KINGDOM PLANTAE – a reviewPlants: are Multicellular (more then 1 cell) are Eukaryotic (have a nucleus) have a Cell Wall (made of cellulose, completely permeable) are Autotrophs (make their own food through photosynthesis)

Plants need: sunlight water and minerals gas exchange movement of water and minerals

Plants evolved from: organisms similar to multicellular green algae Algae is in the Kingdom Protista Similar reproduction, cell wall, and photosynthesis

4 Main Groups of PlantsBryophytes

Mosses, Liverworts, and HornwortsMust have water for reproductionSexual reproduction creates sporesNo vascular tissue, water travels by osmosis

4 Main Groups of PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants

Ferns, Club Mosses, HorsetailsTracheids – specialized cells to transport waterHave Vascular Tissue – Xylem and PhloemHave true roots, leaves, stemsSexual reproduction produces spores

4 Main Groups of PlantsGymnosperms

Conifers, Cycads, GinkgoesSexual reproduction produces seeds on conesSeeds protect embryo allowing reproduction without waterMost conifers are Evergreen – do not loose leaves in winter

4 Main Groups of PlantsAngiosperms

Flowering plants, most numerous category of plantsSexual reproduction – flowers contain ovaries that surround and protect seeds, after fertilization ripen and swell into fruit.Monocots or DicotsWoody or HerbaceousAnnual, Biennial, or Perennial

Specialized Structures in PlantsRoots – taproots and fibrous root

Apical Meristem tissue for growthRoot hairs and vascular tissue to draw water and minerals from soil and transport to rest of plantAnchor plant in soil

Stems Produce leaves, branches, and flowersHold leaves up to sunTransport substances between roots and leavesSome stems adapted for storage (tubers, bulbs, corm, rhizomes)

Specialized Structures in PlantsLeaves –

Absorb lightPhotosynthesis (most chlorophyll located in mesophyll tissue)Transpiration (loss of water through stomata)Gas exchange (O2 and CO2 through stomata)Adapted to environment

Transport

Movement of water through Xylem tissue

Root PressureCapillary ActionTranspiration

Movement of nutrients through Phloem tissue

Pressure-Flow HypothesisSource & Sink

Reproduction in Seed Plants

ResponsesPhototropismGravitropismThigmotropismPhotoperiodismWinter Dormancy

Plant Reponses and AdaptationsAdaptations

AquaticWater lilies

Salt-tolerantmangroves

Desertcactus

CarnivorousVenus fly trap

ParasitesMistletoe

EpiphytesSpanish moss

Chemical Defensemilkweed