic orien-tirebulia mcodneTa da damfasebelTa viwro wreze, `su-lis aristokratebze~. amgvari xelovnebisadmi grasianis upirvelesi moTxovna aris sirTule, formis garTule-buloba, rac mimarTulia `vulgarulobis~ da `sayovelTa-od gasagebobis~ winaaRmdeg. grasianis azriT, mxatvruli Semecnebis kriteriumi, mecnieruli Semecnebisgan gans-xvavebiT ara wesebia, aramed gemovneba, romlic gagebu-lia, rogorc gonebis intuiciuri saqmianobis unari. Se-moqmedebiTi procesis es potenciuri SesaZlebloba, gra-sianis Tanaxmad, `gonebamaxvilobaSi” anu `sxarti gonebis xelovnebaSi~ realizdeba.

daaxloebiT imave wlebSi axdens italieli emanu-ile Tezauro (1591-1675) Tavisi traqtatis – `aristo-teles durbindis~ (“Il’ Connochiale Aristotelico”) ZiriTadi ideebis formulirebas, romelic 1655 wels ibeWdeba. Te-

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zauro àxali poeziis~ cnobili Teoretikosia. misi talan-tis diapazoni Zalze farToa: igi ara mxolod xelovnebi-sa da literaturis Teoretikosi iyo, aramed istorikosi da filosofosi-moralisti, dramaturgi da poeti. zogi-erT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom barokos literaturis Teori-isTvis Tezauros àristoteles durbindi~ (1654) iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc bualos `poeturi xelovneba~ franguli klasicizmisTvis. Tezaurom uaryo aristo-teles `poetika~ da mis `ritorikas” mimarTa. swored masSi ipova Tezaurom is elementebi, romlebsac Tavisi esTeti-kuri sistemis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyena. Tezauro amtkiceb-da, rom poeturi qmnilebebis samyaro, romelic fantaziam warmoSva, sakuTari racionaluri azrovnebisa da logiki-sgan gansxvavebuli kanonebiT cxovrobs. `sxarti gonebis~ xelovnebaSi mTavari aris maxvilgonivruli Canafiqri – `konCeto~ (concetto). Tezaurom sakmaod mwyobri swavleba Seq-mna gonebamaxvilobis Sesaxeb. gonebamaxviloba mas esmis, rogorc gonebis erT-erTi gamovlineba, gonebamaxvilu-ri CanafiqrSi (concetto) ki aris RvTaebrivi gonis nawili. gonebamaxvilobis or mTavar Tvisebas, gamWriaxobasa da mravalmxrivobas Soris Tezauro gansakuTrebiT mraval-mxrivobas afasebda. igi werda, rom gamWriaxobas SeuZlia SeaRwios sagnebis faruli Tvisebebis arsSi: `substanci-aSi, materiaSi, formaSi, SemTxveviTobaSi, TvisebaSi, mi-zezSi, mizanSi, sapirispiroSi, umaRlesSi, umdablesSi da aseve emblemebSi~, mravalmxrivoba ki swrafad axerxebs moicvas rogorc yvela maTgani, ise maTi urTierTmimar-Tebani da urTierTkavSirebi, igi àerTianebs da acalke-vebs, zrdis da amcirebs, gamoyavs erTi meoredan da gasa-ocari moxerxebulobiT aTavsebs erTs meores adgilze~. Tezauro am process fokusebis mkeTebels adarebs da dasZens, rom yvela es Tviseba damaxasiaTebelia meta-forisTvis, romelic aris `poeziis, gonebamaxvolobis, Canafiqris, simboloebis deda~. `sxarti gonebis~ sistema da saerTod Tezauros mTeli poetika metaforaze dgas.

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metafora warmoadgens gonebamaxvilobis saboloo mizans, romelsac sxva ritorikuli figurebic exmareba.

rac Seexeba prozas, aRsaniSnavia 1670 wels pier-daniel uies mier dawerili `traqtati romanis Sesaxeb~ (Pierre-Daniel Huet, Traite de l’origine des romans (1670), romelic sagulisxmoa romansa da epopeas Soris arsebuli gans-xvavebebaTa klasifikaciis TvalsazrisiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo. romans igi gansazRvravs, rogorc prozaulad ostaturad daweril gamogonil sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebs, romlis mizanicaa mkiTxvelisTvis si-amovnebis miniWeba da ganaTleba. romanSi unda iyos uam-ravi bundovneba, masSi unda Candes sikeTis gamarjveba da mankierebis dagmoba.

barokos Janrebi

barokos tipologiurma niSnebma gansazRvra Janru-li sistema, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia moZraoba. barokosTvis niSandoblivia wina planze erTi mxriv ro-manis da dramaturgiis wamoweva, gansakuTrebiT trage-diisa, meore mxriv ki koncefciurobisa da enis Tvalsaz-risiT rTuli poeziis kultivireba. saerTo jamSi ki yvela Janri qmnida samyaros mozaikur suraTs, xolo am suraTSi gansakuTrebul rols warmosaxva TamaSobda, amasTan, arc Tu iSviaTad xdeboda SeuTavsebeli movlenebis SeTavseba metaforulobisa da alegoriulobis gamoyenebiT.

sayuradReboa barokos iseTi Janri, rogoric aris emblema. barokos literaturis Tavisebureba saxviT xe-lovnebasTan, grafikasTan siaxlove iyo, swored amitomaa, rom barokos epoqaSi gansakuTrebuli popularoba moi-pova emblematikam. emblema gansakuTrebuli ritorikuli warmonaqmnia, romelic sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: mokle

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saTaurisgan (motto, lemma, inscriptio), naxatisgan (pictura, ima-go), romelzec saTaurTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli scenaa asaxuli; da minawerisgan (subscriptio) – epigramis-gan, romelic ganmartavs daxatuls da saTaur-sentencias akavSirebs naxatTan. minawersa da gamosaxulebas Soris kavSiris damyarebiT mJRavndeba raime cxovrebiseuli si-brZne an moraluri kanoni. emblemaSi barokos poetikis umniSvnelovanesi niSnebi gansxeulda, esaa misi alegori-uloba da enciklopedizmi, mxedvelobiTis da sityvieris SeTanxmeba.

barokos romani. baroko, Tavisi xazgasmuli mid-rekilebiT uswormasworobisken, Ria iyo romanis Janris-Tvis da romanis pirveli Canasaxebi swored barokos mim-dinareobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. barokosTvis damaxa-siaTebeli an-tinomiuroba barokos romanzec aisaxa, ro-melic ori, `maRali~ anu aristokratiuli da `dabali~ anu demokratiuli mimarTulebiT ganviTarda, maTi saerTo niSnebi ki SemdegSi aisaxa: personaJebis da movlenebis didi raodenoba, romelic siuJetur labirinTad gardaiqmne-ba, midrekileba moulodnelis da ganmacvifreblisadmi,amaRlebuli didaqtizmis siyvaruli, romelic Serwymu-lia sinamdvilis pesimistur xedvasTan. `maRali~ romani ufro metad safrangeTSi ganviTarda pastoraluri roma-nis saxiT, romelSic preciozuloba (preciozuloba – fr. Preciosite, momdinareobs precieuse-dan – Zvirfasi, daxvewili. preciozuloba XVII safrangeTis kulturuli movlena, ro-melic warmoiSva burJuaziul-Tavadur garemoSi da daka-vSirebulia salonur cxovrebasTan) gansakuTrebiT Tval-saCinod aisaxa. pastoraluri romani sinamdviles ganixi-lavda, rogorc miuRebels, mtruls da mas upirispirebda idealur, iluzorul realobas, pastoraluri ocnebis mSvenier samyaros. am tipis saukeTeso romanad iqca onore d’urfis vrceli romani `astrea~ (1607-1625, misi gmirebi arian nimfebad da mwyemsebad warmodgenili warCinebuli

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axalgazrdebi. maTi cxovrebis Sinaarsia siyvaruli da daxvewili grZnobebi, romelic mxolod rCeulTaTvis aris xelmisawvdomi). mogvianebiT pastoraluri romani icvle-ba galantur-heroikuli romaniT samxedro-avantiuruli da fsevdo-istoriuli TematikiT (marena de gombervi-lis `poliqsandres gandevna~, kalprendas `kasandra da kleopatra~, madlen de skuderis ̀ ibrahimi anu didi faSa~). galantur-heroikuli romanebis avtorebi gamoirCeodnen fantaziis TavSeukavebeli aRmafreniT. siuJeti da kom-pozicia xSirad aradamajerebeli iyo. mniSvnelovania am romanebis moralur-didaqtikuri mizandasaxuleba: av-torebs miaCndaT, rom maT nawarmoebebs aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTi unda hqonoda. „dabalma~ barokom aiTvisa preci-ozuli romanis mza ritorikuli formulebi, motivebi da siuJeturi sqemebi da satirulad gadaiazra `xalxuri~ romanis didi formis Sesaqmnelad. barokos proza xSi-rad amorfulia, igi damZimebulia swavlulobiTa da didaqtikiT.

barokos `dabali~ romani anu pikareska, e.w. avanti-uruli romani yvelaze adre espanuri barokos litera-turaSi ganviTarda, Tumca igi renesansis literaturis pirmSoa. espaneTSi pikareska gaCnda, rogorc pastoralu-ri romanebis antiTeza. avantiuruli romanis klasikuri nimuSebia kevedos `lasarilio tormeselis cxovre-ba, faTerakebi da xifaTebi~ da maTeo alemanis `gusman alfaraCes cxovreba~, sadac mkafiod Cans polemika re-nesansis humanistur principebTan.

gansakuTrebul rols franguli barokos litera-turaSi TamaSobs sayofacxovrebo romani. misi Tavise-bureba mdgomareobda imaSi, rom igi ubralo adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT interesdeboda. aqedan momdi-nareobs misi polemikuroba da literaturaSi sinamdvilis yovelgvari Selamazebis gareSe asaxvisken swrafva. mwer-lis ZiriTadi interesi mimarTuli iyo ubralo adamianis bedze, rac literaturis demokratizaciaze miuTiTebs

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(Sarl sorelis `fransionis komikuri cxovrebis marTali aRwera~, `eqstravagantuli mwyemsi~, pol skaronis `komi-kuri romani~). skaronis da sorelis romanebi warmoadgens `dabali~ barokos mxatvruli principebis gamoxatulebas: avantiuruli siuJeti, kompoziciis Tavisebureba: Cve-ulebriv erTmaneTze akinZuli SemTxveviTobebis wyeba, romlebTanac dakavSirebulia gmiris formireba. XVII sa-ukunisTvis damaxasiaTebelma publicisturma tenden-ciebma, romlebic realobis kritikul asaxvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli gamoxatuleba utopiuri Janris romanSi hpova (sirano de berJerakis `mTvaris saxelmwifoebi da imperiebi~, `mzis saxelmwifoebi da imperiebi~).

cxovrebis aramyarobis gancda, romelic cxovrebis realur peripetiebs asaxavs, `dabal~ barokoSi ganviTar-da, sadac cxovreba Tavisi ukuRmarTobiT xan aamaRlebs adamians, xanac cxovrebis morevSi xis nafotiviT mois-vris. barokos amgvari Tavisebureba TvalsaCinodaa asa-xulia germanuli barokos udidesi warmomadgenlis – hans grimelshauzenis romanebSi. mis romanSi `simplicisimu-si~ udidesi tragizmiT aris gadmocemuli xalxis tanjva ocdaaTwliani omis dros, romelic `dabali~, demokra-tiuli barokos nimuSs warmoadgens. masSi srulad aisaxa barokos niSnebi: romanSi samyaro ara mxolod siborotis samefoa, aramed igi uwesrigo da cvalebadia. samyaros qao-si ki adamianis daniSnulebas gansazRvravs: adamianis bedi tragikulia, xolo adamiani samyaros yofierebisa da cva-lebadobis gansaxierebaa.

barokos romanTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom swored barokosTvis damaxasiaTebelma moZraobisken ganuwyvetelma swrafvam mianiWa gansakuTrebuli mniSvn-eloba xasiaTebis daxatvas romanSi: aq romanis gmirebis xasiaTebi moklebulia statikurobas, isini garemos ze-moqmedebis Sedegad formirdeba da icvleba. garemoebaTa mniSvnelobis rolis aRiareba adamianis xasiaTis Camoya-

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libebisTvis barokos literaturis yvelaze mniSvnelovan miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

barokos prozaSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZina perife-riulma Janrebma: mogzaurobebma, Tavgadasavlebma, kre-bulebma, sadac erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli novelisturi da samecniero-enciklopediuri masala.

barokos dramaturgia. wamyvani Janrebia saSinelebe-biT, sisxliani scenebiT da vnebebis amofrqveviT aRsavse tragediebi da satira. aramyarobis da SeSfoTebis grZno-bam, romelic omebiTa da socialuri ryevebiT iyo ganpi-robebuli, wina planze wamoswia cxovrebis ukuRmarTobis da amaoebis Tema (Venitas venitatum).

barokos dramaturgiis klasikur ostatad aRiare-bulia espaneli dramaturgi kalderoni. Tavis piesebSi igi iyenebda logikurad mwyobr da detalurad gaazrebul kompozicias, sadac ukiduresad iyo gamwvavebuli moq-medebis intensivoba, romelic erTi personaJis garSemo iyo koncertrirebuli. ena uaRresad eqspresiuli iyo. mis dramaturgiaSi aisaxa barokosTvis damaxasiaTebeli uaR-resad pesimisturi sawyisi. kalderonis Semoqmedebis mwver-valia moralur-filosofiuri drama `cxovreba sizmaria~, romelSic sruli sisavsiT aris asaxuli barokos msflSeg-rZneba: adamianis cxovrebis tragikuli winaaRmdegobani, saidanac erTaderTi gamosavali RmerTisken Sebrunebaa. cxovreba asaxulia, rogorc tanjva, yvela cxovrebise-uli sikeTe moCvenebiTia, xolo realur samyarosa da siz-mars Soris zRvari waSlilia, adamianuri vnebebi warmava-lia da mxolod am warmavlobis gacnobierebis meSveobiT Seicnobs adamiani sakuTar Tavs. barokos msoflaRqma mTeli sisruliT aisaxa germaneli dramaturgis, andreas grifiusis dramaturgiaSi, sadac tragedia sisxliania da sastik danaSaulebebs asaxavs (`qeTevan qarTveli anu gautexeli simtkice~). tragediaSi viTardeba barokose-uli amaoebis motivi. grifiusis tragediebis mTeli mxat-vruli sistema emyareba barokosTvis damaxasiaTebel kon-

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trastuli wyobis princips, romelic sxvadasxva done-ebze xorcieldeba: ideurze, Tematurze, kompoziciurze, enobrivze.

barokos epoqaSi komediasac mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. farTod iyo gavrcelebuli galanturi komedia cekvebiTa da simRerebiT, romelic franguli komedia-baletidan ganviTarda.

barokos poezia. barokos poeziisTvis damaxasiaTe-belia formebis daxvewiloba, vizualuris da grafikulis Serwyma: leqsi ara mxolod iwereboda, aramed `ixateboda” kidec. ena daxvewili, amaRlebuli da RvarWnili iyo. baro-kos poeziaSi gavrcelebuli iyo soneti, rondo, madriga-li, oda.

barokos skolebi. barokos poetikam, realobis Taviseburma Semecnebam da erovnulma specifikam did-wilad gansazRvra calkeuli literaturuli skolebisa da mimarTulebebis gaCena. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis espanuri gongorizmi anu kulteranizmi, romelic dakavSirebulia luis de gongoras (1561-1627) saxelTan. igi espanuri baro-kos poeziis kultisturi mimarTulebis damfuZnebeli da misi umsxvilesi warmomadgenelia, romelsac misi saxelis mixedviT, gongoriz-msac uwodeben. gongoras mTavari Tezisi ase JRers: `xelovneba unda emsaxurebodes rCeulTa mcire wres~. rCe-ulTaTvis `swavluli poeziis~ Seqmnis saSualebad unda iqces `bneli stili~, romelsac poetis azriT, fasdaude-beli mniSvneloba da Rirseba aqvs naTel, gasageb proza-sTan SedarebiT. pirvel rigSi, igi gamoricxavs leqsebis ufiqrelad kiTxvas. imisTvis, rom mkiTxveli Caswvdes rTuli formis azrs da masSi `daSifrul” Sinaarss, mkiTx-velma leqsi ramdenjerme yuradRebiT unda waikiTxos. meorec, winaaRmdegobaTa daZleva yovelTvis siamovnebas aniWebs adamians. maSasadame, mkiTxveli `bneli stilis~ nawarmoebis gacnobisas ufro met siamovnebas iRebs, vid-

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re sayovelTaod gasagebi poeziis kiTxvisas. gongoras poetur arsenalSi bevri konkretuli xerxi iyo, romlis meSveobiTac igi qmnida Tavisi poeziis idumalebis, daSi-frulobis STabeWdilebas: maT Sorisaa neologizmebis gamoyeneba, Cveuli sintaqsuri wyobis darRveva inversiis meSveobiT da gansakuTrebiT ki azris iribi gamoxatva pe-rifrazebis da garTulebuli metaforebis meSveobiT. sa-boloo jamSi, `bneli stilis~ meSveobiT gongora uaryof-da misTvis saZulvel maxinj realobas da silamaze, ro-melic poetis azriT warmoudgeneli da SeuZlebeli iyo realur cxovrebaSi, Tavis idealur arsebobas hpovebda mxatvrul nawarmoebSi.

espanuri barokos kidev erTi mimdinareobaa kon-septizmi. poeziaSi misi warmomadgenlebi arian fransisko kevedo (1580-1645), lope de vega (1562-1635), xolo proza-Si – balTazar grasiani (1601-1658). konseptizmis poetikis safuZvels warmoadgens gansakuTrebiT rTuli, gaSlili metafora – `konsepti~, romelic agebulia erTmaneTTan aSkara msgavsebis armqone sagnebis damsgavsebaze (ital. concetto – aRqma, warmodgena, cneba, ucnauri saxe. daxvewili metaforis saxeoba, romelic efuZneba erTmaneTisgan da-Sorebuli cnebebisa da saxeebis daaxloebas. `konseptis~ gageba xSirad Zalian garTulebulia da mkiTxvelis in-teleqtis aqtiur muSaobas gulisxmobs). konseptizmis stilur gamovlinebas warmoadgens sityvebis ucnauri TamaSi, elifsisebi da oqsimoronebi.

marinizmis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia italiuri ba-rokos udides warmomadgenlis, janbatist marinos (1569-1625) saxelTan. mas miaCnda, rom adamiani dabadebuli da ganwirulia imisTvis, rom itanjos da daiRupos. marino renesansisTvis Cveul literaturul formebs iyenebda. pirvel rigSi, es iyo soneti, magram mas sruliad sxva Si-naarsiT tvirTavda, amasTan, igi axal enobriv xerxebs eZebda mkiTxvelis gasaoceblad da gansacvifreblad.

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gansakuTrebuli xerxi, romelsac marino mimarTavda ur-TierTsapirispiro cnebaTa SeTavseba, oqsimoronebi iyo. magaliTad `swavluli uvici~ an `mdidari Rataki~.

religiuri poezia

barokos religiuri poezia uaRresad emociuria, igi uxvad iyenebda Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebs Tavisi religiuri gancdebis, cxovrebsa da sikvdilze gansje-bis gadmosacemad (safrangeTSi: Jan de la kapedi, CexeTSi bedrJix brideli, saqarTveloSi daviT guramiSvili).

franguli barokos wiaRSi Caisaxa preciozuloba (fr. Preciosite, momdinareobs precieuse-dan – Zvirfasi, dax-vewili). precizuloba XVII safrangeTis kulturuli movlena, romelic warmoiSva burJuaziul-Tavadur gare-moSi da dakavSirebulia salonur cxovrebasTan, xolo franguli barokos literaturis erT-erT saxeobas pre-ciozuli literatura warmoadgens. es aris wminda fran-guli kulturul-yofiTi movlena, romelic gamoxatavda gansakuTrebul msoflaRqmas da mJRavndeboda rogorc socialur urTierTobebSi, ise Tavisebur midgomaSi li-teraturisa da enisadmi. preciozuli garemo iswrafvoda SeerTebina kurtuazulobis Zveli tradicia da Tanamed-rove maRali gemovneba. preciozuloba gulisxmobda si-yvarulis iseT koncefcias, sadac mTavar rols TamaSob-da qalis Tayvaniscema. garda amisa, neoplatonizmis kval-dakval, siyvaruli gaigeboda upirveles yovlisa, rogorc sulieri, inteleqtualuri siaxlove, xolo misi xorcie-li mxare an saerTod uaryofili iyo an Soreul momavalSi inacvlebda da misi miRweva mxolod xangrZlivi Tayvanis-cemisa da arSiyis Semdeg xdeboda SesaZlebeli. preci-ozuli literatura amuSavebda lirikisa da prozis Jan-rebs. mravalricxovani madrigalebis, sonetebis, episto-leebis, rondoebis masalas warmoadgenda galanturi si-

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yvaruli, mandilosnebis silamaze, maRali wris cxovrebis calkeuli epizodebi. preciozuli mimdinareobis poetTa Soris uyelaze mniSvnelovani figuraa vincent vuatiuri (1598-1648). preciozulobam sakmaod mkafio asaxva hpova romanis JanrSi.

`dabali~, demokratiuli baroko frangul poeziaSi warmodgenilia `libertenebis~ (Tavisuflad moazrov-neTa) poeziiT. XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi `libertinaJi~ warmoadgenda sakmaod gavlenian ideur-filosofiur mim-dinareobas, romelic erTgavar gardamaval rgolad iqca renesanssa da ganmanaTleblobas Soris. `libertenebi~ uaryofdnen nebismieri tipis avtoritetebs, maT Soris eklesiasa da religias. Tavisuflad moazrovneTa poe-ziaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda `burleskis poe-zia~ (ital. burla – dacinva, xumroba), romelic akritikebda sazogadoebis mankier mxareebs da amave dros literatu-rul protestsac warmoadgenda – amaRlebuls da dide-buls Segnebulad urevda yofiTsa da CveulebrivTan. `libertenebis~ poeziis yvelaze kaSkaSa warmomadgeneli, moralis da siyvarulis Temebze Seqmnili mravalricxo-vani filosofiuri leqsebis avtori Teofil de vioa.

inglisSi baroko `metafizikuri skoliT~ gamoixa-ta. `metafizikuri skola” poetebis erTi jgufis poe-ziis barokoul mimarTulebas warmoadgens, romlebmac jon donis poetika miiRes, rac gamoixateboda `meta-fizikosebis~ mier bunebis baZvis uaryofasa da garTule-bul metaforulobaSi. `skolis~ cnebis gamoyeneba `meta-fizikosi~ poetebis mimarT sakmaod pirobiTia, radgan isini ar gaerTianebulan da ar SeuqmniaT erToblivi ma-nifestebi, magram, mTlianobaSi, metafizikosma poetebma SeiTvises jon donis lirikis energetika, romelic re-alobis individualur gancdas emyareboda. isini misgan stilur xerxebs sesxulobdnen da saxe-konceptebisa da simboloebisadmi mis midrekilebas imeorebdnen. metafi-zikosTa nawarmoebebi didwilad ganmsWvalulia religi-uri motivebiT da samyaros disharmoniis gancdas gamoxa-tavs, romelic racionalur interpretacias ar eqvemde-

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bareba. `metafizikuri skolis~ tragikuli msoflaRqma gamosavals mistikasa da erotikaSi poulobda. mis poeti-kas axasiaTebs gonebaWvretiToba, disharmoniuloba, gan-sakuTrebuli tipis formalizmi, romelic gansxeulebu-lia cnebaSi `koncepti~ (ix. `konseptizmi~).

mistikuri baroko

mistikuri baroko gamoxatavda barokos adamianis urTierTobas meta fizikur samyarosTan. religiuri azri – RvTiur, maradiul, imqveyniur cxovrebaSi masSi xor-cieldeboda religiuri mistikis eqstaziT. mistikuri eqstazis azri da arsi iyo grZnobebis daTrgunva-damor-CilebiT srulyofili mistikuri erTianobis miRweva da suliT RmerTTan SeerTeba. RmerTTan mistikurma gaigi-vebam Seqmna ara mxolod religiurad egzaltirebuli, mis-tikuri atmosfero, aramed grZnobiTic (sinaze, siy-varulis axsna, alersi da a. S.). aq saqme ZiriTadad reli-giis sensualizaciaSi mdgomareobda, romelic cdilob-da, qristesa da RvTismSoblis, rogorc sayvareli adami-anebis mimarT grZnobiT gancdili namdvili da mistikuri sasiyvarulo damokidebuleba gadmoeca. mistikis mimarT barokos midrekilebad unda CaiTvalos jvarcmis sastiki scenebis, mowameobrivi sikvdilis scenebis, aseve fizi-kuri tanjvis aRwera; ganadgurebis, gaxrwnis, lpobis na-turalisturi xatva, ukanaskneli samsjavrosa da jojo-xeTis aRwera mTeli Tavisi saSinelebiTa da tanjviT.

barokos literatura, romelmac evropis yvela qve-yanaSi gavrcelda, scenidan XVIII saukunis miwuruls Camo-vida. barokos mxatvruli praqtikisa da esTetikis mimarT interesma isev gaiRviZa momdevno epoqaSi, romlebmac bevr rameSi aitaces da ganaviTares barokos ideebi.

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damowmebani:

belenjeri 1979: Bellenger, Yvonne. La metamorphose dans la “Creation du Monde”

de Du Bartas //Acts du Colloque International de Valenciennes, 1979.

bragini 1986: Брагин, Л. М. Проблема нравственного идеала в этике Кристофоро

Ландино. //Культура эпохи возрождения. Ленинград: Наука, 1986.

gureviCi 1991L: Гуревич, П. , О человеческром в человеке. Москва: 1991.

dela vale 1995: Della Valle, Daniela, Le thème de la Vanité dans la peinture et dans

la poèsie baroques françaises, Représentations et figurations baroques. Acts du colloque

international d’ Oslo, 13-17 september 1995 (Texts rèunis par Karin Gunderson et Solveig

Schult Ulriksen).

ervie 1938: Hervier, Marcel. L’Art poetique de Boileau. Editions Mellottee. 1938.

varaksiCi 2010: Вераксич И.Ю. История зарубежной литературы XVII–XVIII веков. Курс лекций. Мозырь, 2010.

varneri 1954: Warner P. Freidrich and col., Outline of Comparative Literature, 1954

varnki 1992: Warnke, Frank, The Baroque from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe

in Comparative Literary History as Discourse, Bern: 1992.

vaSica 1936: Vašica, Jozef. České literarní baroko. 1936.

viperi 1990: [Ю. Б. Виппер, О разновидностьях стиля барроко в западно-

европейских литературах XVII века // Творческие судьбы и история, М., 1990.

istoria 1987: История зарубежной литературы XVII века. Москва: 1987 .

kenWoSvili 1973: KkenWoSvili i. qarTuli avTenturi barokos gamo. J.

ciskari, № # 9, 1973.

minariki 1985: Minárik, Jozef. Dejiny slovenskej literatúry, I, Staršia slovenská liter-

atúra, (800-1780), SPN, 1985.

naWyebia 2009: naWyebia m. qarTuli barokos sakiTxebi. Tbilisi: `mera-

ni~, 2009.

naWyebia 2016: naWyebia m. renesansuli antropocentrizmidan baro-

koul Teocentrizmamde. sjani,#17. YTbilisi: 2016.

pasxariani 1996: Н. Т. Пахсарьян. Французская литература XVII-XVIII вв.

Москва: 1996.

rotenbergi 1971: Ротенберг, Е. И.. Барокко. -- Памятники мирового искусства.

Западно-европейское искусство XVII века. М., Искусство, 1971.

ruse 1953: La Littérature de l’âge baroque en France. Circé et le Paon. Paris: José

Corti, 1953.

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ruse 1961: Rousset, Jean, Antologie de la poésie baroque francaise, Paris, Colin, 1961

sofronova 1982: Софронова, Л. А., Принцип отраженся в поэтике барокко //

Барокко в славянских культурах, Наука, М., 1982.

sulie 1999: Soulier, Didier. Le Baroque en question(s). Litteratures Classiques, # 36,

1999.

turnani 1970: Tournand, Jan-Claude. Introduction à la vie littèraire du XVIIe siècle,

Bordas, Paris: 1970.

Sedozo 1989: Chédozeau, Bernard. Le Baroque, NATHAN. 1989.

Sevo 1997: Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. Lire le baroque, DUNOD, Paris: 1997.

Smatlaki 2002: Šmatlák, Stanislav, Dejiny slovenskej literatúry I. (ďalej DSL I.)

Bratislava : NLC 2002.

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ramaz Wilaia

sentimentalizmi

sentimentalizmi (ing. sentimental – mgrZnobiare; fr. sentiment – grZnoba) – XVIII saukunis evropuli literatu-ris erT-erTi ZiriTadi mxatvruli mimdinareoba klasi-cizmsa da rokokosTan erTad.

saxeldebis warmoSobas ukavSireben lorens sternis 1768 wels gamocemul, daumTavrebel romans `sentimen-ta-luri mogzauroba safrangeTsa da italiaSi~ (`A sentimental journey through France and Italy~). amasTanave, miuTiTeben, rom igi amkvidrebs termin `Sentimental~-is axlebur gaazrebas inglisur enaSi. Tu oqsfordis didi leqsikoni, ociode wliT adre, mas rogorc `gonivruls~, `keTilgoniers~ ganmartavs, aw ukve, igi grZnobismieris SinaarsiT it-virTeba da sternis wyalobiT, `mgrZnobelobiTad~ mkvi-drdeba. xazgasasmelia, rom inglisurenovan mkvlevarTa teqstebSi upiratesoba ufro `sentimentalur romans~, `sentimentalur poezias~ Tu `sentimantalur dramas~ eniWeba.1 frangi da germaneli kritikosebi ki `sentimenta-lurobas~ emxrobian, viTarca gansxvavebul epoqaTa da TxzulebaTa aRmniSvnel gamorCeul kategorias.

aRsaniSnia, rom sternisgan damoukideblad, termins gansxvavebuli SeferilobiT moimarjvebs i. k. f. Sileri – `über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung~ (`naivuri da senti-mentaluri poeziis Sesaxeb~, 1797); dasavleTevropuli literaturamcodneobiTi azri didad ar swyalobs am termins. g.e. lesingis xeldasxmiT (igulisxmeba i.i. bode-sadmi, sternis pirveli mTargmnelisadmi 1768 w. miwerili werili) germanelebi upiratesobas `empfindsam~-s (mgrZno-belobas) aniWeben. amasTanave, erTian konceptad aRiqvamen e.w. `grZnobismier poezias~ (empfindsame Dichtung), romelic sasuliero simRerebs, epistolur romans, Tvalcremlian

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komedias da misT. moicavs, rasac ingliselebi da frangebi `klasicizmis dakninebad~, mis deformaciad, `preroman-tizmad~ Tvlian.

sxva mosazrebiT, sentimentalizmis fuZisCamyrelad inglisur literaturaSi bunebis suraTebis poeturad aRmwers, j. tomsons miiCneven (`weliwadis droni~, 1726-30).

XVIII da XIX ss-is dasawyisisTvis naTlad ikveTeba ideaTa da grZnobaTa garkveuli kompleqsuroba, ro-melic dasavleT evropul filosofiur naazrevSi aisaxe-ba, moicavs ra ganmanaTlebluri racionalizmis niSnebs J. J. rusos meTaveobiT. yalibdeba garkveuli dapirispi-rebuloba `grZnobasa~ da `gons~ Soris da am fonze, `gu-lismieris~ warmmarTveloba adamianuri yofierebisaT-vis. filantropiis qadageba, pirovnuli uflebebis zeoba, ganurCevlad socialuri mdgomareobisa, bunebis kulti, sisadave da bunebrioba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sentimen-talizmi `grZnobisa~ da `gonebis~ metoqeobas warmoaCens; piovnebiseuli sulieri wonasworobis safuZvels ki gul-mowyaleba da znekeTiloba warmoadgens.

sentimentalizmi, rogorc mxatvruli procesi, ac-nobierebs amgvar mxatvrul koncefcias: fokusirebulia Rrmad emociuri, bunebaTanaziari da gamZafrebuli STabe-Wdilebis mqone pirovneba, romelic keTilSobilebas, zne-maRlobas eswrafvis da boroteuls upirispirdeba.

sentimentalizmi racoinalisturis opoziciuri konceptia, mimarTuli pirovnebiseuli saTnoebisa da zneobrivi sawyisisadmi. dadebiTi gmirebi idealizebuli saxiT arian warmoCenilni da personaJTa xasiaTis gaxsni-sas, ikveTeba keTilisa da boroti sawyisis mkveTri gami-jvnis mcdeloba. mcdarad migvaCnia mosazreba, rom sen-timentalizmi reaqciaa klasicizmze. aq saubari mxolod opoziciur momentebze, garkveulwilad Sepirispirebazea SesaZlebeli.

sentimentalizmis filosofiuri sayrdeni sensu-alizmia, romelic win wamowevs `mgrZnobiare~, `bunebri-

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obiT~ dajildoebul pirovnebas. samyaros Secnoba sen-sulisturi TvalTaxedviT, swored grZnobebiTaa SesaZ-lebeli. XVIII s-is dasawyisisaTvis sensualizmi mkvidrad ikidebs fexs literaturaSi, zogadad xelovnebaSi.

sentimentalisti mwerlisTvis yovelive saintere-soa, araa aucilebeli raRac gamorCeuli, gansakuTrebu-li movlenis an pirovnebis warmoCena. imdenad, ramdenadac esa Tu is movlena Tu pirovneba Tavad moicavs mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel intimur, erTeul, ganumeorebel ambavs. yovlad SeumCneveli, arafriT saintereso biog-rafiuli istoria sentimentalistur narativSi SeiZleba sruliad axleburad warmoCndes.

sentimentaluri literaturis teqsti mdored mie-dineba, mas TiTqos arsad eCqareba; damaxasiaTebeli for-maa gawelili, dinji, zneobriv-SegonebiTi romani. wesis-amebr, personaJebi gatacebulni arian dRiurebis da aseve gawelili werilebis weriT, romlebSic sakuTari gulis-nadebi Tu sanetaro ocnebebia gamJRavnebuli. es niSani gvixasiaTebs sentimentalistebs fsiqologiuri analizis erTgvar novatorebad. maTi damsaxurebaa garegnuli maxa-siaTeblebis Sinagan samyaroSi gadatana. safiqrebelia, rom es momentic apirobebs Tavad terminismier (`senti-mentaluri~) Sinaarss. XVIII saukunis Suaxanebis inglis-sa da nawilobriv safrangeTSi wvrili burJuaziismieri sentimentalizmi, faqtobrivad, didaqtiuri realizmia, romelic e.w. saojaxo romanis da dramis saxiT arsebobs. sentimentializmi, rogorc iTqva, erTgvarad protestu-lad ganwyobili movlenaa ganmanaTleblobis epoqis mSral gonebrivobas dapirispirebuli.

sentimentalizms mkvidrad ukavSirdeba Jan-Jak ru-sos gamorCeuli figura; romelmac gavlena iqonia misi Tanadrouli Sexedulebebis da gemovnebis Camoyalibeba-ze. aseve, filosofiaze da literaturaze. rusoizmi sen-timantalizmis filosofiur-esTetikuri safuZvelia. igi SeewinaaRmdega klasicizmis epoqaSi gamefebul raciona-

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lizms. rusoseulad, grZnoba da mgrZnobiaroba sulis-mieri aqtivobis specifikuri formaa. miseuli formula, albaT, amgvari unda yofiliyo: `vgrZnob, ese igi varse-bob~. amdenad, grZnobaTa prioritetuloba, altruizmi, bunebis esTetikuri TvalsawieriT aRqma, primitivizmisa da sofluri yofis idealizeba, rusoizmis principebisa da esTetikis damkvidreba, sentimentalizmis filoso-fiur-esTetikur safuZvlad gvevlineba.

adamianuri gancdebisadmi interesis gamZafrebas xeli Seuwyo ganmanaTleblobis epoqis filosofiisa da literaturis iseTma konceptebma, rogorebicaa `bune-brioba~ da `uSualoba~. sentimentalistTa TvalTaxed-viT, aRniSnuli cnebebi bunebis Sinagani sazrisis da ada-mianis Sinagani samyaros urTierTmimarTebas, Tanaxmiano-bas acnobiereben. es apirobebs avtorTa gansakuTrebul dainteresebas garesamyaros (bunebis) suraTebis aRweri-sadmi, masSi mimdinare procesebisadmi. aseve, calkeuli pirovnebis cnobierebaSi mimdinare emociuri Zvrebis gamovlinebebisadmi.

sentimentalizmis esTetika TiTqos epikur narativs mieltvis meti sixSiriT, Tumca gamorCeuli lirikuli da dramatuli Txzulebebic sakmaod aris Seqmnili. ZiriTa-dad, garesinamdvilis asaxva Cans prioritetulad, magram realisturi xedvisgan gansxvavebiT, igi erTgvarad gu-lubryvilod da idiliurad warmoaCens samyaros. xSiria pirovnebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili, zneSeryvnili gare-modan Tavis daRwevis motivi. cxovrebiseuli `uTavbolo-bisa da uswormasworobis~ axsnas ki oden sulierebiT cdi-lobs. sterni, mgrZnobiarobas, adamianis uaRresi tkbo-bis da mZafri Wmunva-mwuxarebis uSret wyarod miiCnevda. zogadad, sentimentalizmSi winwamoweulia grZnobis prim ati, arvin erideba grZnobaTa SeniRbvas, piruku – gulis aCuyeba siqveledac ki aris aRqmuli. ra Tqma unda, yovelive es ukuSedegsac iZleoda, moWarbebuli grZnobaaRvsiloba

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akninebda mamacuri nebis gamoxatvas. sentimentalisti mw-erlebi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen adamianur gancdebze, sevdian guneba-ganwyobilebaze, imedgacruebaze; aqedan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba teqstebis ZiriTadi Seferil-oba – melanqolia.

melanqoliuri aRqmis `tkbilsaamuri~ ganwyoba kve-bavs sentimantalistebis grZnobaTa primats. dasturad tomas greis `soflis sasaflaoze dawerili elegia~ ik-marebda. grei, garkveulwilad, exmianeba edvard iungis guneba-ganwyobas, motivirebuls sasaflaosmieri idum-alebiT, qva-jvrebiT da epitafiebiT (ix. e. iungis `The Complaint: or Night Thaughts on Life, Death, and Immortality~; – re-ligiuri xasiaTis poema `saCivari anu Rameuli fiqrebi sicocxleze, sikvdilze da ukvdavebaze~). sentimental-izmis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebad moralizmi da znes-rulobis qadageba gvevlineba. sentimentalistebi `val-debulad~ Tvlian Tavs daamkvidron azri, rom samyaros zneobrivi wesrigi marTavs. saganTa da movlenaTa sevdaS-emosili idiliur-idealizebuli suraTebi aseve gamor-Ceuli maxasiaTeblebia am mimdinareobisa, da es idili-uroba-idealizacia yvelaze metad bunebismier sferoze proecirdeba. miuTiTeben, rom aq naTlad igrZnoba J.J. rusos zegavlena, romelic pirvelobas da warmmarTvelo-bas bunebis primats aniWebda. Tu klasicizmis mamamTavari bualo moiTxovda moqmedebis mTavari areali literatu-ruli teqstebisa, samefo kari da qalaqi yofiliyo, sen-timentalistebi, araiSviaTad, mieltvian provincias, upi-ratesobas soflur cxovrebas aniWeben da patriarqalur Seuryvnelobas aidealeben. sentimentalur teqstebSi sasiyvarulo-satrfialo peripetiebi, ZiriTadad, bunebis suraTebis aRmatebulad warmoCenis fonze viTardeba. av-torebi uSurvelad iyeneben ferTa simravles peizaJTa aR-werisas; etrfian Rameul mTvaris naTels, frinvelTa ga-lobas, guli uCuydebaT yvavilnaris xilvisas. amasTanave,

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mkveTrad gasamijnia gulis sawadelis hiperbolizebulad warmoCena, Tvalcremliani grZnobaaSliloba da senti-mentalisturi msoflaRqmis is saRi marcvali, romelic ubraloebas, bunebriobas, adamianur gulisxmierebas da Sinagan wesierebas uzenaes uflebad miiCneven.

* * *XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoria war-

moaCens grigol rCeuliSvilis saxels, romelsac winare kritikuli tradicicia ukavSirebs sentimentalizmis mimarTulebas. am mxriT, pirveloba al. xaxanaSvils ekuTv-nis – `ax, mTvarev, mTvarev~... es leqsi axasiaTebs mis senti-mentalistur mimarTulebas da akavSirebs mas dasavleT-evropelTa mwerlebs~ (xaxanaSvili 1913: 78).

samarTliania azri, rom sentimentalisturi stilis modurad qceva daemTxva evropuli burJuaziis aRmav-lobas, amasTanave, igi Seicavda jansaR, progresul niSan-Tvisebebs. oRond, kardinalurad gansxvavebuli ramaa XIX s. 50-iani wlebis qarTuli burJuaziuli koncepti, rasac naTlad asaxavs g. qiqoZis pozicia: `burJuazia, romelic saqarTvelos qalaqebSi ganviTarda da Camoyalibda mecx-ramete saukuneSi, umetes wilad, ucxoeTidan CamoTesle-buli elementebisgan Sesdgeboda; is qarTveli eris kul-turasTan naklebad dakavSirebuli iyo organulad da is-eTs zneobrivad jansaR Zalas ar warmoadgenda, rogorc dasavleT evropis burJuazia iyo Tavisi siWabukisa da sim-wifis periodSi. qarTuli literatura Tavdapirvelad mas ufro komikuri mxridan xedavda (qiqoZe 1946: 139).

saqarTveloSi sentimentalizmis tendenciebi XIX s. 60-iani wlebidan iCens Tavs. qarTuli proza da poezia xasiaTdeba sentimentalizmisaTvis niSandoblivi War-bi mgrZnobiarobiT gamoxatuli dRiurebiT, mogzauru-li CanawerebiT, elegiuri stiliT, melodramatuli ganwyobilebiT.

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sentimentaluri xasiaTis Txzulebadaa moazrebuli daviT batoniSvilis `axali Sixi~, gr. rCeuliSvilis `naox-ari sofeli~, `mwyemis siyvaruli~, gr. orbelianis `mgzav-roba Cemi tfilisidam peterburRamdis~ da sxv. xazgasasme-lia, rom sentimentalisturi tendenciebis damkvidrebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa Targmnilma nawarmoebebma. mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT gamoirCeodnen s. mesxiSvi-li, d. ciciSvili, i. kereseliZe, r. erisTavi, e. erisTavi.2

Cveneulad, XIX s. 50-iani wlebi nagvianebi etapia Cveni sentimentalizmisa, rogorc mimarTulebis damkvi-drebisaTvis, man xom naxevari saukunis win amowura Ta-visi arseboba. amdenad, gavlenaze da mimarTulebis `re-animaciaze~ saubari naklebad safuZvliania. dasturdeba oden sentimentaluri ganwyobilebebis gamovlena, rac mwerlobis arsebobis TiTqmis nebismier etapze SeimCneva. qarTulma kritikulma azrma tolobis niSani dasva senti-mentalizms, rogorc mimdinareobasa da sentimantaluri ganwyobilebis gamJRavnebas Soris. Cveni azriT, es mcdari poziciaa.

saqarTveloSi sentimentalizmi mainc pasiur li-teraturul procesad sCans, romelic realizmis Casax-va-ganviTarebis winare safexuria. igi ufro epigonuri xasiaTisaa.

* * *sentimentalisturi romani – `burJuaziuli dramis~3

darad, sentimentalisturi romanis Casaxvis xanad XVIII saukunis Suaxanebi iTvleba. ris wanamZRvrad socialuri, fsiqologiuri da literaturuli faqtorebi miiCneva. axladgaCenili burJuaziuli sazogadoeba ukve veRar eg-ueboda manamde arsebul aristokratiul-salonur da sa-Tavgadasvlo romanebs da cvlilebebs iTxovda. amas isic erTvoda, rom romanis arsebulma formam amowura Tavi

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da erTgvar Semaferxebel faqtorsac ki warmoadgenda mxatvruli novaciebis msurveli mwerlebisaTvis. senti-mentalisturi romani siaxlis damamkvidrebeli aRmoCnda zogadad literaturuli procesisa, romelic sentimen-talizmis saxeldebiT Camoyalibda, rasac, Tavis mxriT, xeli Seuwyo bunebis, grZnobaaRvsilobis, kacTmoyvareo-bis konceptTa triadam. bunebis Secnoba da pirovnebiseul yofierebasTan SeuRleba literaturaSi, sentimentali-stebis damsaxurebaa; romelic, SemdgomSi, Taviseburad warmoaCines romantikosebma. rogorc miuTiTeben, rusom aRZra `bunebrivi adamianis~ idea. bunebismier adamians igi upirispirebs `sazogadoebis mier Seqmnil adamians~.

sentimentalizmSi, winare literaturuli proce-sebisgan gansxvavebiT, azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi maxvili saxelmwifodan, pirovnebazea gadatanili. gamorCeuli maxasiaTebelia pirovnebis Sinagani Zvrebis, vnebaTaRel-vis warmoCena garemobunebis Tanaxmianad. amdenad, senti-mentalizmis esTetikis safuZveli bunebis gacnobiereba-baZvaa. Tavad sentimentalisturi romani, rogorc Janru-li siaxle, wina planze mgrZnobelobiTs (mgrZnobiarobas) wamowevs, mieltvis bunebis primats, martiv, humanur, gul-mowyale damokidebulebas adamianisadmi.

sentimentalisturi romanis da, zogadad, senti-mentalizmis Sesafaseblad sainteresod gvesaxeba ilia WavWavaZis pozicia: `roca gamoCnda gete Tavisi `verter-iT~, bernarden sen-pieri Tavisi `poli da virginiaTi~, Jan-Jak ruso Tavisi `eloiziT~, maSin evropas pirvelad eca damatkbobeli sxivi poeziisa; maSin cru-klasikuri mimar-TulebiT daTrgunvilni mweralni mivardnen mSiersaviT axalSobils poeziis mimarTulebasa; magram pirvelad ver icnes verc getes `verteri~, verc `eloiza~ Jan-Jak rusosi da verc `poli da virginia~ bernarden sen-pierisa; amaSi sentimentaluri suli moesmaT: eg suli mimdevarTa ganavi-Tares da dahbades sentimentaluri skola~ (WavWavaZe 1927: 60-61).

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mxatvrul formad sentimentalisturi romani in-glisSi yalibdeba. ukavSirdeba samuel riCardsonis, henri fildingis da lorens sternis saxelebs. Tu riCardsoni-seuli xedva paTetikur sentimentaluri xasiaTisaa (`pa-mela~, `klarisa harlo~, `ser Carlz grandisoni~). henri fildingi riCardsonis xelweras sentimentalistur-re-alisturad gardaqmnis, mTavari mizani ki sinamdvilis mar-Tebuli asaxvaa (riCardsoniseuli `pamelas~ parodirebis mcdelobiT aRbeWdili romani `jozef endriusi~, gamor-Ceuli mxatvruli sisruliT Seqmnili `tom jounzis, na-povaras ambavi~ da `amelia~). aRsaniSnavia, rom tradiciul didaqtizms fildingi iumoristul pasaJebs uzavebs, rac, mogvianebiT, lorens sternisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sti-luri niSani xdeba. mas miiCneven iumoristuli sentimanta-listuri romanis Semqmnelad (`cxovreba da Sexedulebebi tristram Sendisa, jentlmenisa~ da `mister iorikis sen-timentaluri mogzauroba safrangeTsa da italiaSi~). di-daqtizmi da moralistoba sterns ar izidavs, gamokveTili individualisti, igi sakuTar Sinagan samyaros uRrmavdeba da swrafad cvladi xasiaTis mimoxris analiziTaa daka-vebuli (rasac didi mwerluri ostatobiT gadmogvcems). gamorCeul xelweras sterns sentimentalobisa da spe-cifikuri inglisuri iumoris nazavi aniWebs. misma Semoq-medebam sagrZnobi kvali datova evropul romanistikaSi, volterma mas `meore ingliseli rable~ uwoda. germaniaSi `sternianelTa~ moZraobac ki Seiqmna.

Tu inglisuri romanis damwyebad daniel defo iTv-leba, sakuTriv am Janruli formis mwvervalad fildin-gis `tom jounzis napovaras ambavi~ miiCneva. avtorma ro-mans komikur-iumoristuli elferi SesZina; epikurisa da dramatulis SerwymiT ki yoveldRiurobas dauaxlova. kolriji aRniSnavda, rom `riCardsonis mere, fildingis nawerebis kiTxva, sneulis oTaxidan maisis mzian mdeloze gamosvlas etolebao~.

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calke aRniSvnis Rirsia, albaT, jein osteni (miRebu-li normaa ostinis formiTac moxsenieba); misadmi keTil-ganwyobili Tanamedrovenic ki didad ar Tu ver afasebdnen avtoris Txzulebebs. miT ufro gaocdebodnen, rom sami saukunis Semdgom mas isev kiTxuloben. dikenss warmodgena ar hqonda ostenis arsebobaze, Sarlota bronte ki damam-cirebel gamonaTqvamebsac ki ar erideboda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ostenis nawarmoebebi anonimurad, mavani ̀ ledis~ saxeliT qveyndeboda da erTgvarad, CrdilSi rCeboda. amisdamiuxedavad, valter skoti mas Tanamedrove romanis Semqmnelad Tvlida. es maSin, rodesac baironi, balzaki, stendali Tavad valter skots miiCneven Tanamedrove romanis mamad~.

ZiriTadi aRiareba jein ostenis Txzulebebisa mainc XX saukuneSi moxda; misi romanebis (sakultod qceuli `siamaye da crurwmena~, `grZnoba da goneba~, `darwmuneba~) mxatvruli samyaro `Cveulebrivi~, `ubra-lo~ personaJebiTaa warmodgenili. arsebul garemos da masSi `dasaxlebul~ gmirebs avtori ironiulad gvawvdis. miuTiTeben, rom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia tipiur inglisur `senze~ – snobizmze, romelsac Sem-dgomSi, Tekereic ar auvlis gverds. ostenis daun-dobeli satiruli kalami tolad gvixatavs rogorc aristokratias, aseve, nuvoriSebsa da gansxvavebuli eko-nomikuri SesaZleblobebis didgvarovnebs.

inglisuri literaturis Teoretikosi j. guddoni wers, rom kitsis, kolrijis da uodsvorTis Txzulebe-bis kiTxvisas, imgvari SegrZneba geufleba, rom maTi Sinagani ganwyoba `winareromantikuli sentimentaliz-mia~. sentimentalizmidan romantizmze gardamavl etapad moiazreba aseve, e.w. `sasaflaosmieri skolis poetTa~ – tomsonis, iungis, bleris, greis, makfersonisa da persis Semoqmedebac.

safrangeTSi sentimentalisturi tendenciebi Sem-zadebulia XVIII saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi filip detuSis iumoriTa da enawylianobiT aRbeWdili komediebiT. 40-

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iani wlebidan ki yovelives p. k. laSoses `Tvalcremliani komediebi~ amyarebs. antuan fransua prevo (abati prevo) siyvarulis amamaRlebel da pirovnuli Tvisebebis momni-Webel grZnobebs asaxavs mis yvelaze gaxmaurebul Txzu-lebaSi `kavaler de gries da manon leskos ambavSi~.

`Tvalcremliani komediis~ elementebis transfor-maciiT d. didro amkvidrebs `meSCanuri dramis~ Janrs; 1773 welsaa dawerili cnobili romani `Jak-fatalisti da misi batoni~, romelsac sternis zegavlena emCneva. misa-TiTebelia, rom didros araerTi nawarmoebi akrZaluli iyo da mxolod burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg daistamba.

franguli sentimentalizmi srulyofas J.J. rusos epistolur romanSi àxali eloiza~ aRwevs. werilebis da Canawerebis subieqtur-emociuri xasiaTi franguli lit-eraturisTvis novatorul saxes iRebs. romani amkvidrebs grZnobaTa bunebriobas, bunebis kults, warmoaCens civi-lizaciiT Seuryvnel suraT-xatebs. rusom axali, emo-ciurad datvirTuli saxeoba Seqmna peizaJisa, romelic gmiris gancdebTanaa SekavSirebuli. rusos lirizmiT ganmsWva luli fsiqologiuri analizi apirobebs evro-puli romanis Semdgom ganaviTarebas. rusos àRsareba~ msoflio literaturaSi erT-erT yvelaze gulwrfel av-tografiul teqstad miiCneva. aq TiTqmis srulyfilebam-dea ayvanili sentimentalizmis subieqtivisturi gamoxat-vis saSualeba.

Semoqmedis mier WeSmaritebis dadgena-ganmtkicebas miiCnevda mTavar amocanad rusos mowafe da mimdevari anri bernarden de sen-pieri. misi sentimentalur-idiliuri `poli da virJini~ warmoadgens bunebis SegrZnebis avto-risel koncefcias. es Tema misi adreuli nawerebis lait-motivad JRers. mwerlis nawerebis wamyvan motivad Semdegi sityvebi SeiZleba miviCnioT: àdamiani mxolod maSin aRw-evs bednierebas, Tu sxvaTa bednierebisTvis zrunavs~.

germaniaSi sentimentalisturi romani, inglisuri da franguli romanis mraval niSan-Tvisebas iTavsebs. h.f.

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gelerti afuZnebs e.w. `seriozuli komediis~Janrs, ro-melic `meSCanur dramas~ uaxlovdeba. misi romani `Svedi grafinias fon g-s cxovreba~ acnobierebs riCardsoni-seuli gonierisa da mgrZnobelobiTs Serwymis sqemas. 40-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvis amaRlebuli da paTetikuri hangebi ismis f.g. klopStokis `mesiadebSi~. Tumca, Zireul gamoxatulebas sentimentalisturi romani goeTes `axal-gazrda verteris vnebebSi~ hpovebs. miuTiTeben, rom es Tx-zuleba riCardsonisa da rusos zegavlenas ganicdis. amis-damiuxedavad, goeTem romans imgvari mxatvruli sisavse mianiWa, rom igi erTxmad miiCneva sanimuSo literaturul teqstad.

1770-80-iani wlebis germaniaSi yalibdeba litera-turuli mimdinareoba `Sturmi da drangi~ (qariSxali da Seteva). saxeldeba f.m. klingeris imave saxelwodebis mqone dramidan modis. am litekraturuli procesis saTaveebTan axalgazra goeTe, Sileri da e.w. `giotingenuri koromis~ jgufis poetebi idgnen. ideologebad ki i. g. hamani da i. g. herderi moiazrebian. imemkvidres ra ganmanaTleblobis antidespoturi da humanisturi msoflxedva `Sturmer-ebi~ SemoqmedebiTi gamoxatvis sisrules, grZnobaTa Ta-visufal gamovlenas eswrafodnen. amgvari paTosi maT Za-lze aaxlovebda sentimentalizms. axali mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebma uaryves klasicizmis normatiuli esTe-tika, iTxovdnen xelovnebaSi erovnulobis win wamowevas, gmirul Canadens, utexi xasiaTebis Cvenebas. sabolood, `Sturmi da drangi~ dromoWmuli normebis da tradiciebis rRvevis epoqis aRmnSvnel myar Sesityvebad Camoyalibda.

grZnobaTa siWarbe, protestuli, meamboxe suli dam-axasiaTebeli Tvisebaa Sturmerebisa. garkveulwilad, ase-Tad warmogvidgeba `getingenuri koromis~ dajgufebis poetTa nawilis Semoqmedebac.

tipiuri sentimentaluri suliTaa aRbeWdili er-TaderTi qali romanistis, sofia laroSis nawerebi. aR-saniSnavia misi yvelaze gaxmaurebuli sentimentalisturi romani `froilain fon-Sternhaimis istoria~. siuJeturi

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qarga tradiciulia – aRwerilia axalgazra qalis ganc-da, vnebaTa Relvani, romelic iZulebulia usiyvarulod misTxovdes uRirsebo kacs. laroSis Tanadroulma kri-tikam dadebiTad Seafasa personaJTa Sinagani samyaros aRweris ostatoba. miiCneven, rom sofia laroSi erT-er-Ti pirvelTagani udebs safuZvels e.w. saojaxo-yofiT sakiTxavebs; msgavsi romanebi zneobriv-damrigeblobiTi mizanmimarTulebisaa da biurgeruli saTnoebis kults qadagebs.

ruseTSi sentimentalisturi romanis warmoSoba ev-ropuli romaniT iyo gapirobebuli, rasac i.v. goeTes, s. riCardsonisa, a. bernarden de sen-pieris Targmanebma Seuwyves xeli. rusuli sentimentalizmi, metwilad, Ta-vadaznaurul xasiaTis gamomxatveli iyo, eswrafoda racionalizms; warmmarTvel mizandasaxulebas ki didaq-tizmi Seadgenda. ruseTis pirobebisTvis ganmanalebluri tendenciebi mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. sentimentalistma mwerlebma jerovani yuradReba dauTmes saliteraturo enis daxvewas. saamisod, moimarjves xalxuri, sasaubro metyveleba.

sentimantalisturi romanis mamaTavrad rusul literaturaSi m. karamzini miiCneva; gamoyofen mis or romans: `rusi mogzauris Canawerebs~ da `sabralo lizas~. sentimentalizmis niSnebs avlens v.a. Jukovskis adreuli Semoqmedebac. 1780-ian wlebSi Casaxuli interesi am li-teraturuli mimdinareobisadmi 1820 wlisTvis amoiwura. igi ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan romantizmze gardamavl etapad miiCneva.

SeniSvnebi:

1. Tanamedrove saleqsikono-sacnobaro doneze, ganirCeva

da erTgvarad dapirispirebuladac ki moiazreba iseTi terminebi,

rogorebicaa: `grZnoba~, `mgrZnobeloba~ – sentiment da sentimentality –

`Tvalcremliani sentimentaloba~.

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2. aqve, uintereso ar unda iyos is, rom terminismier doneze

qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi konceptis `sentimentaluri~ farTod

xmareba ilia WavWavaZis saxels ukavSirdeba. `antikritikul ustar-

Si~ sardion aleqsiev-mesxievi miuTiTebs, rom ilias Semotanilia

araerTi ucxo sityva: `sentimentaluri, forma, siuJeti da sxv.~

(ciskari, 1861, # 6, ivnisi).

barbare jorjaZesTan sityvamigebisas ki ilia wers: `origina-

li, sentimentaluri da sxvani magvari sityvebi, xmarebuli Cems sta-

tiaSi Tqven ucxo sityvebad migiRiaT. eg marTalia, qarTuli sityve-

bi ar aris, mTeli kacobrioba ki xmarobs. yovel xalxsa, cotaoden

ganviTarebulsa da fexSedgmuls evropis ganaTlebaSi, Semoutania

da miuRia eg sityvebi, rogorc Tavisi RviZli enis leqsikoni; maSa-

sadame, arc CvenTvis aris dasaZraxisi, rom Cvenc vixmaroT~ (ilias

samreklo, Tb., 1987, gv. 121).

3. burJuaziuli anu meSCanuri drama – tragediisa da kome-

diis Sualeduri formis dramatuli saxeobaa. Camoyalibda da ganvi-

Tarda XVIII s-Si, sakmao popularobiT sargeblobda evropul lite-

raturaSi (inglisi, safrangeTi, germania) XIX saukunis damdegamde.

meSCanuri dramis Janruli buneba, Sinaarsi da sasceno xasiaTi gana-

piroba axlad Camoyalibebulma socialurma viTarebam. garkveuli

roli iTamaSa aseve, sentimentaluri ganwyobilebis gaCenam da axali

dramatuli formebisken swrafvam. klasicisturi dramaturgiisgan

gansxvavebiT, meSCanur anu burJuaziur dramaSi aSkarad igrZnoba

socialuri poblemebis win wamowevis cda. amis dasturia d. didros,

g.e. lesingis, p. bomarSes, p.k. laSoses saukeTeso nawarmoebebi. am

formasTanaa dakavSirebuli literaturasa da TeatrSi mimdinare

novaciebi. Tumca, rogorc iTqva, XVIII saukunis bolosTvis meS-

Canuri drama kargavs Tavis simZafres.

damowmebani:

qiqoZe 1946: qiqoZe g. `g. erisTavi~. etiudebi da portretebi. Tbilisi:

1946.

WavWavaZe 1927: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. 4. Tbilisi: 1924.

xaxanaSvili 1913: xaxanaSvili a. qarTuli sityvierebis istoria (XIX).

tfilisi: 1913.

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gaga lomiZe

romantizmi: teqsti da konteqsti

termini `romantizmi~ me-18 saukuneSi `warmosaxu-lis~, `fantastikuris~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda da ukavSirdeboda sityva `romans~*. Tavdapirvelad `romani` romelime romanul enaze daweril Txzulebas ewodeboda. me-18 saukunidan es sityva inglisur literaturaSi Sua-saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis xanis literaturis aRniS-navs. am periodSi `romantikuli~ niSnavda araCveulebrivs, saidumloebiT moculs, saswaulebrivs, fantastiurs – imas, rac `racionalurs~ upirispirdeboda.

romantizmis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba samyaros winaaRmdegobriobas, rac aucileblobasa da arsebuls, idealsa da sinamdviles Soris ufskruls gulisxmobs. ganmanaTleblobis mier SemoTavazebuli idealebis ganux-orcieleblobis gamo, romantizmma SeimuSava sinamdvilis dagmobis da idealebis samyaroSi Caketvis pozicia. swored aqedan momdinareobs ori samyaros arsebobis aRiareba ro-mantikosebis mxridan. amitomac cdiloben romantikosi avtorebi, rom winaaRmdegobebi xilul samyaroSi ki ar moarigon, aramed mTlianad warmosaxvebis samyaroSi ga-dainacvlon. amgvarad, romantizmis mTavari principia ori samyaros aRiareba: realuris da warmosaxuli samyaroebis dapirispireba.

sinamdvilis simyifis da warmavlobis aRiarebam ro-mantizmis esTetikaSi ararealuris da fantastikuris kulti daamkvidra. romantikosTa azriT, mSvenieria is, rac ar xilul sinamdviles scdeba da fantastiuris sfer-oSia. novalisi werda: `me mgonia, rom Cemi sulis mdgo-mareobas yvelaze kargad zRaparSi gamovxatav, yvelaferi zRaparia~.

* liriuli da sagmiro saqmeebis amsaxveli simRera espaneTSi da raindebis Tavgadasavalze agebuli epikuri poema.

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ganmanaTleblobiseuli samyaros meqanistur mod-els safuZvlad edo galilei-niutonis bunebismetyvele-ba. is romantizmiseulma dinamikurma modelma Caanacvla.

`romantizmis moZRvreba absolutis Sesaxeb, up-irveles yovlisa, mimarTulia ganmanaTleblebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli deizmis winaaRmdeg. am filosofiur-Te-ologiuri doqtrinis Tanaxmad, RmerTi, marTalia, qmnis samyaros, magram Semdeg aRar ereva masSi mimdinare proce-sebSi. deistebis sayvareli analogia iyo RmerTis Sedar-eba mesaaTesTan, romelic amzadebs saaTs, magram Semdeg es saaTi ostatisgan damoukideblad agrZelebs muSaobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, mxolod meqanikuri kanonebiT aixsneba. swored aseve samyaro, marTalia, RvTis qmnilebaa, magram igi SeiZleba mTlianad meqanikuri kanonebiT aixsnas. am-rigad, ganmanaTleblebi, garkveuli azriT, erTmaneTisgan wyvetdnen RmerTs da samyaros. amis sapirispirod roman-tizmis filosofia Teizmis poziciaze dgas~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 13)

romantizmis warmoSobis winapirobebi da mizezebi

am mimdinareobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Taviseburi gamovlineba qonda, vinaidan is araerTgvarovani ideuri, socialuri da literaturuli movlenebiT iyo ganpirobe-buli. dasavleT evropuli romantizmis socialuri foni safrangeTis didi revolucia iyo, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi igi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobas daukavSirda, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ki erovnuli TviTdamkvidrebis niSniT viTardeboda. amave dros, ger-manuli romantizmi fixtes idealuri filosofiis gavle-nas ganicdida, franguli romantizmi ki rusos moZRvre-baTa safuZvelze aRmocenda.

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romantizmma umaRles safexurs miaRwia evropuli revoluciebis da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-bebis xanaSi, xolo misma Teoriulma safuZvlebma gavlena iqonia me-19 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi erovnuli TviTmyo-fadobis aRorZinebisken swrafvaze.

safrangeTis revoluciis marcxma imedgacrue-ba gamoiwvia. revolucia, romelsac maRali idealebi asuldgmulebda, bolos terorsa da ZaladobaSi gadaiz-arda. jer revoluciis dros daingra Zveli, TiTqosda racionalurad organizebuli samyaro (romelsac vxe-davdiT klasicistebis SemoqmedebaSi), xolo Semdeg is idealebic, romlebiTac revolucia sazrdoobda, magram romlebic sinamdvileSi ganuxorcielebeli aRmoCnda. aqe-dan gamomdinare, yovelive is, rac aqamde myarad da udavod miiCneoda, azri da avtoriteti dakarga. aRmoCnda, rom sa-myaro maradiuli qmnadobis procesia.

romantizmis Teoria ukavSirdeba Zmebi Slegelebi-sa da Selingis naazrevs. swored maT SeimuSaves am mimdi-nareobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi. me-18 saukunis bolos, maT Tanamedrove xelovneba klasicistur xelovnebas daupirispires – ase gaCnda romantikulisa da klasikuris opozicia, romelic mTels evropaSi popularuli gaxada frangma mweralma da moazrovnem J. de stalma.

romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori samyaros ar-sebobis aRiareba, sadac xelovneba Semoqmedebis umaRles sferodaa miCneuli. ase iyo klasicizmSic, magram klas-icizmi aRiarebda danawilebebs – erTi mxriv, arsebobs yoveldRiuroba da meore mxriv – arsebobs xelovneba. isini sulac ar unda iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. romantikosebTan potenciuri aqtualuri xdeba. es aris erTgvarad kantiseuli SekiTxvis gadaazrebis interpre-taciebi: ra mimarTebaa arssa da movlenas Soris? es aris sakiTxis xelaxali formulireba, sakiTxis, romelic me-17 saukuneSi, barokos xanaSi iyo aqtualuri: iyo raime da Tavi moaCveno raimed.

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amitomac romantizmis Teoria gulisxmobs da mo-iTxovs imas, rom cxovreba da xelovneba erTi iyos. ami-tomac iyo, rom imdroindeli poetebi (baironi, lermon-tovi) demonebs TamaSobdnen sinamdvileSi, riTac sazoga-doebriv normebs upirispirdebodnen.

romantizmis xanis Semoqmedebi da moazrovneebi TiTqos Suasaukuneebis moazrovneebis msgavsad, sicocx-lis Semdgom arsebobaSi xedaven potenciuris da aqtua-luris Tanxvedris ganxorcielebas, radgan am dros ukve Cven da Cveni potenciuri SesaZleblobebi verTiandebiT. Selingis azriT, absoluti aris obieqtisa da subieqtis sruli identoba.. absoluti SelingTan xasiaTdeba, ro-gorc erTgvari arara, romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavs yvela SesaZlo potencias. samyaros yvela movlena, yovelive obi-eqturi da subieqturi, gaiazreba, rogorc am potenciebis gaSla. `absoluti aris `SekumSuli~ samyaro, xolo samya-ro – gaSlili absoluti. Tavisi Sinagani aucileblobidan gamomdinare, absoluti unda gaiSalos, gadavides samyaro-Si da misi yvela safexuris gavliT daubrundes sakuTar Tavs. esaa absolutis gagebis umniSvnelovanesi principi, romelic saerToa hegelTan da romantikosebTan…~ (kaci-taZe ... 2012: 13-14)

hofmani socialuri cxovrebis gameorebiTobis au-tanlobaze gvesaubreba Tavis zRaprebSi. mas yoveldRi-urobis avtomatizebulobis Tema Semoaqvs. magram mis sa-myaroSi, paralelurad, fantasmagoriuli rameebic xdeba. magaliTad, mis mier aRweril drezdenSi vaSlis gamyidve-li qalebi sinamdvileSi kudianebi aRmoCndebian. amiT is igulisxmeba, rom Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi mudmivad iWreba raRac, romelsac axsna ar aqvs.

hofmaniseul samyaros tragikulobis ieric aqvs. ar-sebobs yoveldRiuroba da, aseve, arsebobs idealebis sa-myaro, sadac Cveni potencialebi imaleba. tragikuloba imaSia, rom adamians ar SeuZlia imis zustad gansazRvra, ramdenad realuria es yvelaferi. iqneb es yvelaferi

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misi warmosaxvis nayofia. hofmaniseul samyaroSi erTma-neTs xvdeba yoveldRiurobis autanloba da uamrav SesaZ-leblobaTa samyaro, romlis Sesaxebac danamdvilebiT araferi viciT – arsebobs Tu ara is sinamdvileSi. ami-tomac erTaderTi, rac SeiZleba daupirispirdes social-uri cxovrebis, yoveldRiurobis autanlobas – fantaziaa.

klasicisturi literaturis gmirs romantikosebma meocnebe daupirispires, gonebas – grZnobebis da war-mosaxvis kulti. moTxrobaSi `qviSis kaci~, romelic leo delibis balet `kopelias~ daedo safuZvlad, hofmani mogviTxrobs romantikosi axalgazrda naTanielis Ses-axeb, romelic mezobeli olimpiaTi moixibleba. bolos ki aRmoCndeba, rom olimpia adamiani ki ara, Tojinaa. aris amaSic erTgvari ironia. Tavisi SemoqmedebiT, hofmani gve-ubneba, rom adamianebSi miRmuri bunebis Zieba SeiZleba Cveni fantazirebis survilidan modiodes da sinamdvile-Si SeiZleba yvelaferi sxvanairadaa.

renesansis xanaSi individualuri cnobierebisTvis aucilebelia `me~ da misi, rogorc umaRlesi Rirebulebis aRiareba. sazogadoeba mTlianad mainc koleqtiuria am dros da Suasaukuneobrivi avtoritetebiT cxovrobs. ganmanaTleblobis xanaSi ukve idealebs dabali fena, masa ukveTavs da inividualuri cnobierebac koleqti-uri, masobrivi xdeba. mogvianebiT adamiani acnobierebs sakuTar individualobas. am dros adamiani or mocemu-lobas Sorisaa. erTi mxriv, is e.w. `socialuri cxovelia~, romelic sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi wesebiT cxovrobs, magram amiT adamiani cxovelTa samyarosgan TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba. meore mxriv – adamians aqvs iseTi ram, rac ar aqvT cxovelebs da esaa kultura. adamianebs undaT ara marto bednierebi iyvnen, akeTon is, rac maT sixaruls mi-aniWebs, aramed maT kiTxvebic uCndebaT – ratom aris esa Tu is movlena konkretuli saxis; saidan modis yvelaferi da a.S. aqedan samyaro SefasebiT xasiaTs iRebs – Cveni sau-baric SefasebiTia TiTqmis yovelTvis. amitomacaa adami-ani dilemis winaSe. kanonebi, romlebic fizikur sferos,

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Cvens instinqtebs aregulirebs, gansxvavdeba imisgan, rom-lebic Cvens saazrovno saqmianobas ganapirobebs.

romantizmSi mikro da makro kosmosi, iseve rogorc Sinagani da garegani, erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. es daaxloeba yvelaze kargad gadmocemulia novalisis aforizmSi: `Cemi satrfo miniaturaSi mocemuli samyaroa, xolo samyaro ganvrcobili Cemi satrfoa~. novalisis Tanaxmad, samyaros ori dapirispirebuli rigidan (Sina-gani-garegani, obieqturi-subieqturi, mikrokosmosi-mak-rokosmosi) erTi meoris aRmniSvnelia. `samyaro SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc Taviseburi kosmiuri ena, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba vwvdeT imas, rac Cveulebrivi enis-Tvis dafarulia (Sdr. baraTaSvilis: `mwams, rom ars ena ram saidumlo...~) (kacitaZe ... 2012:15).

potencialobis sakiTxi

ZvelberZnuli cnobierebisTvis da kulturisT-vis arsebobs ukve miRweulis, ganxorcielebulis gage-ba. raimes Canafiqri, dapireba -maTTvis araaqtualuria. heroikuli tragedia klasicizmSi, aseve, ganxorciele-buls aniWebda upiratesobas. erTi mxriv, cxadia – aqtua-luria is, rac ganxorcielda, magram meore mxriv, cxovre-baSi aris dafaruli raRac, rac aseve mniSvnelovania. es aris yofierebis sisrule, romelic potencialobisgan Sedgeba. adamianSi mocemulia garkveuli potenciali im-TaviTve, magram garemo pirobebma unda Seuwyos mas xeli, rom ganxorcieldes es yvelaferi. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvn-eloba aqvs ojaxs, skolas, radganac cxovreba SemTxvevi-Tobebis nakrebia.

magram sad arian adamianebi, romlebsac imTaviTve potenciali qondaT, magram sxva gziT warimarTa maTi cxovreba da ver ganxorcielda maTi potenciali? amaze

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romantikosebi ityvian: is, rac adamianma ver moaxerxa, rom socialur sinamdvileSi ganexorcielebina, mis Si-na-gan arsebaSi ganagrZobs sicocxles da mis arsebaSive ixrwneba. maTi azriT, samyaros Sefaseba mxolod imis mixedviT, rac ganxorcielda, uazrobaa. amitomac isini moiTxoven ara marto mocemuli socialuri sinamdvilis ganxilvas, aramed nebismieri sociumi, iseve rogorc ada-miani, bevrad metia, vidre am socialur mocemulobaSi, sinamdvileSi vlindeba da xorcieldeba. imitom, rom ma-Ti azriT, arsebobs raRac maradiuli suli, romelic ama Tu im konkretuli formis saxiT xorcieldeba. magaliTad, es suli ganxorcielda, vTqvaT, baraTaSvilSi, romelsac `miesaja~, rom baraTaSvili yofiliyo da ise ecxovra, ro-gorc mocemul sinamdvileSi eZleoda saSualeba. magram TviTonac grZnobda, rom mocemul sinamdvileSi mas ar eZleoda Tavisi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis gamovle-nis saSualeba da es potenciuroba mudmivad wina planze gamodis misi arsebidan. is amis demonstrirebas axdenda kidec sazogadoebis winaSe, misi skandaluri bunebac aqe-dan momdinareobs. magaliTad, iuri lotmani baironze saubrisas wers: `dendizmma romantikuli amboxis elferi miiRo. is maRali sazogadoebisTvis Seuracxmyofel qce-vis eqstravagantulobasa da romantizmisTvis damaxasi-aTebel romantikul kultze iyo orientirebuli. maRali sazogadoebisTvis Seuracxmyofeli qcevis manera, Jes-tebis `uxamsi~ siTamame, aSkara Sokingi – maRali wris mier dawesebuli akrZalvebis yvela forma poeturad aRiq-meboda. cxovrebis amgvari niri damaxasiaTebeli iyo ba-ironisTvis~ (lotmani 2008: 207).

igive niSnebi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT qarTuli ro-mantizmis liderTan, baraTaSvilTanac. fixte werda, rom adamianis CaxSobili buneba wina planze gamodis da gzad yvelafers anadgurebs. adamianuri buneba javrs iyris yvelaferze, rac mas axSobs. es yvelaferi Zalian uax-lovdeba froidiseul anTropologiur models. albaT

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amitomac, ojaxSi, despoti mamisgan daTrgunuli, jer skolaSi da megobar-Tanatolebis wreSi ixarjeboda, xolo Semdeg TbilisSi gamarTul wveulebebze. albaT, misi cva-lebadi xasiaTic aqedan momdinareobda – zogjer metisme-tad mxiaruli yofila da ucbad moiwyenda xolme, fiqrSi gaerToboda. leqsSi `xma idumali~ vxvdebiT striqonebs, sadac is `sindisis xmis~ koncepts axsenebs: `mas aqeT xma ram Tan sdevs yovelTa/ CemTa zraxvaTa da sawadelTa!../ nuTu xma ese ars xma devnisa/ Seuwyalisa sinidisisa?~. Tuki mis saqciels am striqonebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT da, imavdroulad, analitikur fsiqologiasac gaviTva-liswinebT, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu riT iyo gamowveuli misi cvalebadi xasiaTi da isic, rom `sindisis xma~ igive super-egoa, sadac iseve rogorc `tyis mefeSi~ (goeTe) tyis me-fis da mamis poziciebi, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba cdune-ba da tabu, rasac, erTi mxriv, kastraciis kompleqsamde da meore mxriv – superegomde mivyavarT. baraTaSvilTan amgvari swrafva Tavisuflebisken drostarebisadmi mis midrekilebaSi aisaxeba da Tan, poeziaSi – rogorc repre-sirebuli fantaziebis realizebis asparezSi. romantiz-mSi xom represirebuli fantaziebi moCvenebebis saxiT vlindeba.

baraTaSvilis wregadasuli garTobebis Sesaxeb cno-bebs araerTi wyaro gadmogvcems. celq, mousvenar, emo-ciur, enamaxvil baraTaSvils yvela erideboda. mis bio-grafiaSi iyo erTi duelic – saqarTveloSi gamarTul du-elebs Soris pirveli, romlis Sesaxebac aris mosazreba, rom garkveul wres poetis mokvla hqonda gadawyvetili, Tumca amis damadasturebeli utyuari sabuTi ar arse-bobs. arc erTi qorwili, RamisTeva, Sekreba ar imarTeboda TbilisSi, sadac axalgazrda poets ar naxavdiT. Tumca es arcaa gasakviri, warCinebuli ojaxis warmomadgenlis, Se-saniSnavi gamrTobis, banqos azartulad moTamaSisa da mo-cekvavisTvis xom yvelas saxlis kari Ria iqneboda. Tumca

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mesame klasSi, baraTaSvili gimnaziis kibidan gadmovarda da orive fexi moitexa, Zlivs gamojanmrTelda da mTeli darCenili sicocxle koWlobda, riTac bedisweram bai-rons daamsgavsa. rogorc Cans, araerTxel gamxdara miT-qma-moTqmis obieqti da arc TviTon ixevda ukan. saRamo ise ar gaivlida, sam-oTx ojaxs ar swveoda da ambebi da Worebi ar gamoetana iqedan. baraTaSvili mudmivi stumari da mxiarulebis Semtani iyo yvelgan. am Sekrebebze Ta-maSobda banqos, moilxenda, xumrobda, earSiyeboda qa-lebs. mogvianebiT TviTonve werda erT megobars: `mxolod tfilisis saucxovo saRamoebi gamomacocxleben xolme!~

magram misi poezia da sxva werilebi sruliad gan-sxvavebul baraTaSvils gviCveneben – gulCaTxrobils, sevdians, martosuls, baironis msgavsad. TiTqos orives mobezrda amqveyniuri amaoeba. oRond bairons yvelaferi nanaxi aqvs, yvela ocneba ausrulda da bunebasTan ganmar-toebas amitom eswrafvis. baraTaSvilisTvis mtkvris pi-ras ganmartoeba an mTawmindaze xetiali ki `suliT ob-lobiTaa~ gamowveuli.

erT werilSi wers kidec: `guSin, erT saRamois dros, wavedi saxetialod.. uecrad sasaflaozed gavCndi.. marTa-li giTxra, cota ar iyos, gavocdi, aq dasadgurebuls idum-alobas rom Sevxede: Ramis 11 saaTia, arc erTi sulieri ar WaWanobs. irgvliv saukuno araraobaa; mimqralebuli mT-vare mowyeniT danaTis sasaflaoebs, rogorc cxedarTan dadgmuli mbJutavi sanTeli. Cumad da nelad moRelavs mtkvari, TiTqo eSinian am daRvremil midamos myudroebis darRvevao... mSvenieri mogonilia sasaflao, miucilebe-lia igi, raTa mokvdavma waikiTxos iq Tavis cxovrebis am-bavi: nugeSi ubedurTa aris bednierebis dasasruli~.

rodesac Cveni `me~ ver ixsneba im socialur CarCoe-bSi, romelic gveZleva, iwyeba e.w. msoflio sevda; sevda imis Sesaxeb, rac mocemulobaSi ganuxorcielebeli rCeba, vinaidan mocemuloba sazRvrulia.

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romantizmis Tanaxmad, adamiani unda eswrafvodes miRmurs, absoluturs. magram, Tavisi sasrulobis gamo, arasdros ZaluZs misi miRweva. romantizmi aris `ubeduri cnobiereba~ (hegeli), romelsac Tavisi arsebobis mizani usasrulobaSi, grZnobadi samyaros miRma egulvis da kar-gad esmis, rom is miuRwevelia. amave dros, ar SeuZlia, rom am miuRweveli miznisken ar iltvodes: `raRac umaRlesi sibrZne gvaswavlis, rom kacobriobam did SecdomaSi Ca-vardnis gamo samSoblo dakarga. amdenad misi miwieri yof-nis daniSnuleba isaa, rom ukan (dakarguli samSoblosken) unda iswrafodes, sadamde miRwevasac Tavis Tavs mindobi-li adamiani ver axerxebs... aqedan warmodgeba maTi (axali drois xalxebis) poeziis ltolva am or samyaros – grZno-badisa da zegrZnobadis – SeerTebisken, romelTa Sorisac vmoZraobT,~ – werda avgust Slegeli. romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia grZnobadi da zegrZnobadi, `miwieri~ da `ciuri~ samyaroebis dapirispirebis gageba. (kacitaZe ... 2012: 32).

am SemTxvevaSi adamians mxsnelad warmosaxva evline-ba. adamiani eswrafvis imas, rasac sasrulobis gamo ver aR-wevs, magram, amave dros, masTan miaxloeba mas warmosaxvis saSualebiT SeuZlia.

amis paralelurad Cndeba romantikuli ironia, rac imis dacinvas gulisxmobs, rom samyaros ar gaaCnia ama Tu im adamianis potencialis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebis unari. imavdroulad, es TviTironiacaa. esaa Tavdacvis meqanizmi ganuxorcielebeli sinamdvilis mimarT.

romantizms ar uyvars xasiaTi (vinaidan is gulisx-mobs ganxorcielebuls), mas uyvars lirika, sulis poezia. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia infantilizmi. sezonuri meta-fora rom gamoviyenoT, is axalgazrdobasaviTaa, sanam bev-ri SesaZleblobebidan arcerTi ar ganxorcielebula jer da mis winaSe bevri potenciuri SesaZleblobaa. qarTuli romantizmic am konceptis nawilia.

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qarTuli romantizmis Teoriuli safuZvlebi. dodaSvili da baraTaSvili

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli romantizmis msofl-mxedvelobrivi safuZvlebis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTre-buli wvlili miuZRvis solomon dodaSvils – pirovnebas, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa nikoloz baraTaSvilis cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze da romelic cnobilia, ro-gorc 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi monawile da organizatori.

cnobilia, rom dodaSvilis naazrevSi bevri saerTo ikveTeba Selingis da Zmebi Slegelebis naazrevTan. Tumca mas mainc `pirveli qarTveli kantianelis` saxeliT moix-senieben. 1827 wels rusul enaze gamoqveynebuli naSromi `logika~ kantis filosofiis erTgvari interpretacia da qarTul niadagze misi danergva, an misi saSualebiT saku-Tari filosofiuri sistemis Seqmnaa.

zogadad, germanul idealistur filosofiasTan solomon dodaSvilis naazrevis Tanxvedra aSkaraa.

dodaSvili erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs bunebis da adamianur `me~-s: `azrovnebis TviT Tavdapirvel moq-medebaSic ki naTlad SevicnobT, rom me aris me da ara-me (buneba) aris ara-me, rogorc amas fixte ambobs~. bunebisa da `me~-s erTmaneTisgan gamijvna ukve gulisxmobs mzeris mobrunebas gareganidan Sinaganisken, sakuTari Tavis Sem-ecnebisken da sulieri harmoniis miRwevisken swrafvas. swored aq iwyeba TviTSemecnebis procesi: `filosofia rom viswavloT, saWiroa filosofosoba, filosofosoba ki niSnavs yuradReba mivapyroT Cvens Tavs, CavwvdeT Cvens Tavs, raTa gamovicnoT da gavigoT TviT Cveni Tavi da amiT CvenSi da Cvens irgvliv simSvide davamyaroT. yurad-Reba mivapyroT Cvens Tavs, niSnavs, ganvayenoT igi yove-live imisgan, rac Cven ar gvekuTvnis: es xdeba, roca az-robrivad ganveyenebiT yovelive garegnuls da TviT Cvens Tavs warvmarTavT martooden Sinaganisken. CavwvdeT Cvens

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Tavs niSnavs – guldasmiT vifiqroT CvenSi mimdinare Sina-gan movlenebze, vaqcioT Cveni Tavi gamokvlevis uSualo sagnad. Cveni Tavis Secnoba sxva araferia, Tu ara unari imisa, rom sworad vimsjeloT mTels Cvens qmediT Zalaze; es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca CvenTvis cnobili gaxdeba Cveni bunebis moqmedebis kanonebi, am moqmedebis sazRvrebi da mizani. gavigebT Cvens Tavs, Tu SegviZlia mo-viyvanoT Cveni azrebis, codnisa da qcevis sakmao mizeze-bi. CvenSi da Cvens irgvliv simSvides davamyarebT, rodesac CvenSi CamovayalibebT harmoniul moqmedebas, mivmarTavT ra mas Cveni daniSnulebisken. amrigad ganyeneba da ganaz-reba TviT Cveni Tavis Secnoba da gageba, dakmayofileba sa-kuTari Tavis amgvari TviTSemecnebiT – ai filosofiuri gamokvlevis sami sagani~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 36-37).

Cvens azrebsa da gancdebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, unda CavwvdeT sakuTar Tavs, unda davadginoT adamianu-ri bunebis sazRvrebi da miznebi. TviTCaRrmavebis Sede-gad ki miiRweva umTavresi mizani – sulieri simSvide da harmonia.

xelnawerSi `logikuri meTodologia~ solomon dodaSvili wers: `ramdenadac adamiani SezRuduli arse-baa, mas ar SeuZlia miaRwios srulyofilebas...~ anu es yvelaferi zustad igives gulisxmobs, rac romantikosi avtorebis msoflmxedvelobaze saubrisas aRvniSneT, bai-ronis Tu baraTaSvilis magaliTze – adamianis arsebo-bis sazRvrebze, romelTa rRvevisken/gadalaxvisken/da-Zlevisken swrafvac vlindeba maT SemoqmedebaSi.

romantikosebis TvalsazrisiT, swrafva, ltolva yoveli arsebulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. magram mcenareul da cxovelur samyaroebSi gvxvdeba gaucno-bierebeli swrafva, romelic mimarTulia uSualo mo-TxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisken. adamiani ki, ramdena-dac is umaRles arsebadaa miCneuli, ufro maRali idea-lebi amoZravebs da misi mizani miRmurisken, usasrulo-bisken, `ciurisken` swrafvaa. `im swrafvaTa Soris, adamia-

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nis cxovrebas mravalferovnad rom aqceven, aris.. swrafva idealisken... Cven vnaxeT, ganvixileT amaRlebulis gancda da idealisken swrafva. Cven unda avideT kidev ufro ma-Ral safexurze da davinaxoT saerTo orives sawyisSi, ro-melic maT gamaSualebel elements Seadgens. esaa ltolva usasrulobisadmi da amaze maRali adamianSi araferia~, – werda fridrix Slegeli.

swrafva solomon dodaSvilisTvisac yofierebis principia: `aha, yovelsa cocxalsa arsebasa aqvs miswra-feba, anu mimarTeba sxvisa mis mier ara xilulisa sagnisad-mi, raTamca aRavlinos Tvalni sxva da sxva saxilvebaTa Sina warmoebisTvis cxovrebis dasasrulisa (sagnisa) da wyaroisa keTilSemTxvevisa misisa~.

maSasadame, solomon dodaSvilis azriT, filoso-fosis azriT: `1. yovel arsebulSi, yovelTvis da yvel-gan mocemulia absoluti (`amaRlebul ZalTasa gonieri suli~); 2. absoluti sxvadasxva arsebulSi (`saxeebSi~) sxvadasxva formiT (`xarisxiT~) vlindeba; 3. absoluti am sagnebSi vlindeba maradiulad moqmedi kanonebis mixed-viT~ (kacitaZe ... 2012; dodaSvili 1986: 50).

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli leqsis evropeizacia, romelzec Tavis droze ilia WavWavaZe saubrobda da rac evropuli literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi motivebisa da tendenciebis danergvasTan asocirdeboda qarTul poeziaSi, swored dodaSvilis saxels ukavSirde-ba. is, rom dodaSvilma didi gavlena moaxdina baraTaSvil-ze, adasturebs vaxtang orbelianis gancxadeba, romelsac zaqaria WiWinaZe moixmobs: `nikoloz baraTaSvili gamoi-wurTna solomon dodaSvilTan.. Tu sol. dodaSvili ar yo-filiyos, maSin SeiZleba arc baraTaSvili ar yofiliyos~.

rogorc aRniSnaven: `baraTaSvilisa da dodaSvilis poziciebi erTmaneTis axlos dgas Semdeg sakiTxebSi: 1. sa-myaros dayofa movlenaTa da miRmur samyaroebad; 2. am ori samyaros radikaluri dapirispireba; 3. aqcentireba subi-eqtze; 4. yofierebis principad swrafvis gageba; 5. adamia-

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nis gansakuTrebulad, kerZod cnobierad mswrafvel ar-sebad gaazreba; 6. adamianis gageba, rogorc zegrZnobadi miRmuri sinamdvilisken mswrafveli arsebisa; cnobieri swrafvis genezisis romantikuli gageba (romelic, Tavis mxriv, fixtedan modis)~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 48-49).

`adamiani, poetis mixedviT, raRac gansakuTrebul, miRmur da zegrZnobad sinamdviles rom eswrafvis, naT-lad Cans baraTaSvilis Semdegi striqonebidan~:

oh, viT yoveli bunebac maSin iyo lamazi, minazebuli!he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs

daCneuli!awca ra Tvalni laJvards gixilven, myis fiqrni

Senda moiswrafian,--------------------------------------me, Sensa mWvretels, maviwydebis sawuTroeba,gulis-Tqma Cemi Sens iqiTa... eZiebs sadgurs,zenaarT samyofT, rom daSTos is amaoeba...

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es striqonebi miRmuris wvdo-mis saSualebad pirdapir asaxelebs cnobier swrafvas (`fiqrni Senda moiswrafian~) (kacitaZe ... 2012: 43).

sagulisxmoa romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli totalurobis gageba da masTan dodaSvilis naazrevis erTgvari iribi kavSiri, rasac Semdeg baraTaSviliseul striqonebamde mivyavarT. germanuli idealizmis warmo-madgenelTaTvis Cveuli totalurobis ideali, romelic `kantma Semoitana da fixtem aitaca, romantikosebma da Selingma organul totalurobad gaiazres... hegeli ki nawilebs mTlianis Semadgenlad miiCnevs, romlebic erT-maneTTan arian dakavSirebuli~ (neqtariosi 2008: 276-277). amave rigis movlenaa germanul idealizmTan dakavSire-buli naturfilosofia, romelic bunebas mTlianobaSi ganixilavs da ramac safuZveli daudo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs. romantikosebis da idealistebisTvis usas-

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rulo mTlianoba igive usasrulo sicocxle iyo, rac bu-nebaSi sasruli sagnebiT vlindeba. aqedan gamomdinare, usasrulobis miRweva sasrulis wvdomis Sedegad iyo SesaZ-lebeli. totalobis, universalobisken swrafva gamoixa-teba saxelwodebebsa Tu disciplinebis gaerTianebaSi, magaliTad, novalisis naSromSi `universaluri gegma`; an, Tundac, goeTes gamonaTqvamSi `msoflio literaturebi~, rac msoflios literaturebis erTianobas gulisxmobda.

swored nawilis mTelis Semadgenlad warmodgenas iTvaliswinebs sinekdoqe, rogorc aseTi. solomon dodaS-vili misi ganmartebisas werda: `sinekdoxas ganmartebi-sas s. dodaSvili wers: `sinekdoxa ars tropi, romelsaca Sina daidebis yovladi nacvlad kerZoisa Tvisisa, naTesavi nacvlad saxelisa da ukuqceviT. mag.: mokvdavi nacvlad kacisa`. sinekdoqes dodaSviliseuli ganmartebis safuZ-velze, k. kacitaZe da k. jamburia nikoloz baraTaSvilT-an amgvari konstruqciebis sixSireze miuTiTeben: amgvar konstruqciebs xSirad nikoloz baraTaSvilic iyenebs: `mokvdavsa enas ar ZaluZs ukvdavTa grZnobaT gamoTqma~, an: `magram ver scnoben, glax, mokvdavni gangebas ciurs!~ (kacitaZe ... 2012: 55).

teqstis analizi/paraleli

imis dasadgenad, Tu, erTi mxriv, ra mimarTebaa ro-mantizmamdel ganmanaTleblur poziciasa da TviT mas da, meore mxriv, evropul da qarTul romantikul msofl-mxedvelobas Soris, paralelurad ganvixiloT ori leqsi – goeTes `tyis mefe` da baraTaSvilis `xma idumali~. davi-naxavT, rom `tyis mefe~ aseTi fraziT iwyeba: “Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind?”. nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsis `xma idumali~ pirveli striqoni aseTia: `visi xma aris es sakvirveli?~ aris udavo Tanxvedra am or leqss Soris, ara

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poeturi leqsikis, aramed konceptualuri Tvalsazri-siT. goeTes `tyis mefe~ romantizmze gadasvlis etapis momaswavebelia, sadac mamis pozicia ganmanaTleblobisT-vis damaxasiaTebeli racionalizmiTaa daRdasmuli, ro-melic Svilis idumalebiT mocul kiTxvebs, TiTqosda, bunebis movlenebiT xsnis – anu aq cxadad aris dapirisp-irebuli racionalizmi da romantizmi, goneba da warmo-saxva, mgrZnobeloba. tyis mefe igive bavSvis mamaa – bavSvis warmosaxvaSi arsebuli mamis gansxvavebuli buneba, misi proeqcia.

sagulisxmoa, rom orive leqsSi, is, rac ganmanaTleb-lobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalizmiT ver aixsneba – JReradobiT, xmis saSualebiT Semodis. `xma idumalis~ saerTo konteqstis gasaTvaliswineblad aucilebelia goeTes `tyis mefe~, romlis saSualebiTac ikiTxeba bara-TaSvilis leqsi. leqsi, sadac, erTi mxriv, romantizmis kanonebis Sesabamisad, misticizmi, ezoTeruli codnis saSualebiT samyaros Secnobis wyurvili da am samyaros winaSe martoobis gancdac cxadia da, meore mxriv, ukav-Sirdeba adamianis ganviTarebis im etaps, rodesac is Se-mecnebas iwyebs da warsuls – bavSvobas, rogorc samoTxes igonebs (`ra vscan pirvelad wuTisofeli,/ davSTe adgili, sadaca wrfeli/ rbioda naTlad dro ymawvilobis/ swor-Ta, TanzrdilTa, megobarT Soris~). leqsSi `xma idumali~ vxvdebiT striqonebs, sadac is `sindisis xmis~ koncepts axsenebs: `mas aqeT xma ram Tan sdevs yovelTa/ CemTa zrax-vaTa da sawadelTa!../ nuTu xma ese ars xma devnisa/ Seu-wyalisa sinidisisa?~. Tuki mis saqciels am striqonebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT da, imavdroulad, analitikur fsiqologiasac gaviTvaliswinebT, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu riT iyo gamowveuli misi cvalebadi xasiaTi da isic, rom `sindisis xma~ igive superegoa, sadac iseve rogorc `tyis mefeSi` tyis mefis da mamis poziciebi, erTmaneTs upiris-pirdeba cduneba da tabu, rasac, erTi mxriv, kastraciis kompleqsamde da meore mxriv – superegomde mivyavarT.

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baraTaSvilTan amgvari swrafva Tavisuflebisken realur cxovrebaSi drostarebisadmi mis midrekilebaSi aisaxeba da Tan, poeziaSi – rogorc represirebuli fantaziebis realizebis asparezSi, iseve rogorc goeTeseuli `tyis mefeSi~ bavSvis represirebuli warmosaxvebi moCvenebebis – tyis mefis da misi amalis saxiT vlindeba, romelsac yovlismcodne mama axSobs. romantizmSi xom represire-buli fantaziebi moCvenebebis saxiT Cndeba.

germanuli romantikuli ferweris warmomadgenlis – kaspar david fridrixis namuSevarSi ̀ martoxela moxeti-ale romelic nislis zRvas gadmoyurebs~ fermkrTali da bundovani landSaftis fonze, gamosaxulia kldis wverze mdgari yaribi, rogorc martoobis da bundovani momav-lis gamoxatuleba, sadac RmerTis Secnobisadmi adamia-nis iracionaluri survili ikveTeba. yaribis Tvalwin ga-daSlilia gaurkveveli momavali – ufskruli, romlisken gadasadgemladac mas nabiji aqvs momzadebuli. es erTgva-ri metaforaa rogorc martoobis da sasowarkveTilebis, ise didebulebis da mSvenierebis, zogadad, adamianuri cxovrebis, rogorc mogzaurobis, romelic sikvdilis mdgomareobaSi, an usasrulobaSi gadadis. garkveul-wilad, esec orbunebovnebaa – nebismieri saSualebiT sam-yaros saidumlos SecnobisTvis mzadyofna.

rogorc aRniSnaven, `gmiri ver poulobs `sulis gansasvenebels~ verc bunebaSi, verc siyvarulSi, verc religiaSi. misi suli veRar uZlebs realuri samyaros dawolas da imsxvreva. gmiris Sinagani gaoreba, romelic e.T.a. hofmanTan da e.a. posTan `oreulebis poetikaSi~, anu erTi gmiris ori personaJis saxiT gamoxatvaSi aisaxa, n. baraTaSvilTan Sinagani monologis formiTaa war-modgenili. `xma idumali~ gmiris gaorebuli sulis erTi nawilia da erTdroulad aris angelozic da demonic. es ori urTierTgamomricxavi polusi (angelozi da demoni), romantikosTa TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTis gverdigverd

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Tanaarsebobs adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi. erT-erT leq-sSi (`sulo boroto...~) am Sinagan xmas, anu Tavis meore me-s, n. baraTaSvili ukve gamokveTilad uwodebs borot suls, radgan misgan aRZruli romantikuli swrafva iluziebis msxvreviT damTavrda. sulis erTi nawili, romelic mos-venebas ar aZlevs gmirs da idealisken mouwodebs, misi meore nawilis aRSfoTebas iwvevs, romelic daRala usazR-vroebisken ltolvam da obivateluri simSvidisken gada-ixara~ (nakudaSvili 2010: 51) baraTaSvilis `xma idumalSi~ gvxvdeba striqonebi: `angelozi xar, mfarveli Cemi,/ an Tu eSmaki, macTuri Cemi?/vinca xar, marqvi, ras momiswaveb,/ sicocxles Cemsa ras ganumzadeb?/ ros vscna me Seni sai-dumloba...~, sadac bundovnad miniSnebasac vxvdebiT im-droindel literaturaSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebul motivze – luciferTan Sexvedris Sesaxeb, rogorc goeTes `faustSi~ Tu baironis `kaenSi~. rogorc aRniSnaven, ada-mianis buneba mudam zegrZnobadi sinamdvilis Secnobisken miiswrafvis, cdilobs movlenaTa samyaros miRma gavides. es zegrZnobadi samyaro, imavdroulad, sakuTar me–Si CaRrmavebaa.

romantizmSi movlenaTa samyaro adamianis `me~-s aq-tivobis da miRmuri, zegrZnobadi samyaros zemoqmedebis Sedegad Cndeba. movlenaTa samyaros Seqmna adamianis aqti-vobisganaa davalebuli. adamiani, Tavisi qmedebebiT, ra-Rac gavlenas axdens movlenaTa samyaroze. igi movlenaTa samyaros Seqmnis Tanamoziarea. samyaros amgvar TanaSeq-mnas germanul idealizmSi transcendentaluri konstru-ireba ewodeba. amiT romantizmi emijneba Sua saukuneebis Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac sagnebi adamians ise ecxadebian, rogorc `TavisTavad~ arseboben.

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pirvelcodva da individualuri codva

cxovelebi erT sferoSi – instinqtebis sferoSi moq-medeben da amitomac es mdgomareoba ufro martivia. an-gelozebi sulier-azrobriv sivrceSi moqmedeben da esec gasagebia. adamiani am or sferos Sorisaa moqceuli da ma-Ti morigeba SeuZlebelia. adamianis es mdgomareoba jer kidev bibliaSia miTiTebuli, rodesac adamis codvazea saubari. adamiani mudmivad or arCevans Sorisaa. erTi mxriv, is fizikuri arsebaa, romelmac unda daikmayofilos Tavisi elementaruli survilebi. meore mxriv, adamiani imazec fiqrobs da icis, rom mas unda qondes sulieri Ri-rebulebebi da a.S. magram adamiani verasodes miuaxlovde-ba im moralur magaliTs, romelsac TviTonve isaxavs.

adami maSin xdeba adamiani da codvili, rodesac borotis da keTilis garCevas iwyebs, cnobieris xis nayofs sinjavs. anu am metaforis mixedviT, adamiani ebmeba az-rebis sivrceSi da uCndeba borotebis da sikeTis sainter-pretacio sistema.

adamianis codvilobis gageba yovelTvis arsebobda farulad mainc. magram koleqtiur sazogadoebaSi adami-anisTvis arsebobs erTi, konkretuli faseuloba, rome-lic yvelasTvis erTia. am dros SeiZleba codvis ganwmenda farisevlurad, monaniebiT da es SeiZleba bevrjer gan-meordes. aseTi koleqtiuri cnobierebis dros, ierarqi-uloba TavisTavad igulisxmeba. magaliTad, saeklesio piri gansazRvravs bevr rames. am dros pasuxismgeblobas sasuliero piri iRebs, adamians exsneba pasuxismgeblobis SegrZneba. adamiani am dros ar aris Tavisufali, mas gare-dan axveven normebs. xolo rodesac pasuxismgebloba – romel gadawyvetilebas avirCevT konkretul SemTxvevaSi – socialurad ganpirobebuls Tu azrebis samyaros Sesa-bamiss – TiToeul adamians ekisreba, is mZime mdgomareo-baSi aRmoCndeba. individualisturi cnobierebis matare-beli adamianebisTvis es mdgomareoba adamis meore cod-

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viTdacemis tolfasia, rodesac ar arsebobs sxva avto-riteti an is, vinc pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze aiRebs, sakuTari me-s garda.

qristianul cnobierebaSi yvelaferi garkveulia – boroteba aris is, rac RvTis nebas ewinaaRmdegeba. magram rogorc ki RvTis monistur nebas gamoricxavT da gnosti-kurad aRiarebT, rom samyaro borotebis da sikeTis mud-mivi brZolaa, maSin pasuxismgebloba adamianze gadadis. individs romantizmSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-Weba. is aris kidec Semoqmedi da boroteba-sikeTeze amaR-lebulia, vinaidan aravin icis, ra aris sinamdvileSi boro-teba da sikeTe. romantizmis adamiani gardaqmnis cxovre-bas Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr, is monanie subieqti ar aris, magram imaze pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iRebs, rac misi qmedebis Sedegad Cndeba. amiT – monaniebis uaryofiT da pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze aRebiT, isini RmerTs utoldebian. adamiani, garkveulwilad, Semoqmedad gar-daiqmneba. da swored am dros Cndeba demonizmi, rasac, ar-sebiTad, baironis saxels ukavSireben.

meamboxes da romantikosis, sazogadoebisgan ukug-debulis, Serisxulis da Tan sayovelTaod aRiarebuli poetis, baironis tragikuli bedi, raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, misi poemebis gmirebisas daemsgavsa. albaT, am polusebis erTianobis, winaaRmdegobebis erToblio-bis wyalobiTac iwvevda is misi Tanamedroveebis mxridan, erTsa da imave dros, aRfrTovanebasac da gakicxvasac.

im dros, rodesac baironi samoRvaweo asparezze gamovida, ukmayofilebis gamoxatva, sibraze sazogadoeb-rivi diskursis nawilad iqca. miT umetes, safrangeTis didma revoluciam sibrazis diskursis legitimacias Se-uwyo xeli rogorc politikur, ise kulturul sferoSi. am periodSi, rusos gavleniT, poeziaSi warmmarTveli gax-da gulaxdilobis da mkiTxvelis TanagrZnobis Tu Tana-gancdis esTetikuri principi. mTavari gaxda emociebis gulaxdili gamoxatva da gamomsaxvelobis Teatraluro-

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bisgan gaTavisufleba. amitomac ukmayofilebis emociuri gamoxatva mZafri, intensiuri poeturi formebis ZiebaSi aisaxeboda. baironis poeziaSi am yvelafers dramatuli forma aqvs – misi lirikuli gmiri, rogorc usamarTlo-bis msxverpli, erTsa da imave dros, ebrZvis samyaros da uaRresi gulaxdilobis demonstrirebiT, misgan TiTqos Tanagancdasac moiTxovs (`uxeSia, Tumc gulwrfeli Cemi hangi~); an striqonebSi: `ukan waiReT romansebis tkbili tyuili,/sicruis xlarTi ugnurobis gamonagoni,/ sulis-Semkvreli mzeris sxivi momeciT rbili,/an aRtaceba siy-varulis pirveli kocnis../ pativs vcem sityvebs, nakadi-viT amoxeTqilebs,/romelic feTqavs, siyvarulis pirve-li kocniT~ (`siyvarulis pirveli kocna~), sadac TiTqos platonis mimdevariviT uaryofs xelovnebis siyalbes, an, ufro, siyalbes xelovnebaSi.

bunebrivia, baironiseuli es antiTeturoba, erosis da Tanatosis Tanaarseboba Tu narcisizmi TviTgadar-Cenis, Tavdacvis instinqtis gamovlinebaa, rasac poetis fsiqotipis zogierTi mkvlevari paranoiulobis Tavise-bur gamovlinebad miiCnevda.

Tumca sikvdilisken swrafvis, TviTganadgurebis motivi ucxo rodi iyo imdroindeli esTetikisTvis. pi-riqiT, imdroindeli poezia da proza (amis dasturad Tun-dac meri Selis proza ikmarebda) savsea goTikuri esTe-tikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiT – sasaflaoebiT, ConCxebiT da sikvdilis sxva atributebiT. iqneb swored amitomac mieltvis baironis poeziis lirikuli `me~ sa-saflaoze ganmartoebas: `vnaxe adgilni, saaTobiT sadac vfiqrobdi,/roca mwuxrisas davjdebodi saflavis qvaze;/an sasaflaos gorakze rom davseirnobdi,/rom ukeTesad damenaxa Camavali mze~ (`harous Soreuli xilvisas~) – striqonebi, romelmac Tavisi ganwyobiT SeiZleba bara-TaSvilis poezia gagvaxsenos, radganac erTaderTi WeS-mariteba – sikvdilia. amgvari gancda xom yvelasTvis saer-Toa da albaT, swored am dramatuli monologiT iwvevda is Tanadroul mkiTxvelSi Tanagancdas; ufro sworad,

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mkiTxvelic mis àlter egod~ iqceoda. magram, imavdro-ulad, sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris kavSiris uCveulo gan-WvretiT, baironis poeziis lirikuli `me`, Tavisi protes-tiT, samyaros armiRebiT, yovelTvis ufro metia, vidre Cveulebrivi mokvdavi. amiT aixsneba, rom misTvis àravin aris, naTesavi msgavsi SegnebiT` (`martosuloba~).

zogadad, inglisuri romantizmi samyaros iraciona-lur safuZvels aRiarebs, rac kargad Cans jon kitsis poe-maSi ìzabeli anu qoTani rehaniT~. aq Seyvarebuli izabeli Tavisi satrfos mokveTil Tavs qoTanSi rgavs, saidanac rehani amodis. aq siyvarulis niSani – mcenare, rehania, romlis niadagSic, safuZvelSic – sikvdilia.

samyaros miuRebloba heroikuli gaqcevis aucileb-lobas warmoSobs: `netav frinvelis frTebi rosme mec gamomesxas,/rom SemZleboda mtredebiviT caSi navardi,/movaxerxebdi albaT zecis TaRis gakveTas/da samudamod am qveynisgan davisvenebdi~ (`visurvebdi rom vyofiliyav bavSviviT laRi~). amgvari gaqceva xSirad warsulSi dab-runebas niSnavs; biologiur warsulSi, an bavSvobaSi, ro-gorc samoTxeSi, romlisTvisac ucxoa orbunebovneba da arc borotebad da sikeTed iyofa erTiani, monoliTuri samyaro. amitomac ambobs baironis lirikuli gmiri le-qsSi `harous Soreuli xilvisas~: ùperspeqtivo moma-valSi radgan vrwmundebi,/sulisTvis xdeba miT Zvirfasi sxivi warsulis!~ magram Tuki baironiseuli heroikuli gaqceva biologiur warsulTan mibrunebaa, qarTvel ro-mantikosebTan samyaros armiReba da warsulSi gaqceva – istoriul warsulSi dabrunebas gulisxmobs, romelic poetebis wodebriv privilegiebTan igivdeba (SaTiriSvi-li). Tumca am mxriv, siRrmiseuli xedviT da globaluri msoflSegrZnebiT gamonaklisia baraTaSvili.

amgvari heroikuli gaqceva anaTesavebs baironis poeziasTan baraTaSvilis leqsebs, gansakuTrebiT `mera-nis` striqonebs da èvTanaziis` Semdeg fragments: `nu movlen maSin megobrebi an memkvidreni,/iq an satirlad an

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qonebis dasataceblad,/nu mova satrfoc gaSlili TmiT da cremlisdeniT,/Tavisi gancdis gulwrfelobis dasamt-kiceblad~. orive SemTxvevaSi gaqcevis da Tavganwirvis heroikuli motivi mis barokalurobaze miuTiTebs, sadac Rirseba, sxvisi TvaliT danaxuli `me~, sakuTari pirovne-bisgan miTiuri arsebis Seqmna yvelaze mniSvnelovania, iseve rogorc baironis am striqonebSi: `man gadacura bev-rjer dineba,/Tu im Zvel ambavs daejereba,/RmerTma xom uwyis, vis ra eneba -/mas siyvaruli, me ki – dideba~ (`dawe-rili sestodan abidosSi gadacurvis Semdeg~). zogjer ki gaqceva sikvdilisken swrafvad, Trobis gziT eqstazs uaxlovdeba, rac sacnauri xdeba leqsSi `warwera Tavis qalisgan damzadebul sasmisze~ da sadac aRmosavluri mgrZnobelobis gavlena Cans (`jobs naperwklian RviniT xSirad rom amavsebde,/vidre budobdnen CemSi miwis Wia-matlebi~) – aRmosavleTi, rogorc sanukvari mistikuri mxare.

baironis gmirebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia heroiku-loba – rom isini unda SeebrZolon beds da bolomde Sed-gen, rogorc adamianebi. baironis kaeni ukompromiso, marTali da meocnebe gmiria. luciferma icis kaenis bune-ba. axalgazrduli cnobiereba simarTles eZebs, magram Tuki sinamdvile, Tavisi orazrovnebiT da sirTuliT, misTvis gaugebaria, axalgazrdas is sicrued eCveneba. am logikiT, borotma RmerTma adamiani gandevna samoTxidan da wameba miusaja. adamianma borotebiT mofenil samyaroSi unda icxovros da pasuxi agos kidec. Tan, am RmerTs unda, rom uyvardeT da msxverplic Sewiron. is tirani gamodis, radgan sikvdiliT da codviT daamona adamianebi. ratom moawyo man ase cudad samyaro? oridan erTia: an sulelia an boroti. kaenisgan gansxvavebiT, vTqvaT, Seqspiris ham-leti araa axalgazrduli cnobierebis nayofi, is didxans fiqrobs, sanam gadawyvetilebas miiRebs. mis adgilas, kaeni maSinve imoqmedebda da moklavda mamamisis mkvlels.

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me-19 saukunis istoriac kaenis msgavsma adamianebma Seqmnes – adamianebma, romlebsac samarTlianoba da prob-lemebis swrafad mogvareba, istoriaSi Sesvla da xalx-isTvis bednierebis motana undodaT. gnostikuri pozicia vlindeba luciferis sityvebSi, rodesac is kaens esaub-reba da rodesac ara moTminebisken, samyarosadmi rwme-nisken, azrovnebisken mouwodebs mas, aramed imisken, rom Tavis Tavze aiRos pasuxismgebloba, TviTonve daiwyos Semecnebis procesi, RmerTis daxmarebis gareSe da Semdeg samyaros gardaqmnis gzisken. gonosticizmSi, romantizmis msgavsad, iwyeba materialuri samyaros da meore sinamdvi-lis dapirispireba, sadac adamianebis ganuxorcielebeli SesaZleblobebia. materialuri sinamdvile am SesaZleb-lobebis gamovlenis saSualebas ar iZleva. amitomac ada-mianma Tavi unda daaRwios realobas. gnosticizmSi cod-nis gziT materialurobisgan gaTavisuflebis Sedegad aRwevs adamiani Tavisuflebas. gnosticizmi amitomac upirispirebs erTmaneTs borots da keTils, materias da suls da xsnis gzad codnas miiCnevs, rac ukve poziti-visturi midgomaa. aqedan iwyeba pozitivizmis da gnosti-cizmis siaxlove. maT safuZvelSivea relativisturi mid-goma yvelafris, maT Soris borotebis da sikeTis raobis mimarT.

luciferi kaenis mosaxiblad amgvar, myife mdgoma-reobas xatavs – yvelafris relatiurobas; sinamdvile, luciferis azriT, aris daeWveba. magram arsebobs faseu-lobebi, romlebic nebismieri poziciidan ucvleli rCeba da masze araferi moqmedebs. es WeSmariteba qristianobaSi RmerTs da rwmenas ukavSirdeba, rodesac usasrulo sas-rulSi, Cvens samyaroSi gamoxatavs Tavis Tavs. lucifer-ma swored am postulatze unda miitanos ieriSi – raimes mimarT rwmenaze, rasac abeli ganicdis. kaeni TviTon ba-ironia, romelic saSiS kiTxvebs svams da amiT Tavis pozi-cias da sakuTar Tavs bolomde anadgurebs.

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analogiurad, goeTes „faustSi` mefistofeli pozi-tivistia. goeTe dacinis romantikosebs, rom araviTari enTuziazmi ar arsebobs, razec romantikosebi saubroben, Tuki ar iarsebebs cduneba da eSmaki. adamianebs iluziebis gareSe cxovreba ar SegviZlia, magram iluziebisTvis yo-velTvis eSmaks unda mivmarToT.

baironis kaens eSinia sikvdilis manamdec ki, sanam TviTon sikvdili amqveynad gamoCndeba. adamianis damaxa-siaTebeli Tviseba, rom gaazviados movlenebi, amiT SeSin-des, sakuTar TavSi Caiketos da gare samyaros gaemijnos. adamianisTvis Znelia, roca raimes racionalizebas ver ax-dens da amisi eSinia.

boroteba iwyeba maSin, rodesac moraliT – borotebis da sikeTis codniT aRWurvili adamianis winaSe iqmneba arCevani, misi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis fonze. adami-ani verasodes iqneba Tavis moralur idealTan miaxloe-buli. RmerTisgan Seqmnili adamiani verasodes ver aiRebs RmerTis pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze. amitomac Rmer-TTan misuli monanie adamiani pasuxismgeblobas gadacems mas da mas Seibraleben. magram manamde adamianma unda ga-acnobieros Tavisi arsebobis sazrisi da Tavisi codvebic.

romantizmi mniSvnelovnadaa davalebuli goeTes-gan da misi `axalgazrda verTeris vnebanisgan~. rodesac goeTes „axalgazrda verTeris vnebani~ gamoqveynda, ev-ropaSi TviTmkvlelobis seriebi moyva. eklesiam gaakri-tika. lesingi mis Sesaxeb werda, rom mxatvruli Tvalsaz-risiT romani kargia, magram moralurad albaT arasworia da TviTmkvlelobisken ubiZgebs adamianebs.

`verTerSi` buneba adamianis bedis da ganwyobis Se-sabamisad icvleba: dadebiTidan uaryofiTidan. aq Tavi-dan idiliaa da yvelaferi mowons verTers axal garemoSi, sadac Tavidan samuSaod Cadis. aqvea lote, romlis keTil-Sobilebac, da-Zmebisadmi damokidebulebac xiblavs. ada-miani iRebs gaSlili guliT am idealur samyaros da aR-moCndeba, rom es xafangi iyo da am idealis miRma Turme boroteba da samyaros usamarTloba imaleba. movlenebic

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analogiurad, uaryofiTad viTardeba, siyvarulSi xeli moecarebaT adamianebs, viRaceebi iRupebian... irkveva, rom mSvenieri lotec sinamdvileSi arc ise mSvenieria. irkveva, rom lote sabediswero qalia. verTeri xvdeba axalgaz-rda kacs, romelic Wkuidan SeSlilia. verTeri gaigebs, rom is lotes mamis mdivani iyo da lotesadmi upasuxo si-yvarulis gamo Wkuidan SeiSala. ase rom, lote, bunebis msgavsad, misi mtrediseburi suli sinamdvileSi eSmake-biT yofila dasaxlebuli. man da misma saqmrom, albertma kargad ician, rom verTers lote uyvars. magram es wyvili ver-Ters Cuqnis bafTas lotes kabidan, rac mosvenebas ukargavs verTers. es ukve dacinvaa. magram arc verTeria ucodveli. romanis dasawyisSi misive werilidan vigebT, rom verTeric cudad moeqca lenoras, romelsac uyvarda is. es yvelaferi ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom samyaro ar aris iseTi srulyofili, rogorc es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes.

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neqtariosi 2008: German Idealism and the Problem of Knowledge: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel Series: Studies in German Idealism, Vol. 8 Limnatis, Nectarios G. Publisher: Springer). 2008 pp. 276-277;

nucubiZe 2010: werilebi literaturisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. Tbili-

si: literaturis instituti, 2010.

tilotama 2006: Tilottama Rajan `The Prose of the World`: Romanticism, the Nine-teenth Century, and the Reorganization of Knowledge; Modern Language Quarterly De-cember 2006, 67(4).

qarTveli romantikosebi ... 1980: qarTveli romantikosebi lite-

raturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba, 1980.

qrestomaTia 2007: `qarTuli publicistika~. qrestomaTia (XIX sau-

kune). Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2007.

SaTiriSvili 2010: SaTiriSvili z. qarTuli leqsi nacionalizmis xa-

naSi (1859-1916 ww). J. semiotika. Tbilisi: 2010.

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irma ratiani

realizmis literaturuli modeli da

misi refleqsia qarTul mwerlobaSi*

me-19 saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli mwerloba sruliad samarTlianad ixsenieba „qarTuli kritikuli realizmis~ saxeliT. am epoqaSi safuZveli eyreba ara marto axal konceptebsa da Rirebulebebs (antikoloni-uri moZraobis gadanacvleba erovnuli ideis sibrtyeze, axali identobis Zieba), aramed – axal Janrebs, Temebsa da gamomsaxvelobiT formebs. qarTuli kritikuli realiz-mi, erTi mxriv, mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba realizmis dasav-lur modelTan, xolo meore mxriv – aRavsebs mas qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis niSandoblivi maxasiaTeblebiT.

realizmis dasavluri modeli, TavisTavad, warmo-adgenda reaqcias romantizmisaTvis niSandobliv subieq-tivizmze: `romantizmi inarCunebda garkveul iluziebs da axali cxovrebis arasrulyofilebis gancdas amkvid-rebda. kritikuli realizmi ki iyo fxizeli analizi `da-karguli iluziebisa~, romelsac gacnobierebuli hqon-da, rom samyaros `RvTaebrivi komedia~ TandaTan iZenda yofiT maxasiaTeblebs da `adamianur komediad~ yalibde-boda~ (borevi 2001: 390). es iyo `mkvdari sulebis~, `cocxa-li gvamebis~, `damcirebulebisa da Seuracxyofilebis~, `Raribi adamianebis~, agreTve – gorioebis, CiCikovebis, oblomovebis samyaro, moTxrobili dinji, auCqarebeli da dakvirvebuli maneriT. mwerlebi ukirkitebdnen prob-lemas – `adamiani da samyaro~, romelic dRevandeli ga-dasaxedidan ukve SeiZleba gadainaTlos problemad – `me da samyaro~ da ganisazRvros, rogorc garexedvis yvela-ze kritikuli pozicia msoflio literaturis istoriaSi**.

* werilis vrceli versia ix. irma ratianis wignSi `qarTuli mwerloba da msoflio literaturuli procesi~. -Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlo-ba, 2015. Ggv. 108-123.** aq, cxadia, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is garemoeba, rom asaxvis re-alisturi maneriT Sesrulebuli pirvel teqsad fransua rables `gargantua da pantagrueli~ miiCneva. rables epoqaSi Zalze naadrevia realizmis lite-raturul mimdinareobaze saubari – is mxolod XIX saukuneSi daimkvidrebs

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realizmis epoqis wamyvani literaturuli Janrebi – romani, moTxroba, poema da sxv. – warmatebiT iyeneben satirasa da iumors, grotesksa da ironias, raTa ukeT gamoxaton literaturis pozicia: idealis aRmoCena mxo-lod arsebulis kritikisa da uaryofis gziTaa SesaZle-beli! mwerlebi cdiloben Caswvdnen ideals, saamisod ki metad unda SeiWran cxovrebaSi, iq, sadac adamiani mudmiv WidilSi imyofeba istoriasTan. realizmis kulturuli misia xom adamianis istoriuli daniSnulebisa da humanu-robis Ziebaa! (borevi 2001b: 388).

realizms politikurad intensiur da socialurad diferencirebul epoqaSi uxdeboda muSaoba. martivi fe-odaluri struqturebi didi xania Secvala socialurad aWrelebulma sazogadoebam: aristokratiis CrdilSi aqam-de mokrZalebiT mdgarma burJuaziam istoriuli Zle-vamosileba SeiZina da mTeli ZaliTa da energiiT aRiZra damsaxurebuli pativiscemis mosapoveblad. Rirebule-baTa Widili – yvela saxisa da sirTulis – kritikuli realizmis ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad iqca: burJuazi-uli msoflmxedveloba daupirispirda aristokratiuls, fuli – gvarsa da warmomavlobas, simdidre – saukuneobiT gamyarebul tradiciasa da etikets. socialuri sakiTxi erT-erT ZiriTad problemad Camoyalibda. gamoikveTa konceptualuri opoziciebi: fuli/ufuloba, materia-luri bedniereba/sulieri simdidriT miRweuli bedni-ereba, „patiosani fu-li~/`arapatiosani fuli~...

Tavs, magram realizmi, rogorc meTodi, srul asaxvas hpovebs aRorZinebis epoqis am genialuri avtoris TxzulebaSi.

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kritikuli realizmi

dasavleT evropis qveynebSi formirebuli kritiku-li realizmisTvis (dikensi, stendali, balzaki, floberi) urTules problemad Camoyalibda adamianis mier bed-nierebisa da damoukideblobis miRwevis SeuZlebloba fu-lis primatze dafuZnebul sazogadoebaSi. amgvar sazoga-doebaSi bednierebis miRweva mxolod simdidris moxveWas ukavSirdeba, rac an miuRwevelia, anac – sulierad daman-greveli amaRlebuli da sulierad mdidari pirovnebi-sTvis... adamianis mTavar amocanad alternativis miRwe-va isaxeba: man an unda eZios bedniereba simdidris miRma, anac gamdidrdes „TeTri xelebiT“, patiosnad. TavisTavad amgvari alternativis utopiuroba iqceva burJuaziuli sazogadoebis mwvave kritikis iaraRad, sazogadoebisa, romelic ayenebs pirovnebas esoden meryev da uperspeq-tivo mdgomareobaSi“ (borevi 2001: 399).

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTulma kritikulma realizmma, misi formirebis adreul etapzeve, warmatebiT SeiTavsa kritikuli realizmis dasavleT evropuli gamocdileba (l. ardazianis „solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili“, g. eris-Tavis „gayra“, z. antonovis „mzis dabneleba saqarTvelo-Si“) da xedvis arealSi Semoitana diferencirebuli so-cialuri garemos aRwera da analizi, rogorc realobis Sefasebis utyuari kriteriumi.

mTavar personaJebad gamikveTnen, erTi mxriv, wvri-li burJuebi – vaWrebi, xolo meore mxriv, „axal droebas~ viTom fexawyobili TavadiSvilebi, romlebmac TavianTi sagvareulo qoneba qars gaatanes, daiviwyes Rirseba da cdiloben, gadairCinon Tavi axladgamdidrebul bur-JuebTan aliansiT.

ras warmoadgenda „burJua“ rogorc klasi da ramde-nad mniSvnelovani iyo is qarTuli miznisTvis?

Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi – „burJua. istoriasa da literaturas Soris~, eZiebs ra burJuas cnebis axal

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ganmartebas, franko moreti imowmebs imanuil valer-Steinis naSroms – „burJua, rovorc koncepti da realo-ba“: „burJua sadRac SuaSi aRmocenda. is arc glexi iyo, arc feodali da arc – didgvarovani~ da swored „SuaSi-myofoba~ iyo barieri, romlis daZlevasac is gamudmebiT mieltvoda“ (valerSteini 1988: 98). Tu burJuaziis klasis aRmoceneba ekonomikuri procesebiT nakarnaxevi isto-riuli aucilebloba iyo, me-19 saukunis Suawlebidan man politikuri mniSvnelobac SeiZenda da aqtiurad CaerTo sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (koka 1999: 193); burJuas „axa-li mdidris~ pirvandeli statusi, esoden arasasurveli da miuRebeli Tavad burJuebisTvis, sxva sta tusebiT Seicvala – „energiuli~, „naTeli gonebis mqone~, „wesi-eri saqmismwarmoebeli~, „mizandasaxuli~ da sxv. TumcaRa, es „kargi~ Tvisebebi mainc arasakmarisad kargi aRmoCnda saimisod, rom burJuasagan Seqmniliyo TxrobiTi Janris gmiri, iseTi, rogoric iyo meomari, raindi, dampyrobeli an avantiuristi – gmirebi, romelTac asobiT wlebis man-Zilze eyrdoboda dasavluri literaturis siuJetebi~ (moreti 2014: 30). burJua ver iqca gmirad, aramed ufro – antigmirad, romelmac calkeul SemTxvevebSi dadebiTi interpretacia SeiZina. aseTi warumateblobis mTavari mizezi, albaT, „im uzarmazar ganxeTqilebaSi unda veZioT, romelic Zvelsa da axal mmarTvel Zalebs Soris arebob-da: Tuki aristokratias eyo Tavxedoba, Seeqmna uSiSari da unaklo raindebis mTeli galerea da amiT moexdina saku-Tari Tavis idealizacia, burJuaziam es ar Caidina. Tavga-dasavlis diadi meqanizmi TandaTan daiSala axali bur-Juaziuli civilizaciiT, Tavgadasavlis gareSe ki gmirma dakarga unikaluroba, romelic moulodnelobasTan Sex-vedris xibliT iyo gansazRvruli. raindTan SedarebiT burJua arafriT gamorCeuli da mouxelTebeli moCanda, nebismieri sxva burJuebis msgavsi~ (moreti 2014: 31)...

me-19 saukunis 50-60-iani wlebis qarTuli proza da dramaturgia saerTodac Sors idga burJuas momwifebuli

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gagebisagan. burJuas socialurma klasma jer kidev ver Seqmna saqarTveloSi is aucilebeli distancia, romelic ukve arsebobda evropasa da amerikaSi „Zalian mdidrebsa~ da „Zalian Raribebs~ Soris; arc „mesakuTreebisa~ da „sa-kuTrebas moklebuli mSromelebis~ an – „mwarmoeblebisa~ da „muSa-xelis~ gageba iyo damkvidrebuli*. Sesabamisad, am periodis qarTul mwerlobaSi burJuas ar hqonda SeZe-nili iseTi Tvisebebi, romliTac is dasavlur mwerlo-baSi gzis gakvalvas cdilobda – mSromeli, seriozuli, ganaTlebuli, gamosadegari, komfortis moyvaruli, gav-leniani**. qarTul cnobierebaSi is jer kidev umwifari, utifari, uinteleqto da usulgulo daxlidari iyo – mxolod daxlidari***. metic, dasavluri samyarosgan gan-sxvavebiT, sadac me-19–me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze burJua mmarTvel klasad iqceva, xolo burJuas cneba socialuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebs gaivlis, saqarTvelos, misi istoriuli fatumis gamo, TiTqmis ar dascaldeba burJuas gaazrebis Canasaxovani fazis daZ-leva: sazogadoebriv-socialur arenaze mas marqsistul-bolSevikuri moZraoba da bolSevikuri revoluciis zvirTebi SaTnTqavs, literaturul sibrtyeze ki jer „xalxosnuri~, xolo mogvianebiT – socialisturi mwer-lobis ideologia daupirsipirdeba. da miuxedavad amisa, Tavisi istoriuli mocemulobis farglebSic ki, qarTu-li mwerloba SeZlebs burJuaziis funqciisa da rolis, agreTve, aristokratiasTan misi mimarTebis qarTuli rakursis warmoCenas; Seiqmneba araerTi saintereso li-teraturuli teqsti, sadac gamorCeul adgils udaod dramaturgiuli gamocdileba daikavebs.

burJuas saxe me-19 saukunis meore naxevris qarTul dramaturgiaSi (g. erisTavi, z. antonovi) asaxvis iro-

* ix. emanuil valerSteini, „burJua rogorc koncepti da realoba“ (1988), iurgen koka, indrustriuli kultura da burJuaziuli sazogadoeba“ (1999), jeims mili, „esse mTavrobis Sesaxeb“ (1937) da sxv.** moretiseuli klasifikacia.*** klasifikacia Cemia.

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niul-groteskuli maneris CarCoebSia moqceuli. cneba burJua Canacvlebulia cnebiT vaWari, romelic burJuas gagebis SedarebiT adreuli da primitiuli modelis eq-vivalentia, xolo mTavar opoziciad gansazRvrulia socialuri opozicia: vaWari/Tavadi, igive – wvrili bur-Jua/aristokratia, sadac vaWari anu wvrili burJua fu-lis primatze dafuZnebuli axali droebis simboloa, Tavadi anu aristokrati ki – istoriulad, „Zvel droSi“ gamomuSavebuli qarTuli rainduli cnobierebis deval-vaciisa. qarTuli dramaturgia Seurigebelia rogorc erTis, ise – meores mimarT: mas jer ar sjera burJuaziis, romelic fuliT ikvlevs gzas da ukve aRar sjera aris-tokratiis, romelmac dakarga zneobrivi orientirebi. sruliad cxadia, rom am saxiT arc erTi maTgani ar ergeba qarTul mizans.

magram, msoflio kritikuli realizmis esTetikuri da literaturuli modeli ar rCeba oden socialuri da eTikuri problemebis asaxvis doneze, aramed – mizan-dasaxulad farTovdeba msoflmxedvelobrivi horizon-tebisaken. realisti mwerlebis xedvis arealSi moqceulia cxovreba misi yvela detaliTa da problemiT – realis-tebi farTod gaxelili TvalebiT Sehyureben cxovrebas da cdiloben asaxon is maqsimaluri SegrZnebiT. ase ma-galiTad, rusuli kritikuli realizmi (gogoli, turge-nevi, tolstoi, dostoevski, Cexovi) amuSavebs pirovnebi-sa da samyaros globaluri SeuTavseblobis problemas: am koncefciis wiaRSi srulad vlindeba adamiansa da sam-yaros Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobani, magram samyaros borotebis aRmofxvris gzas warmoadgens ara Zaladoba, romelic istoriulad saSiSi da gaumarTlebelia, aramed – misi gakeTilSobilebis mcdeloba: sxva gamosavals, Tu ara pirovnebis TviTsrulyofa da borotebaze SendobiT pasuxi, rusuli realizmi ver xedavs.

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qarTveli realistebi, `Tergdaleulebi~*, kargad icnoben msoflio realizmis literaturul kanons (ro-gorc originaluri, ise Targmnili teqstebis meSveobiT) da misi ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebis teqstebs; axdenen iseTi sabaziso realisturi Temebis adaptirebas, rogo-ricaa – pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis garTulebuli ur-TierTobebi, socialuri yofis detalebi, fsiqologiuri dilemebi da sxv. romantikosebis mier uaryofili da ni-velirebuli awmyo TandaTan ibrunebs poziciebs, poeti/mwerali Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT eSveba „codvil mi-waze“ da farad realobas irgebs. realizmis es fuZemdeb-luri maxasiaTebeli, gamyarebuli saerTo esTetikuri da poetikuri principebiT, gvevlineba kidevac msoflio re-alisturi skolebis, maT Soris qarTulis, urTierTkve-Tis mizezad. realisti mwerlebi – qarTvelebi, frangebi, ingliselebi, rusebi, germanelebi Tu sxv. – xSirad erTsa da imave konceptebs utrialeben, TiTqos SeTanxmebulad arRveven romantikosebis mier damkvidrebul Janrul da naraciul strategiebs.

realisturi romani da moTxroba ipyrobs litera-turul sivrces, poeturi Janrebidan ki yvelaze metad poema fasobs. literaturuli procesi arnaxulad gam-Wvirvale da, Tanac, marTvadi xdeba: avtoris figura romantikuli burusidan gamodis da teqstSi gadainac-vlebs – ramdenadac mcirdeba mwerlis biografiis roli mis SemoqmedebaSi, imdenadve izrdeba misi Semoqmedebis roli biografiaSi. realizmis epoqis avtori teqstis mniS-vnelovani nawilia, romelic ostaturad iyenebs lite-raturas saWirboroto social-politikuri, eTikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi xasiaTis problemebis gaxmianebis tribunad. garefaqtorebis aqtiuri CarTva literatu-rul procesSi gansakuTrebul mizandasaxulobas sZens

* mweralTa am jgufis TiTqmis yvela TvalsaCino warmomadgenels ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda sankt-peternurgis universitetSi, rac, wminda geografi-uli TvalsazrisiT, gulisxmobda mdinare Tergis gadakveTas saqarTvelo-dan CrdiloeTisaken mimaval samxedro gzaze.

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maT: avtorebi yuradRebiT usmenen epoqis xmebs (baxtini). onore de balzaki, Carlz dikensi, lev tolstoi, fiodor dostoevski, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, aleqsandre yazbegi, vaJa-fSavela – TavianT epoqaze miyuradebuli avtorebi arian: maTi Semoqmedebis metaforad ufro „in-teleqtualuri mgrZnobeloba“ SeiZleba dasaxeldes, vid-re – `mgrZnobi- are inteleqti“. realistebi ar ifargle-bian mxolod sakuTari azriT, aramed, ainteresebT sxvaTa azric TavianTi azris Sesaxeb: mkiTxveli aRar aris gareSe msmeneli, is inteleqtualuri partnioria im uzarmazar realistur dialogSi, romelsac cxovreba hqvia. lite-ratura oratoruli pragmatikis fazaSi Seabijebs. ro-mantikuli introvertuloba TandaTan transformirde-ba realistur eqstravertulobaSi, literaturis poli-tizacia da socializacia ki meti TvalsaCinoebiT avlens nacionalur gansxvavebebs: qarTuli realizmi „qarTuli sakiTxaviTaa“ datvirTuli, rac XIX saukunis meore naxev-ridan gardauvlad ukavSirdeba axali nacionaluri iden-tobis Ziebas, rogorc mizandasaxulobas.

qveynis politikuri damoukideblobisaTvis brZola swored is lokaluri problemaa, romelsac gansakuTre-buli simtkiciT utrialebs klasikuri realizmis epoqis qarTuli mwerloba da, am TvalsazrisiT, is msoflio re-alizmis sakmaod specifikur frTas qmnis.

qarTuli realizmi Zaldautaneblad iTavsebs ro-gorc dasavleT evropul, ise rusul gamocdilebas, mag-ram Tavis mTavar saTqmelad sxva problemas gamokveTs: erovnuli TviTmyofadobis idea aris qarTuli kritiku-li realizmis mTavari idea, romelic moicavs da faravs mis gzaze amosvetil mwvave social-politikur proble-mebs. erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ideis gaaqtiurebisa da aRorZinebis gamo qarTuli kritikuli realizmi gansa-kuTrebul adgils imkvidrebs realisturi mwerlobis sa-erTo evropul sivrceSi. am TvalsazrisiT saetapo mniS-vnelobas iZens ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebi, `mefe

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dimetri Tavdadebuli~, akaki wereTlis `Tornike eris-Tavi~, aleqsande yazbegis èlguja~, vaJa-fSavelas `bax-trioni~ da sxv.

qarTul saliteraturo arenas TandaTan ipyrobs iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa – brZola qveynis Rirsebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis; socialuri problemebis mxileba da gamaTraxeba; galaSqreba sazogadoebis merkantilobis, gulgrilobisa da inertulobisadmi da im damRupveli Sedegebisadmi, romelic maT moaqvT; mowodeba adamianis umaRlesi daniSnulebisadami da realur cxovrebasTan adamianis mimarTebis dadgena. swored am Temebzea dawe-rili àCrdili~, òTaraanT qvrivi~, `gandegili~, `gamz-rdeli~, `xevisberi goCa~, `moZRvari~, vaJa-fSavelas (da sxva avtorebis) leqsebi da moTxrobebi da sxv.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTuli sazogado-ebis reaqcia rusul kolonializmze daufaravad icv-lis saxes da romantizmis xanis gaorebul, ambivalentur statuss radikaluri dapirispireba cvlis*: gaorebuli antikoloniuri moZraobis istoriulad gamomuSavebul sarwmunoebriv strategias erovnuli strategia Caanac-vlebs. SemTxveviT ar CaeWideba qarTuli realizmis li-deri, ilia WavWavaZe, nikoloz baraTaSvilis figuras – is baraTaSvilistia ruseTis koloniur politikasTan mimarTebaSi** da ara mxolod is: erovnuli Rirebule-bebis rekonstruqcia safuZvlad udevs qarTveli rea-listi mwerlebis Semoqmedebas (a. wereTeli – `ganTiadi~, `Tornike erisTavi~; al. yazbegi – èlguja~, `xevisberi goCa~ da sxv.).

erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ideis warmatebiT re-alizebas emsaxureba qarTuli kritikuli realizmisTvis

* ix. i. ratiani, romantizmis xana. wignSi: qarTuli mwerloba da msoflio literaturuli procesi. Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2015.** nikoloz baraTaSvils ekuTvnis cnobili fraza, romelic ilia WavWavaZisa da misi TanamoazreebisaTvis deklaraciis mniSvnelobas iZens: `saxelmwifosa sjulis erToba araras argebs, odes Tviseba erTa mis Soris sxvadasxvaobdes~.

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niSandoblivi kidev erTi mZlavri tendencia – socialuri problematikis aqcentireba. ilia WavWavaZis mier Seqmni-li mxatvruli saxe luarsab TaTqariZisa am TvalsazrisiT saetapo aRmoCndeba: mweralma Seqmna TumcaRa uboroto, magram muqTaxora, zarmaci da inertuli xasiaTi-tipi, romelic ara mxolod imitomaa saSiSi, rom socialurad dromoWmuli da regresulia, aramed imitomac, rom misi gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos sul ufro metad gauWirdeba misTvis esoden sanukvari miznis – damouki-deblobis miRweva: damoukideblobis gza gadis bZolaze, romlis unaric TaTqariZes da misnairebs ar gaaCniaT. socialuri problema ar rCeba oden socialuri proble-mis doneze, aramed miemarTeba erovnuli TviTmyofado-bis ideas, rogorc qarTuli kritikuli realizmis mTavar saTqmels. am TvalsazrisiT, ilias fraza `Cveni Tavi Cve-naTve gveyudnes~ JRers rogorc mowodeba.

erovnuli idea centralur idead ganixileba mwe-ralTa axali, SedarebiT radikaluri dajgufebisTvisac, romelic qarTveli xalxosnebis (e.w. `narodnikebis~) sa-xeliTaa cnobili. miuxedavad misi dasaxelebis similaro-bisa analogiur literaturul skolasTan ruseTSi, is ufro evropeistuli iyo Tavisi amocanebiTa da mizan-dasaxulobebiT, vidre prorusuli. qarTul kritikaSigamyarebuli tradiciuli azrisagan gansxvavebiT, migvaC-nia, rom qarTveli xalxosnebis didi nawili evropul mecnierebasa da kulturasTan daaxloebaSi xedavda qvey-nis swori ganviTarebis winapirobas; maTTvis erovnuli grZnobis Rirebuleba imdenad iyo Rirsebis matarebeli, ramdenadac is xalxis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobese-bas emsaxureboda. xalxosnebma Tamamad Semoitanes qar-Tul mwerlobaSi genderuli problemebi.

XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis esoden speqtruli da mravalferovani qarTuli realizmi gviani realizmis fazaSi gadainacvlebs da amiTac is `solidarobas~ um-JRavnebs evropul literaturul procesebs: qarTuli

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literatura warmatebiT eufleba gviani realizmis es-Tetikas, romelic ramdenadme gansxvavda kritikuli re-alizmis ZiriTadi tendenciebisgan.

gviani realizmi

realistma mwerlebma, romlebmac XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan gviani realizmis mgrZnobelobaSi gadainac-vles (dostoevski, Cexovi, gi de mopasani), mTeli sisru-liT Seimecnes is saSiSroeba, romelic arnaxulad gaaq-tiurebul politikur utopiebsa da samecniero-teqnikur progress mohqonda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SemuSave-bul da dadgenil sulier RirebulebaTa sistemisTvis. gangaSis zari romantikosebma (meri Seli – ̀ frankeStaini~) da filosofiis axali talRis warmomadgenlebma Semoh-kres: `pirveladi mniSvnelobis problemas warmoadgenda ara mxolod Tanamedrove miRwevebis Sedegad gamefebu-li Zaladobisa da teroris atmosfero, aramed individu-alurobis dakargvis saxifaTo tendencia `koleqtiurisa~ da `sayovelTaos~ wiaRSi. Sopenhaueris, kirkegorisa da nicSes filosofiaSi cxadad aisaxa kacobriobis winaSe wa-momarTuli am safrTxis siRrmiseuli proeqcia. maT moZR-vrebebSi gamoikveTa erTsulovani agresia pozitivizmi-sa da `moangariSe-buxhaltruli~ teqnikuri azrovnebis mimarT, mwvaved daisva adamianis Tavisufali aqtivobis, SemoqmedebiTi nebisa da individualuri azrovnebis da-kargvis problema... axali filosofiuri azrovnebis wi-aRSi Camoyalibda pesimisturi ganwyobileba, Rrma skef-sisi arsebuli realobisadmi. `sicocxlis filosofiis~ mesveurTa mizans warmoadgenda sicocxlis garegansazR-vrulobis ideis Secvla TviTgansazRvrulobis ideiT, anu mimarTebis – `me da samyaro~ – tradiciuli da raciona-luri garexedvis poziciis transformireba grZnobadisa

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da aRqmadis primatze dafuZnebul Sigaxedvis poziciaSi. SigniT da Signidan xedvis proeqcia win wamoswevda me-s individualur aspeqtebs, amkvidrebda kondicias, rom-lis pirobebSic adamiani aRar sjerdeboda ukve arsebuli, gamyarebuli, TavisTavadi `samyaros reproducirebas~ da koncentrirdeboda sakuTari individualuri SesaZleb-lobebisa da perspeqtivebis realizebaze... Sopenhaueris, kirkegorisa da nicSes filosofia srul antagonizmSi aRmoCnda XIX saukuneSi ganviTarebul socialistur da demokratiul moZRvrebebTan, gabatonebul mecnierul progresTan da saerTo-revoluciur atmosferosTan. maT naazrevSi cxadad aisaxa ara mxolod epoqis krizisi, aramed krizisuli epoqis CarCoebSi moqceuli adamianis tragedia~ (ratiani 2010: 36-40).

social-utopistebis moZRvrebebis, marqsisa da engelsis `ziari sakuTrebis~ Teoriis, Carlz darvinis `evoluciis Teoriis~, fizikosTa mier atomis aRmoCenis, didi qimiuri Zvrebisa da biologiuri eqsperimentebis monacvleobis pirobebSi adamianebi daeWvdenen (remi de gurmoni) – isini daeWvdnen sakuTar warmomavlobasa da warmavlobaSi, RmerTsa da samyaroSi. idealuri samyaro daingra, – acxadebda fridrix nicSe, – `kacobriobas gamoecala sayrdeni. adamiani rCeba orientirebis gareSe, is rCeba Tavisi Tavis anabara. adamianma aRar icis, Tu risTvis cxovrobs, saiT midis, ar icis riT gaamarTlos Tavisi moqmedeba da azrovneba. mas eufleba martoobis, uperspeqtivobis, uimedobis grZnoba~ (buaCiZe 1970: 26). idealuri Rirebulebebi ufasurdeba, `RmerTi mokvda, RmerTis arsebobiT gamarTlebuli Rirebulebebi, romel-Tac adamiani aqamde eTanxmeboda, kargaven Tavis fass. es ki imis mauwyebelia, rom karTan momdgaria `yvela stumarTagan yvelaze Semzaravi~ – nihilizmi~ (buaCiZe 1970: 26). nicSes frazam – `RmerTi mokvda~ – gamoxata filosofosis Rrma piraduli tragedia, amozrdili `ev-

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ropuli kacobriobis sulieri cxovrebis istoriuli moZraobis Sinagani logikidan~ (buaCiZe 1986: 76).

`Cveni epoqa aris Zveli idealebis Secvla ZaladobiT da es mxolod mecnierebis damsaxurebaa~, – SfoTavda ber-tran raseli (beikeri 1990: 64); `samyaro Tavis dasasruls uaxlovdeba, – acxadebda SeZrwunebuli Sarl bodleri, – teqnokratia sabolood gagvanadgurebs Cven, progresi ki iseT sulier SimSils dasTess, rom utopistTa sisxl-nakravi, fuqsavati da arabunebrivi ocnebebi mogoneba iqneba masTan... samyaros nangrevebi sacnauri gaxdeba ara politikuri sistemebis an sxva raime ubedurebis saxiT, aramed Cveni gulebis siRrmeebSi~ (kumari 1991: 117).

evropuli sazogadoeba aSkarad dadga individu-aluri fenomenis nivelirebis safrTxis winaSe. Sedegad, dekadensi mTeli sisruliTa da energiiT moedo evropul literaturas, xolo kritikulma realizmma mniSvnelo-vani transformacia ganicada da gviani realizmis fazaSi gadainacvla.

gviani realizmis epoqis mwerlebma TiTqos Seigr-Znes, rom drom Secvala adamianis `qimiuri Sedgeniloba~! saukuneebis manZilze literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli ga-rexedvis perspeqtiva – `adamiani da samyaro~, anu `me da samyaro~ – Caanacvla sruliad gansxvavebulma Sigaxedvis perspeqtivam: `adamiani samyaroSi da samyaro adamianSi~ anu `me samyaroSi da samyaro CemSi~. xedvis es perspeqtiva, dekadensis koncefciasTan wyvilSi, warmoadgenda pirda-pir gzas modernizmisken.

gansakuTrebuli kontribucia literaturuli xedvisa da principebis gardaqmnis am rTul sistemaSi ekuTvnis fiodor dostoevskis, romelic mTeli Tavi-si arsebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda individualizmis dakar-gvis saSiSroebas. misTvis axdenil koSmars warmoad-genda racionalizebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtiva. sazogadoebis racionalizacia dostoevs-kiseuli `SeuzRudavi despotizmis~ relevanturi cneba

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iyo, mecnierulis, logikurisa da sayovelTaos wiaRSisamudamod Cakarguli Tavisuflebis sinonimi. `dosto-evski dajildoebuli iyo genialuri niWiT, moesmi-na Tavisi epoqis dialogi, – werda mixail baxtini, – ufro zustad, moesmina Tavisi epoqa rogorc uzar-mazari dialogi, moexelTebina masSi ara mxolod cal-keuli xmebis JReradoba, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, dialoguri urTierTobebi xmaTa Soris, maTi dialoguri urTierTqmedeba~ (baxtini 1972: 150). es damoukidebeli, erTmaneTTan Seurwymeli da, Sesabamisad, araintegri-rebadi xmebi erTmaneTze zeddebiT xasiaTdeba da arc erTi maTgani ar RaRadebs umaRles da saboloo WeSmaritebas: WeSmariteba, rogorc mxatvruli teq-stis koncefcia, mxolod am xmaTa yvela poziciis, ro-gorc mravalxmiani, polifoniuri harmoniis Sedegia. dostoevskis mTavar aRmoCenad adamiani iqca, adamiani, romlis sulSi, gonebasa da fsiqikaSi momxdari Rrma cvlilebebi gasaocari mravalferovnebiT daafiqsira avtorma.

gviani realizmis aRniSnuli Temebi XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan gaiJRerebs qarTul realistur mwerlo-baSi, iseT teqstebSi, rogoricaa: ilia WavWavaZis `sar-Cobelazed~, al. yazbegis `moZRvari~, `mamis mkvleli~ da sxv., xolo mogvianebiT Txrobis ganaskuTrebuli mane-riT gamoixateba iseTi mniSvnelovani avtoris teqstebSi (moTxrobebsa da piesebSi) rogoricaa daviT kldiaSvi-li („samaniSvilis dedinacvali“, „soloman morbelaZe“, „irines bedniereba“ da sxv.). Tuki ilia WavWavaZem da al. yazbegma adamianisa da samyaros ganxeTqilebis Temas tragikuli paTosi daafines, daviT kldiaSvilma sevdiani ironiis forma misca process: anton Cexovis msgavsad, daviT kldiaSvilis TxzulebebSi adamianebis ara sikvdi-li, aramed sicocxle iqca tragediad!

gviani realizmis konceptebisa da Temebis srulad realizebis TvalsazrisiT, qarTul mwerlobaSi fasda-

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udebelia vaJa-fSavelas roli da damsaxureba. vaJa-fSave-las literaturuli memkvidreoba Tavisi TemebiTa da miznebiT evropuli gviani realizmis epoqis Rirebuli qarTuli refleqsiaa, TumcaRa, qarTuli mwerlobis gan-viTarebis sxvadasxva etapze damkvidrebuli tradiciis msgavsad, refleqsirebis es modelic Cveuli Casworebe-biTa da sqolioebiT gamoirCeva. vaJas SemoqmedebaSi gvi-ani realizmis mier gamomuSavebuli axali tendenciebi erwymis ara marto kritikuli realizmis wiaRSi ukve ga-momuSavebul tradicias (rogorc es evropuli realiz-mis wiaRSi moxda), aramed qarTul realur konteqstsac (`qarTul sakiTxavs~) da problemebis Zalze saintereso speqtrs gamokveTs:

• adamiani da misi misia samyaroSi;• subieqtis individualuri neba da sazogadoeba;• `sakuTari sivrce~, rogorc nacionaluri idento-

bis markeri.Tuki am kuTxiT mivudgebiT vaJa-fSavelas Semoq-

medebis centralur teqstebs – `aluda qeTelauri~, `stumar-maspinZeli~, `gogoTur da afSina~, `gvelis mWam-eli~ da sxv. – mogviwevs vaRiaroT: miuxedavad gansxva-vebuli siuJetebisa, maT erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da adu-Rabebs uzarmazar samyaroSi gamoketili adamianis mier Tavisi misiis Ziebis dauokebeli survili, pirovnuli Rirsebis damkvidrebisTvis brZolis gaunelebeli Jini da `sakuTar sivrcesTan~ fataluri identifikaciiT mog-vrili daumsaxurebeli tkivili. vaJa-fSavelas Semoq-medebis centralur teqstebs cxadia, gansxvavebuli si-uJetebi aqvs, magram erTi saerTo principi amTlianebs: pirovnebisa da pirovnuli Rirsebis damkvidrebis prin-cipi! vaJa-fSavelas yuradRebis umTavres sagans adamiani warmoadgens, subieqti, damoukideblad misi religiuri mrwamsisa da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, romelic arsebobs garkveuli sazogadoebis, anu obieqturi garemos piro-

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bebSi da cdilobs damkvidrdes masSi, rogorc individu-aluri pirovneba. eTikuri da sazogadoebrivi Pro et Contra, romelsac vaJa-fSavela safuZvlad udebs Tavisi perso-naJebis RirebulebaTa Skalas, scdeba viwro separatizmis standarts da humanizmis uRrmesi Sreebisaken miemarTeba. misi mTavari personaJebi ar arian mravalTagan erT-erTni, aramed erTni – mravalSi, xolo pirovnebis Tavisuflebis erTaderT proeqciad sulieri proeqcia ikveTeba. vaJa-fSavelas Rvawli, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imdenadve sasargebloa kacobriobisaTvis, ramdenadac sasargeblo da gonivrulia samSoblosaTvis (`kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi~).

swored am paTosiT Seabijebs qarTuli mwerloba XX saukuneSi da bunebrivad Seudgeba modernistuli Ziebe-bis saerTo evropul gzas*...

damowmebani:

baxtini 1972: Бахтин М.М. Проблемы поэтики Довстоевского. Изд. 3-тье. Москва:

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baxtini1986: Бахтин М. М. Литературно-критические статьи. Москва: 1986.

beikeri 1990: Baker R. S Brave New World: history, science and dystopia. G.K.Hall

& Co: 1990.

borevi 2001: Борев, Ю. Критический реализм XIX века... В кн: Теория литературы,

т. IV. Литературный процесс. Москва: ИМЛИ РАН, «Наследие», 2001.

buaCiZe 1970: buaCiZe T. `fridrix nicSe~. wg-Si: XX saukunis burJuazi-

uli filosofia. Tbilisi: `ganaTleba~, 1970.

valerSteini 1988: Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Burgeois (ie) as Concept and Reality.

New Left Review I/67 (January-Fabruary 1988.

koka 1999: Kocka, Jurgen. Middle Class and Authoritarian State: Toward a History

of the German Burgertum in the Nineteenth Century // Jurgen, Kocka, Indsutrial Culture

* vaJa–fSavelas Semoqmedeba aRmoCndeba is simZimis centri, romelsac da-efuZneba XX saukunis qarTuli literaturuli procesebis – Tamami moder-nistuli tendenciebisa Tu eqsperimentebis – Sinagani kavSiri qarTul kla-sikur mwerlobasTan.

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and Bourgeois Society. Business, Labor and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany, New York/

Oxford, 1999.

kumari 1991: Kumar K. Utopia and Anti-utopia in Modern Times. T.J. Press Ltd,

Padstow: 1991.

moreti 2014: Морети, Франко. Буржуа. Между историей и литературой.

Москва: Издательство института Гайдара. 2014.

ratiani 2010: ratiani i. teqsti da qronotopi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcmeloba, 2010.

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