KINGDOMS AND KINGDOMS AND CRUSADESCRUSADES

CHAPTER 10CHAPTER 10SECTION 3SECTION 3

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ALFRED THE GREATALFRED THE GREAT

king of Wessexking of Wessex drove Vikings out of Britaindrove Vikings out of Britain united Anglo-Saxon kingdomsunited Anglo-Saxon kingdoms new kingdom known as “Angleland” or new kingdom known as “Angleland” or

“England”“England” founded schoolsfounded schools hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in hired scholars to rewrite Latin books in

Anglo-Saxon languageAnglo-Saxon language weak rulers followedweak rulers followed

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WILLIAM THE CONQUERORWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR ruler of ruler of Normandy Normandy (part of north/western (part of north/western

France)France) descendant of Viking ruler who conquered descendant of Viking ruler who conquered

NormandyNormandy cousin of King Edward of Englandcousin of King Edward of England when Edward died, noble Harold Godwinson when Edward died, noble Harold Godwinson

claimed throneclaimed throne William believed he was rightful kingWilliam believed he was rightful king William & his army defeated Harold & his foot William & his army defeated Harold & his foot

soldiers at Battle of Hastings--1066soldiers at Battle of Hastings--1066 crowned king of Englandcrowned king of England became known as became known as William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

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Anglo-Saxon resisted his ruleAnglo-Saxon resisted his rule gave land to Norman knightsgave land to Norman knights made them swear loyalty to him as made them swear loyalty to him as

rulerruler officials & nobles spoke Frenchofficials & nobles spoke French Anglo-Saxons spoke own language, Anglo-Saxons spoke own language, later known as Englishlater known as English took first census since Roman timestook first census since Roman times

known as Domesday Bookknown as Domesday Book counted people, manors, & farm animalscounted people, manors, & farm animals

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HENRY IIHENRY II King of EnglandKing of England used law courts to increase his powerused law courts to increase his power central court with trained lawyers & judgescentral court with trained lawyers & judges circuit judges traveled country hearing circuit judges traveled country hearing

casescases established established common lawcommon law

same laws throughout whole kingdomsame laws throughout whole kingdom set up juries to handle argument over landset up juries to handle argument over land

grand jurygrand jury – decided whether people – decided whether people should be accused of a crimeshould be accused of a crime

trial jurytrial jury – decided whether an accused – decided whether an accused person was innocent or guiltyperson was innocent or guilty 5

KING JOHNKING JOHN““The Bad King from Robin Hood”The Bad King from Robin Hood”

son of Henry IIson of Henry II raised taxesraised taxes punished enemies without a trialpunished enemies without a trial English noble resented his power English noble resented his power refused to obey unless guaranteed refused to obey unless guaranteed

certain rightscertain rights forced king to sign forced king to sign Magna CartaMagna Carta, or , or

the Great Charter at Runnymedethe Great Charter at Runnymede6

MAGNA CARTAMAGNA CARTA

a document of rightsa document of rights king & vassals both had certain rights & king & vassals both had certain rights &

dutiesduties established people have rightsestablished people have rights power of government should be limitedpower of government should be limited took away some of king’s powertook away some of king’s power

no longer collect taxes unless Great Council no longer collect taxes unless Great Council agreedagreed

freemen accused of crime had right to fair trial freemen accused of crime had right to fair trial by their peers or equalsby their peers or equals

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PARLIAMENTPARLIAMENT King Edward I held meeting of people from King Edward I held meeting of people from

different parts of Englanddifferent parts of England job was to advise king & help make lawsjob was to advise king & help make laws step towards representative governmentstep towards representative government original original ParliamentParliament

two knight from every countytwo knight from every county two people from every towntwo people from every town all high-ranking nobles and church officialsall high-ranking nobles and church officials

later later ParliamentParliament divided into two housesdivided into two houses House of LordsHouse of Lords

high-ranking nobleshigh-ranking nobles church officialschurch officials

House of CommonsHouse of Commons townspeopletownspeople

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KINGDOM OF FRANCEKINGDOM OF FRANCE

Charlemagne’s empire divided into Charlemagne’s empire divided into three partsthree parts

western region – Kingdom of Francewestern region – Kingdom of France Hugh Capet – first Capetian kingHugh Capet – first Capetian king Capetians controlled area around Paris – Capetians controlled area around Paris –

capitalcapital French nobles had more power than French nobles had more power than

kingskings changed when changed when Philip IIPhilip II became king became king

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went to war against Englandwent to war against England conquered most of western France territoryconquered most of western France territory result – French kings gained more land & result – French kings gained more land &

became more powerfulbecame more powerful Philip IVPhilip IV – called Philip the Fair – called Philip the Fair

met with representatives of three estates, or met with representatives of three estates, or classes, of French societyclasses, of French society

first estate – first estate – clergyclergy (ordained as priests) (ordained as priests) second estate – noblessecond estate – nobles third estate – townspeople or peasantsthird estate – townspeople or peasants meeting began the meeting began the Estates-GeneralEstates-General

France’s first parliamentFrance’s first parliament first step towards representative governmentfirst step towards representative government

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EASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIAEASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIA

SlavsSlavs organized villages in Eastern Europeorganized villages in Eastern Europe made up of families related to each made up of families related to each

otherother shared land, animals, tools, seeds, etcshared land, animals, tools, seeds, etc built houses partly undergroundbuilt houses partly underground kept family warm during cold winterskept family warm during cold winters divided into three major groupsdivided into three major groups

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three major groupsthree major groups SouthernSouthern

Croats, Serbs, & BulgariansCroats, Serbs, & Bulgarians WesternWestern

Poles, Czechs, & SlovaksPoles, Czechs, & Slovaks EasternEastern

Ukrainians, Belorussians, & RussiansUkrainians, Belorussians, & Russians controlled land between Carpathian controlled land between Carpathian

Mountains & Volga RiverMountains & Volga River created farmland by chopping down created farmland by chopping down

forests & burning trees to fertilize the soilforests & burning trees to fertilize the soil planted barley, rye, & flaxplanted barley, rye, & flax

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KIEVAN RUSKIEVAN RUSA medieval state

Vikings moved into Slav territoryVikings moved into Slav territory became rulersbecame rulers Slavs called Viking rulers “The Rus”Slavs called Viking rulers “The Rus” Oleg – Viking leaderOleg – Viking leader

created Rus state around city of created Rus state around city of KievKiev called Kievan Ruscalled Kievan Rus main ruler – Grand Duke of Kievmain ruler – Grand Duke of Kiev Boyars – local princes, rich merchants, & Boyars – local princes, rich merchants, &

landowning nobles helped him governlandowning nobles helped him govern

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Rulers who followed increased Rulers who followed increased Kievan Rus sizeKievan Rus size from Baltic Sea in north to Black Sea in from Baltic Sea in north to Black Sea in

southsouth from Danube River in west to Volga from Danube River in west to Volga

River in westRiver in west growth attracted missionaries from growth attracted missionaries from

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire Vladimir - Rus rulerVladimir - Rus ruler

married sister of Byzantine emperormarried sister of Byzantine emperor became Eastern Orthodox Christianbecame Eastern Orthodox Christian declared his people Eastern Orthodoxdeclared his people Eastern Orthodox

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MONGOL INVASIONMONGOL INVASION Slavs call Mongols “Tatars”Slavs call Mongols “Tatars” named after Mongol tribe- the Tata peoplenamed after Mongol tribe- the Tata people destroyed almost all major citiesdestroyed almost all major cities only city spared was Novgorod only city spared was Novgorod Novgorod rulers (and Russian)Novgorod rulers (and Russian)

had to pay tribute (enforced payment) to khan had to pay tribute (enforced payment) to khan (supreme ruler)(supreme ruler)

accept Mongols as their rulersaccept Mongols as their rulers faced attacks by Germans & Swedesfaced attacks by Germans & Swedes Prince Alexander Nevsky & Slavs defeated Prince Alexander Nevsky & Slavs defeated

Germans & SwedesGermans & Swedes Mongols reward him with title “grand duke”Mongols reward him with title “grand duke”

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THE RISE OF MOSCOWTHE RISE OF MOSCOW

Slavs moved north and founded a Slavs moved north and founded a new settlement called “Moscow”new settlement called “Moscow”

Moscow prospered because it was Moscow prospered because it was located at a crossroads of several located at a crossroads of several major trade routesmajor trade routes

Moscow rulers cooperated with Moscow rulers cooperated with Mongols, so the rulers were allowed Mongols, so the rulers were allowed to collect taxes from other Slavs. This to collect taxes from other Slavs. This helped to expand their territory.helped to expand their territory.

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THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES Christian holy warChristian holy war total of ten crusadestotal of ten crusades Muslim Turks seized control of Byzantine Muslim Turks seized control of Byzantine

lands in Asia Minor in 1071lands in Asia Minor in 1071 Byzantine emperor asks pope for help to Byzantine emperor asks pope for help to

save his Christian empire from the Muslim save his Christian empire from the Muslim invadersinvaders

Pope Urban II Pope Urban II asked Europe’s nobles to launch war against asked Europe’s nobles to launch war against

Muslim TurksMuslim Turks urged capture of Jerusalem & free Holy Landurged capture of Jerusalem & free Holy Land

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EARLY VICTORIESEARLY VICTORIES red cross: sign of obedience to pope’s callred cross: sign of obedience to pope’s call First Crusade First Crusade

The Cursaders captured…The Cursaders captured… Antioch in Syria in 1098Antioch in Syria in 1098 Jerusalem in 1099Jerusalem in 1099

crusaders created four states controlled by Europe:crusaders created four states controlled by Europe: Kingdom of Jerusalem in PalestineKingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine country of Edessa—in Asia Minorcountry of Edessa—in Asia Minor principality of Antioch in Asia Minorprincipality of Antioch in Asia Minor country of Tripoli (Lebanon today)country of Tripoli (Lebanon today)

The states were surrounded by MuslimsThe states were surrounded by Muslims depended on Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice for depended on Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa, & Venice for

suppliessupplies Muslims fought back & captured Edessa in 1144Muslims fought back & captured Edessa in 1144 European rulers sent another crusade to regain lost landsEuropean rulers sent another crusade to regain lost lands

Second crusade a total failure and the win went to the Second crusade a total failure and the win went to the MuslimsMuslims

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Muslim named Saladin became ruler Muslim named Saladin became ruler of Egyptof Egypt

united Muslimsunited Muslims declared war against Christian statesdeclared war against Christian states brilliant commanderbrilliant commander defeated Christiansdefeated Christians captured Jerusalem in 1187captured Jerusalem in 1187 led to Third Crusadeled to Third Crusade

DEFEATDEFEAT

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European rulers gathered armies to fight European rulers gathered armies to fight SaladinSaladin

Frederic emperor of Holy Roman EmpireFrederic emperor of Holy Roman Empire drowned crossing a riverdrowned crossing a river

King Richard I of England King Richard I of England Richard the Lion-Hearted “Good King from Richard the Lion-Hearted “Good King from

Robin Hood”Robin Hood” captured a coastal citycaptured a coastal city agreed to truce with Saladinagreed to truce with Saladin

Christian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safetyChristian pilgrims could travel to Jerusalem in safety

THIRD CRUSADE PROBLEMSTHIRD CRUSADE PROBLEMS

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FOURTH CRUSADEFOURTH CRUSADE

called by Pope Innocent IIIcalled by Pope Innocent III Venice merchants used crusade to Venice merchants used crusade to

weaken trading rival (Byzantine weaken trading rival (Byzantine Empire)Empire) convinced crusaders to attack convinced crusaders to attack

ConstantinopleConstantinople burned looted cityburned looted city shocked Western Europeansshocked Western Europeans weakened Byzantinesweakened Byzantines

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AFFECT ON EUROPEAFFECT ON EUROPE increased trade between Europe & increased trade between Europe &

Middle EastMiddle East helped break down feudalismhelped break down feudalism

nobles who joined Crusades sold land & nobles who joined Crusades sold land & freed serfsfreed serfs reduced their powerreduced their power helped Kings build stronger centralized helped Kings build stronger centralized

governmentsgovernments Kings taxed new trade with Middle Kings taxed new trade with Middle

EastEast taxes built stronger kingdoms in taxes built stronger kingdoms in

Western EuropeWestern Europe22

AFFECT ON EUROPEAFFECT ON EUROPE As a result of coming in contact with As a result of coming in contact with

Byzantines and Muslims, they gained Byzantines and Muslims, they gained new knowledge:new knowledge: Build domes and create mosaicsBuild domes and create mosaics Better ships and more accurate mapsBetter ships and more accurate maps Learned how to use a compass for Learned how to use a compass for

directionsdirections Increased trade of spices, sugar, lemon, Increased trade of spices, sugar, lemon,

and silkand silk

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