Kinetic-Molecular Theory States that matter is made up of many tiny particles that are always in...
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Transcript of Kinetic-Molecular Theory States that matter is made up of many tiny particles that are always in...
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Kinetic-Molecular Theory
States that matter is made up of many tiny
particles that are always in motion.
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Kinetic-Molecular Theory
The particles move faster in hot matter than in cold
matter.
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Conduction
The process of heat being transferred by the direct contact of a solid
or liquid
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Convection
The process of heat being transferred by the direct contact of a gas
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Radiation
The process of heat being transferred as
waves
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Temperature
Depends on the Kinetic Energy of the particles
moving around
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Thermometer
Measures the number of times the particles hit the bulb of the thermometer
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Thermal Equilibrium
The temperature of something which is the average number of hits
by the particles
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Absolute Zero
The temperature at which the particles no
longer move
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Kelvin
Temperature scale based on the idea of absolute
zero. The lowest number is 0.
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HeatThe energy that flows as a result of a difference in
temperature.
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Specific Heat
The amount of energy that must be added to
raise the temperature of a unit mass one
temperature unit
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Calorimeter
A device used to measure changes in
thermal energy.
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Thermodynamics
The study of how heat is transferred and reacts
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Melting PointThe exact temperature at
which a solid changes into a liquid
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Heat of Fusion
The amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature to the point where it melts a solid
into a liquid
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Boiling Point
The exact temperature at which a liquid changes
into a gas
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Heat of Vaporization
The amount of energy needed to vaporize a
liquid into a gas and to continue raising the
temperature.
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Heating Curve for Water
120 °C steam
100 °C water steam
50°C liquid water
0 °C ice liquid -10 °C ice Heat added
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First Law of Thermodynamics
The total increase in thermal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the work done on it and the heat added to
it.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
Natural processes go in a direction that increases the total entropy of the
universe
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ScaleA determined
measurement with a distinct base line.
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Temperature Scales
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Kelvin
• Rankine
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Temperature ConversionoF=oC1.8 + 32
oC=0.56(oF-32)
K=oC+273.15oC=K-273.15
R=oF+459.67oF=R-459.67
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Celsius Temperature scale
based on the idea of water freezing at 0o .
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FahrenheitTemperature scale
based on the idea of a ice water and salt mixture being 0o.
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RankineTemperature scale base on the idea of absolute zero. Based off of Fahrenheit.
Absolute zero is equal to -459.67oF.
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• Heat and Energy- Joule (J)• Specific Heat- JK/kg• Energy- calorie (cal)• Heat from food- Calorie (Cal)• Heat of fusion
and vaporization- J/kg• 1 cal = 4.18J• 1Cal = 1kcal = 1000cal
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Entropy
Measure of disorder in a system. It is also the
measure of heat change in a system.
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RadioactivityDecay, or breaking apart, of unstable elements such as
uranium and thorium, resulting in the release of high-energy particles
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Radioactivity can give off
• Alpha Particles α
• Beta Particles β
• Gamma Rays γ
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Alpha Particle
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Beta Particle
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There are four categories which forces are placed.