Kinds of Curriculum
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Transcript of Kinds of Curriculum
What is curriculum?
Curriculum is a design PLAN for
learning that requires the purposeful and
proactive organization, sequencing, and
management of the interactions among
the teacher, the students, and the content
knowledge we want students to acquire.
•Outcome-Based Education
•Core Curriculum
•Whole language
•Character Education
•Multiculturalism
•Tech-Prep
•Paideia
Definition
- In outcome-based learning, all school programs
and instructional efforts are designed to have
produced specific, lasting results in students by
the time they leave school.
04/01/2012
Gift 2012 by Dr P H Waghodekar,
Aurangabad 5
Outcome-Based Education (OBE)
• OBE is an educational process that focuses on what
students can do or the qualities they should develop after
they are taught.
• OBE involves the restructuring of curriculum, assessment
and reporting practices in education to reflect the
achievement of high order learning and mastery rather than
accumulation of course credits.
• Both structures and curricula are designed to achieve those
capabilities or qualities.
• Discourages traditional education approaches based on
direct instruction of facts and standard methods.
• It requires that the students demonstrate that they have
learnt the required skills and content.
04/01/2012
Gift 2012 by Dr P H Waghodekar,
Aurangabad 6
Focus and Benefits of OBE
OBE addresses the following key questions:
• What do we want the students to have or be able to do?
• How can we best help students achieve it?
• How will we know whether they students have achieved it?
• How do we close the loop for further improvement
(Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI))?
Benefits of OBE:
1. More directed & coherent curriculum.
2. Graduates will be more “relevant” to industry & other
stakeholders (more well rounded graduates)
3. Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) is in place.
7
Expectations on Students under
OBE – the Outcomes
• Students are expected to be able to do more challenging
tasks other than memorize and reproduce what was taught.
• Students should be able to: write project proposals,
complete projects, analyze case studies, give case
presentations, show their abilities to think, question,
research, and make decisions based on the findings.
• Be more creative, able to analyze and synthesize
information.
• Able to plan and organize tasks, able to work in a team as a
community or in entrepreneurial service teams to propose
solutions to problems and market their solutions.
Definition
- In a core curriculum, a predetermined body of
skills, knowledge, and abilities is taught to all
students.
Discussion
- The core curriculum movement assumes there
is a uniform body of knowledge that all
students should know. Presumably, this
curriculum will produce educated and
responsible graduates for the community.
Curriculum--The curriculum is built on a
mandated core, which is defined and
designed outside the classroom. All
students learn a common set of
knowledge, skills, and abilities. Though
academic content remains the primary
focus of the core curriculum, some core
teaching is moving toward application and
problem solving.
Core Curriculum
Instruction--Instruction is based on a
defined core content. Rather than
focusing on discovery, teaching
revolves around imparting a
predetermined body of knowledge.
Although the core curriculum method
does not preclude using critical
thinking, problem solving, and team
learning, it prompts teaching toward
the "correct" answer.
Core Curriculum
Assessment--The core content literally shapes the assessment process. The core curriculum method easily lends itself to traditional testing based on information recall, as well as the use of conventional letter grades. However, a core curriculum doesn't preclude the use of authentic assessment and portfolios.
Core Curriculum
Definition
This philosophy about
curriculum--in both language arts
and a broader, more general
program--is based on recent
research of how children acquire
oral and written language skills.
Whole language is a currently controversial approach to teaching reading that is based on constructivist learning theory and ethnographic studies of students in classrooms. With whole language, teachers are expected to provide a literacy rich environment for their students and to combine speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Whole language teachers emphasize the meaning of texts over the sounds of letters, and phonics instruction becomes just one component of the whole language classroom.
Constructivist learning theory is based on the idea that children learn by connecting new knowledge to previously learned knowledge. The term is a building metaphor that includes students using scaffolding to organize new information. If children cannot connect new knowledge to old knowledge in a meaningful way, they may with difficulty memorize it (rote learning), but they will not have a real understanding of what they are learning.
Whole language is considered a "top down"
approach where the reader constructs a personal
meaning for a text based on using their prior
knowledge to interpret the meaning of what they
are reading. Problems associated with whole
language include a lack of structure that has been
traditionally supplied by the scope and sequence,
lessons and activities, and extensive graded
literature found in basal readers. Whole language
puts a heavy burden on teachers to develop their
own curriculum.
Whole Language
The Whole Language movement is not a teaching method but an approach to learning that sees language as a whole entity. Each language teacher is free to implement the approach according to the needs of particular class. Advantages claimed for Whole Language are as follows: focuses on experiences and activities that are relevant to Ss’ lives and needs, use of authentic materials, it can be used to facilitate the development of all aspects of an L2. Whole Language promotes fluency at the expense of accuracy.
DefinitionThis curriculum method revolves around developing "good character" in students by practicing and teaching moral values and decision making.
Educators from this diverse array of schools have transformed their school cultures, reduced discipline referrals, increased academic achievement for all learners, developed global citizens, and improved job satisfaction and retention among teachers.
Character education includes and complements a broad range of educational approaches such as whole child education, service learning, social-emotional learning, and civic education. All share a commitment to helping young people become responsible, caring, and contributing citizens.
Character education teaches students to understand, commit to, and act on shared ethical values--in other words, "know the good, desire the good, and do the good." Typical core values include respect, responsibility, trustworthiness, fairness, caring, and community participation.
Character Education
To be effective in schools, character
education must involve everyone—school
staff, parents, students, and community
members—and be part of every school day.
It must be integrated into the curriculum as well
as school culture. When this happens and
school communities unite around developing
character, schools see amazing results.
Definition
Multiculturalism is based on the belief that varying
cultural dynamics are the fourth force--along with the
psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic forces--
explaining human behavior. Since the ability to
recognize our own and others' cultural lenses is
essential to all learning, it must be taught, along with
communication and thinking skills, as prerequisites to
learning.
Basic Elements
The National Council for Social Studies, in its
Curriculum Guidelines for Multicultural Education,
lists the key functions of multicultural education as:
Providing students with a sharp sense of self
Helping students understand the experience of
ethnic and cultural groups in history
Helping students understand that conflict between
ideals and reality exist in every human society
Helping students develop decision-making, social
participation, and citizenship skills
Achieving full literacy in at least two languages
"Multicultural" is broadly understood to include
experiences shaping perceptions common to age,
gender, religion, socio-economic status, and
exceptionality of any kind, as well as cultural,
linguistic, and racial identities.
This controversial approach has stirred
passionate critics, who contend that it aims to
replace "Eurocentrism" with "othercentrisms."
Critics also allege that multiculturalism hinders the
assimilation of various cultures into America's
greatest hallmark: the melting pot.
Definition
Tech prep is most traditionally and frequently
defined as a four-year program (during grades
11-14) that leads to an associate degree or two-
year certificate in a specific career field. This
curriculum includes a common core of required
mathematics, science communications, and
technologies that is integrated, applied, and
sequenced.
There is a strong consensus that American schools have generally ignored the average student: the middle 50% of teenagers who complete high school, but do not attend four-year colleges, universities, or graduate schools. These students are no longer prepared to enter today's changed workforce, which demands workers who can think, problem solve, work in teams, and apply knowledge. The tech prep curriculum was designed as the instructional strategy for preparing such students to work in a labor market that requires more technical skills.
Curriculum--High schools and community colleges coordinate the tech prep curriculum together, eliminating duplication and ensuring skills are acquired in the best possible sequence. Critics of tech prep programs maintain that neither the curriculum in the high school nor the community college has changed to reflect the issues and problems of today's workplace. Predominantly, the focus is on teaching math, science, and communication for both application and contextual purposes.
Instruction--Tech prep instruction is still
classroom-oriented. Most of the occupational
skills are taught in the laboratory setting. There
is a strong push to try integrating what happens
in the academic classroom with activities in the
occupational labs.
Assessment:--In the occupational labs, we see
a greater use of assessing work samples and
projects than in traditional classes. However,
there is still a heavy reliance on traditional tests
and grades. The drawback of this is that
although tech prep prepares students for the
job market, it may not prepare them for the lack
of traditional assessment in the workplace--in
other words, employers don't rate employee
performances with letter grades and test
scores.
Definition
This "essentialist" curriculum created in
1982 by Mortimer Adler and The Paideia
Group proposes a single, required, 12-
year course in general, humanistic
learning as a foundation for the future
learning of all students.
Basic Elements
The Paideia plan is built on the understanding that
education serves to prepare individuals for (1)
earning a living, (2) citizenship, and (3) self-
development. With that in mind, here is the plan's
proposed framework:
GOALS
Acquisition of organized knowledge
Development of intellectual skills (learning skills)
Enlarged understanding of ideas and values
MEANS
Didactic instruction
Coaching, exercises, supervised practice
Socratic questioning and active participation
AREAS
Language, literature, fine arts, math, natural science, history, geography, social studies
Speaking, listening, calculating, problem solving, critical judgment
Discussion of books (not texts) and art performances
Theodore Sizer of the Paideia Group insists that Paideia is not a detailed curriculum for deliberate reasons. The Paideia Group believes that only the teachers and principals who can change education should design a specific curriculum blueprint. Instead, the Paideia plan provides a framework and process for "crafting the critical details of the program in ways appropriate to their own communities."
Designing a curriculum involves the interaction of several participants, reaching beyond the academic wall to impact the entire community. Without an effective curriculum, students would not be able to understand or meet the challenges of society. A curriculum prepares an individual with the knowledge to be successful, confident and responsible citizens.
Reference:
http://edglossary.org/core-course-of-study/
http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/may93/vol50/num08/The-Core-Knowledge-Curriculum%E2%80%94What's-Behind-Its-Success%C2%A2.aspx
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/jar/Reading_Wars.html
http://www.aaeteachers.org/index.php/character-education-programs
http://character.org/key-topics/what-is-character-education/
Educational Leadership (March 1984): Dennis Gray, "Whatever Became of Paideia? (And How Do You Pronounce It?), p. 56-57. Daniel Tanner, "The American High School at the Crossroads," p. 4-13.