Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Chapter 21Chapter 21

What are Protists?What are Protists?

Protists are Protists are eukaryoteseukaryotes that are not members of that are not members of the Kingdoms: the Kingdoms: Plantae, Plantae, Animalia, or FungiAnimalia, or Fungi

Protists are generally Protists are generally unicellularunicellular

Protists can be Protists can be heterotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs, autotrophs, or decomposersor decomposers

ClassificationClassification Protists are a very diverse groups of organismsProtists are a very diverse groups of organisms

Different groups of Protists evolved independently Different groups of Protists evolved independently from archaebacteriafrom archaebacteria

Protists are generally classified by the way they Protists are generally classified by the way they obtain food. There are three main categories of obtain food. There are three main categories of ProtistsProtists

Animal-like (Protozoa)Animal-like (Protozoa) Plant-like (Algae)Plant-like (Algae) Fungus-like Fungus-like

Animal-Like Protists Animal-Like Protists ((Protozoans)Protozoans)

Classified by their method of Classified by their method of movementmovement..

There are four phyla of ProtozoansThere are four phyla of Protozoans ZooflagellatesZooflagellates SarcodinesSarcodines CiliatesCiliates SporozoansSporozoans

ZooflagellatesZooflagellates

Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists

Use Use Flagella Flagella to moveto move

AbsorbAbsorb food through food through their cell membranetheir cell membrane

Live in lakes, streams, Live in lakes, streams, and inside other and inside other organismsorganisms

Form the basis of many food chainsForm the basis of many food chains

Asexual reproduction by means of Asexual reproduction by means of binary binary fissionfission

Ex. Ex. GiardiaGiardia- water borne protozoa that - water borne protozoa that causes severe causes severe intestinal distressintestinal distress TrichonymphaTrichonympha –helps termites –helps termites digest digest

woodwood

SarcodinesSarcodines Animal-likeAnimal-like Use Use pseudopods pseudopods for feeding and for feeding and

movementmovement Asexual reproduction by means Asexual reproduction by means

of of binary fissionbinary fission Ex. Ex. AmoebaAmoeba

CiliatesCiliates Use Use CiliaCilia for feeding for feeding

and movementand movement

Cilia- short hairlike Cilia- short hairlike projectionsprojections

Found in lakes, streams, Found in lakes, streams, and oceansand oceans

Use self-defense mechanisms known as a Use self-defense mechanisms known as a trichocysttrichocyst

Reproduce by Reproduce by binary fission binary fission and and conjugationconjugation

Ex. Ex. ParameciumParamecium

SporozoansSporozoans Do not move Do not move on their ownon their own

Considered Considered parasitesparasites

Complex life cycle, involve Complex life cycle, involve more than one hostmore than one host

Reproduce by sporozoitesReproduce by sporozoites Attach to host, penetrate it, Attach to host, penetrate it,

and live within itand live within it

Ex. Ex. Pneumocystis cariniiPneumocystis carinii. – . – causes causes pneumoniapneumonia in in AIDS AIDS patientspatients Plasmodium vivaxPlasmodium vivax – causes – causes

malariamalaria

DiseasesDiseases Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases, Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases,

including malaria and including malaria and African sleeping diseaseAfrican sleeping disease MalariaMalaria

300-500 million people suffer from Malaria300-500 million people suffer from Malaria 2 million 2 million diedie each year each year PlasmodiumPlasmodium causes malaria causes malaria Female Female AnophelesAnopheles Mosquito Mosquito is the carrieris the carrier

Malaria Life-cycleMalaria Life-cycle

Other DiseasesOther Diseases

ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis [ [Toxoplasma gondiiToxoplasma gondii] ]

- Caused by eating - Caused by eating raw meatraw meat

- May become infected through the- May become infected through the

handling of handling of cat litter boxescat litter boxes

- Symptoms are similar to the - Symptoms are similar to the fluflu. .

- Especially - Especially hazardous hazardous to pregnant to pregnant women, may cause eye damage in women, may cause eye damage in the the fetusfetus

More DiseasesMore Diseases

African African SleepingSleeping sickness sickness FatalFatal Caused by the bite of a Caused by the bite of a

tsetse flytsetse fly

Amebic Amebic DysenteryDysentery Causes severe Causes severe diarrheadiarrhea

Plantlike ProtistsPlantlike Protists

Contains green pigment Contains green pigment chlorophyllchlorophyll

Carries out Carries out photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Highly Highly mobilemobile

EuglenophytesEuglenophytes PlantlikePlantlike

Two flagellaTwo flagella

Has Has eyespoteyespot Helps find Helps find

sunlightsunlight

No Cell WallNo Cell Wall, but , but has a pelliclehas a pellicle

Ex. -Ex. - EuglenaEuglenaeyespot

DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates Can be both Can be both

heterotroph heterotroph and and autotrophsautotrophs, some are , some are both at the both at the same timesame time

Two flagella Two flagella – – causes to move in a causes to move in a spiral motionspiral motion

AsexualAsexual reproductions by reproductions by binary fissionbinary fission

Red AlgaeRed Algae Able to live at Able to live at great great

depth depth due to their due to their efficiency in harvesting efficiency in harvesting light energylight energy

Contain Contain ChlorophyllChlorophyll a a and and phycobilinsphycobilins ( absorb ( absorb blue light)blue light)

MulticelluarMulticelluar Lack flagellaLack flagella

Brown AlgaeBrown Algae ContainsContains Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa and and

cc as well as fucoxanthin as well as fucoxanthin

LargestLargest and and most complexmost complex

MulticellularMulticellular

Mostly found in Mostly found in shallowshallow coastal watercoastal water

Ex. - Ex. - KelpKelp

Green AlgaeGreen Algae Have Have chlorophyll a chlorophyll a

and band b

Store food Store food in the in the forms of forms of starchstarch

Very Very similar to plantssimilar to plants

Contain Contain cellulosecellulose in in their their cell wallcell wall

Human Uses of AlgaeHuman Uses of Algae -Often rich in -Often rich in vitamin C vitamin C and and ironiron

MedicineMedicine -treat stomach -treat stomach ulcersulcers, arthritis, and high , arthritis, and high blood pressureblood pressure

FoodFood --ice creamice cream, salad dressing, pudding, , salad dressing, pudding, candy barscandy bars, pancake , pancake

syrups, and eggnogsyrups, and eggnog

IndustryIndustry -chemicals from algae are used to make -chemicals from algae are used to make plasticsplastics, waxes, , waxes,

transistors,transistors, deodorants deodorants, , paintspaints, lubricants, and even , lubricants, and even artificial woodartificial wood

ScienceScience laboratories laboratories -Remember -Remember AgarAgar!!!!!!

Fungus-like ProtistFungus-like Protist

Like fungi, fungus-like protist are Like fungi, fungus-like protist are heterotrophsheterotrophs that absorb nutrients from that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying dead or decaying organic matterorganic matter

Unlike fungi, fungus-like protist Unlike fungi, fungus-like protist have have centriolescentrioles

Slime MoldsSlime Molds

RecycleRecycle organic organic mattermatter

Closely Closely resemble resemble amoebasamoebas

Multi-cellularMulti-cellular

Fungi- Chapter 21

The Kingdom Fungi

•Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls.

•These cell walls are made of chitin

The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many filaments called hyphae

Fungi Reproduction

• Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually– The cells or hyphae may break

off and begin to grow on their own.

– Some fungi produce spores. This is a form of asexual reproduction.

Spores are Asexual

Fungi Classification

• Over 100,000 species.• Grouped according to their

structure and method of reproduction.

• Four main groups:– Molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi and

Imperfect Fungi

Molds - Phylum Zygomycota

• Has both a sexual and asexual phase in its life cycle

• Produces spores on structure called sporangia

• Example: Bread Mold

Bread Mold

Sac Fungi

•Phylum Ascomycota– Both a sexual and asexual phase in

it’s life cycle– Produces spores on structure called

asci which form on the inside of the cup

– Examples:•Yeast•Morels

Yeast

Morels

Morels

Club Fungi

• Phylum Basidiomycota– Both a sexual and asexual phase in its

life cycle

– Produces spores on structures called basidia

– Basidia are found on the gills that grow on the underside of a mushroom cap

Club Fungi (con’t.)

– Includes many edible and poisonous varieties

– Examples: Button, Portobello and Shitaki mushrooms

Club Fungi

The Imperfect Fungi

•Phylum Deuteromycota–No sexual phase of their life cycle has been observed.–Example:

•Penicillin

Penicillin

Ecology of Fungi

• Fungi are found in all ecosystems in all environments on Earth

• All fungi are heterotrophs– They cannot move to capture food,

but their mycelia grow into the tissues and cells of organisms.

– Many are saprobes, which obtain food from decaying organic matter

– Some are parasites– Some are symbionts

Fungi as Decomposers

• Fungi recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms.

• Without fungi and other decomposers, energy-rich compounds would forever be trapped in the bodies of dead organisms.

• If these materials were not returned, the soil would quickly be depleted, and Earth would become lifeless.

Fungi as Parasites

• Some fungi cause tremendous losses of food and crops.

• A few fungi cause human disease.– Example: ringworm, athletes foot

fungus, yeast infections.

Ringworm

Athletes Foot Fungus

Symbiotic Relationships

• Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit.

• Lichen: An association between a fungus and a photosynthetic bacteria or algae.– Lichens are often pioneer species

Lichens

• Mycorrhizae: a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant. The fungus supplies the plant with water and minerals. The plant supplies the fungus with sugars from photosynthesis

Micorrhizae