Kin

gdom

Pla

ntae

Multicellular Algae

Bryophytes

The nonvascular plants

TracheophytesVascular plants

Early vascular plants

Ferns and Fern Allies

Whisk ferns

Club mosses

Horsetails

True ferns

Seed plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Tracheophytes

Early vascular plants

(Ferns and fern allies)

Seed plants(Gymnosperms and angiosperms)

• may reach more than a meter in height

• contain vascular tissues• tracheids in xylem• phloem• lignin-reinforced cell walls

• with true roots, stems, and leaves

http://yahyaaydin.edublogs.org/files/2012/06/vascular-system-1oiqdco.gif

Corn root x.s.

Corn stem x.s.

Corn leaf x.s.

Corn stem l.s.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/ZeaRootXS.gif

, http://imgc.artprintimages.com/images/art-print/jack-bostrack-cross-section-of-a-corn-stem-showing-vascular-bundles-zea-mays-a-monocot-lm-x100_i-G-64-6453-58IH100Z.jpg

, http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/4x8923282/Corn_Leaf_Vascular_Bundles_42-18708022.jpg

,http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/weblab/webchap7xylem/web7.2-1.jpg

Ferns and Fern Allies

Lycophyta (Club mosses)

Sphenophyta

(Horse tails)Psilophyta

(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)

Early vascular plants

• seedless• leaves with waxy cuticles• sporophylls with spores arranged

in sori (sing. sorus)• depend on water for reproduction

and nourishment• dominant diploid sporophyte

stagehttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ardEXc55Vv4/S8JwWU7xbQI/AAAAAAAAAH4/FtPJLKeifBo/s1600/Fern_labeled_MC_%5B1%5D.jpg

http://www.tomifobia.com/gallerya/pix/fiddlehead_fern1.jpg, http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/100587/100587,1211843094,1/stock-photo-sori-on-the-underside-of-a-fern-frond-marginal-sori-characteristic-of-adiantum-13070203.jpg

,, http://www.deanza.edu/faculty/mccauley/6a_site_images/plants-images/fern-sor-01.jpg, http://www.backyardnature.net/n/09/090503sg.jpg

Ferns and Fern Allies

Lycophyta (Club mosses)

Sphenophyta

(Horse tails)Psilophyta

(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)

Taxonomy

• whiskferns have rhizoids with mycorrhizae, stems, and leaflike structures

• Psilotum

http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2004/10/45_0d6f53866162cdab6d2a37a3a3101ea9.jpg

Ferns and Fern Allies

Lycophyta (Club mosses)

Sphenophyta

(Horse tails)Psilophyta

(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)

Taxonomy

• abundant on early earth• first forests• grew to 35m tall• fossilized remains coal

• extant species are club mosses in moist places (Lycopodium)

http://www.twofrog.com/images/lycopodium98.jpg, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Lycopodium_saururus.JPG

Ferns and Fern Allies

Lycophyta (Club mosses)

Sphenophyta

(Horse tails)Psilophyta

(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)

Taxonomy

• Equisetum (horsetail/scouring rush) only living genus

• can grow to a meter in length

• leaves arranged in whorls around stems

• contain abrasive silicahttp://www.friendsschoolplantsale.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/equisetum.jpg, http://www.irishwildflowers.ie/images/fern-allies/fa-07a1.jpg, http://

www.missouriplants.com/Ferns/Equisetum_hymenale_stems.jpg

Ferns and Fern Allies

Lycophyta (Club mosses)

Sphenophyta

(Horse tails)Psilophyta

(Whisk ferns)Pteridophyta (True ferns)

Taxonomy

http://www.friendsschoolplantsale.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/equisetum.jpg

, http://www.irishwildflowers.ie/images/fern-allies/fa-07a1.jpg, http://www.missouriplants.com/Ferns/Equisetum_hymenale_stems.jpg

• since 350 mya• true vascular tissues, strong

roots, underground stems called rhizomes, large leaves called fronds

• shade plants found in wet habitats

• sporangia in clusters of sori producing haploid spores

• released spores carried by wind/water

http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_22_Plantae_Fig_f/24_16_Fern_LifeCycle.GIF

Spermatophytesseed plants

Gymnospermsnaked seeds

Angiospermsflowering plants with protected seeds

• water NOT required for gamete fertilization!

• gametes in sporophyte structures called flowers or cones

• undergo pollination to transfer sperm from male gametophyte (in pollen grain) to female gametes

• embryos contained within seeds with stored food supplies

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/spermatophyta/gymnosperms/other%20pines/JSC%209805&06%20male%20&%20female%20pine%20cones%203.JPG, http://growit.umd.edu/vegetableprofiles/VegetableProfileImages/squash.mf.petals.jpg

http://www.uen.org/utahlink/tours/loadimg.cgi?p=/tour/14719/14719lr001135.gif

Gym

no

sper

ms

na

ked

se

ed

s

Gnetophytes

Cycads

Ginkgoes

Conifers

Taxonomy

• with vessel elements similar to angiosperms

wikipedia.org , http://ephedraclaims.com/wp-content/themes/thesis_17/custom/rotator/ephedra1.jpg Gnetum

Welwitschia

Gym

no

sper

ms

na

ked

se

ed

sGnetophytes

Cycads

Ginkgoes

Conifers

Taxonomy

• grow very slowly and are long-lived (~1000 years)• palmlike plants with large cones• plants are dioecious (plants have separate sexes)

http://www.hear.org/starr/images/images/plants/full/starr-080716-9529.jpg

Cycas revoluta

Gym

no

sper

ms

na

ked

se

ed

sGnetophytes

Cycads

Ginkgos

Conifers

Taxonomy

• “living fossil” with only one extant member

http://www.arborday.org/trees/graphics/trees/162/162_md.jpg,, http://i.ebayimg.com/t/Spring-Valley-Herbal-Supplement-Ginkgo-Biloba-90-ct-/00/s/MzAwWDMwMA==/$(KGrHqR,!jQE68o5+uJ1BO+Z!wKzwQ~~

60_35.JPG

Ginkgo biloba

Gym

no

sper

ms

na

ked

se

ed

s

Gnetophytes

Cycads

Ginkgos

Conifers

Taxonomy

• pine, spruce, fir, cedar, sequoia, redwood, yew, larch, cypress• long and thin leaves with waxy cuticles and sunken stomates

http://sharon-taxonomy2009-p3.wikispaces.com/file/view/Life_Cycle_GS.gif/95529336/Life_Cycle_GS.gif

Characteristics

• Appeared on land during the Cretaceous period 135 mya

• Dominant and most diverse form of plants• Reproductive organs called flowers with ovaries that surround and protects seeds

• Ovaries fruits (tissue surrounding seeds)

AngiospermsFlowering plants with

protected seeds

Monocots

Dicots

http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/0.Site.Folder/Flower.terms.jpg

http://www.biographixmedia.com/biology/tomato-flower-fruit.jpg

http://home.sandiego.edu/~gmorse/2009BIOL221/Study_guide2/monocot_dicot.jpg

http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/the-life-cycle-of-angiosperm-38618