KINGDOM PLANTAE

Think of three ways a plant cell is different from an animal cell.

PLANT CELLSWHAT TYPE OF CELLS

ARE PLANT CELLS?

EUKARYOTIC

Nucleus

PLANT CELLSCell Wall

The cell wall is made primarily of CELLULOSE, a complex carbohydrate.

• Keeps the cell from rupturing

• Prevents water loss

• Shape and protection

PLANT CELLS

Vacuole

Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces used for temporary storage of materials.

PLANT CELLSChloroplast

The chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture light energy and produce food (glucose) to store.

They contain the photosynthetic pigment, CHLOROPHYLL. This primary photoreceptor absorbs the light energy.

CHLOROS- “green”, PHYLLON- “leaf”

ALL PLANTS:

are

(also called producers) because they can produce their own food.

6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2

PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONRoots:Anchors the plant

Collects water and nutrients for plant

Cannot carry out photo.

ROOTS

Stem: Above ground

Transports nutrients

If green, can photosynthesizeSTEM

Leaves:

LEAVES

Major Photosynthesis

Transpiration

Remember Capillary Action and Adhesion

• Carbon Dioxide moves in and Oxygen and water move out of a leaf through the stomata, which are located on the top and bottom of the leaf.

LEAVES

• Guard cells are tiny cells that surround and control whether the stomata are open or shut.

LEAVES

• The loss of water through the stomata is called transpiration.

TranspirationTranspiration• If the plant has enough water and

some needs to leave through

transpiration, the stomata open.

LEAVES

TranspirationTranspiration• If the plant needs to

retain water, the stomata close, so water won’t leave.

LEAVES

What are the two types of plants?1. Non-vascular:

2. Vascular:

No true roots, stems, or leaves.

No vessels (or vascular tissue) inside the plant to move materials and water around

Receive water through osmosisLiverwort

Has vessels (vascular tissues) to transport water and food

More complex

Don’t have to live in or right next to bodies of water.

Fern

Gymnosperm, Conifer Angiosperm, Flowering

Moss

VASCULAR, SEEDLESS PLANTS

INCLUDES:

FERNS CLUB MOSS HORSETAILS

THEY HAVE XYLEM AND PHLOEM

THEY REPRODUCE BY SPORES

These require water for reproduction

Sorus- bundles of spores on the fern’s leaves

VASCULAR, SEED PLANTS

There are two groups of vascular seed plants: Neither of these require water for reproduction

GYMNOSPERMS “CONIFERS”

ANGIOSPERMS “FLOWERING”

•Produce seeds that are not protected by an ovary

•Do NOT produce flowers or fruit

•Produce Cones

•Produce protected seeds

•ALL produce flowers and fruit

•Fruit is a ripened ovary with seeds in it

VASCULAR TISSUES

The two types of vascular tissue is Xylem and Phloem

Xylem: Carries water and dissolved ions from the roots to the stems and leaves

Phloem: Carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all other parts of the plant

ANGIOSPERM

A flower’s structure is genetically determined and usually made up of four kinds of organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils.

Petals

•Petals are usually the colorful structures at the top of a flower stem.

ANGIOSPERM

• Sepals are usually leaf-like and circle below the petals.

ANGIOSPERM: The Male Reproductive Parts

• The male reproductive part of the flower includes the filament (tube) and anther (where

the pollen is.

Filament

• The entire male part is called the stamen.

Anther

Stamen

Pistil

ANGIOSPERM: The Female Reproductive Parts

• The pistil is the female organ of the flower.

• The bottom portion of the pistil is the ovary, a structure that contains ovules (eggs).

Ovary

Style

Stigma

FERTILIZATION

Pollen grain

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Egg cells

• As the seeds develop, the surrounding

ovary enlarges and becomes

the fruit.

Seeds have different ways of dispersing into the environment.

How do the following disperse?• Wind

• Water

• Consumption• On fur

• Tropism is a plant’s growth response to a directional external stimulus.

• The tropism is called negative if the plant grows away from the stimulus.

• The tropism is called positive if the plant grows toward the stimulus.

PLANT RESPONSES

WE WILL LOOK AT THREE TYPES OF TROPISM

The growth of a plant toward light is called phototropism.

TROPISM

Gravitropism is plant growth in response to gravity.

Roots that grow down into the soil are able to anchor the plant and can take in water and dissolved minerals.

TROPISM

Stems usually exhibit a negative gravitropism.

How do growing seeds exhibit both phototropism and gravitropism?

Some plants exhibit another tropism called thigmotropism, which is a growth response to touch.

• Because tropisms involve growth, they are not reversible.

• The position of a stem that has grown several inches in a particular direction cannot be changed.

TROPISM

Ivy is a good example of a plant that exhibits all three types of tropism.

• A responsive movement of a plant that is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus is called a nastic movement.

• An example of a nastic response is the sudden closing of the hinged leaf of a Venus’s-flytrap.

PLANT RESPONSES

• Naustic movements do not involve growth.