KinanthReport Nov 2005

KINANTHREPORT XVIII:2 November 2005

HISTORY

KI N A N T H R E P O RT 2 0 0 5XVIII:2 November 2005

Newsletter of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry

President’s Corner 4

Growth spurts 7

ISAK office-bearers 9

Coming conferences 10

Coachspeak 14

ISAK Level 4 anthropometrists 15

Second Iranian course 16

ISAK manual — Spanish version 18

New Zealand course 19

Book review: Obesity Prevention and Public Health 20

A short history of protocols 24

XVIII:2 November 2005

PRESIDENT’S CORNER

Dear Colleagues

2005 is rapidly drawing to a close and plans are well under way for our next meet-

ing in early March in Melbourne, Australia, associated with the pre-Commonwealth

Games conference. ISAK has been allocated it own stream and the papers submit-

ted for presentation look interesting. As part of the conference programme, Lindsay

CARTER will be offering a certification course on photoscopic somatotyping with a

view to at least forestalling the potential extinction of certified photoscopic raters.

This course will involve some pre-course learning, two in-conference sessions and

some post-course learning and assessment. If you are interested in joining the

course, contact Lindsay by email and he will be able to provide more-detailed infor-

mation. Additionally, there will be an opportunity for those whose accreditation will

expire in 2006, particularly Level 3s, to do their re-accreditation practical exam.

Three weeks ago, I made a lightning visit to Canberra to conduct a short ISAK

Manual workshop and some re-accreditation prac exams for sport scientists working

at Institutes of Sport throughout Australia. These young scientists are all involved

with testing and monitoring national athletes of one sort or another and it was a real

pleasure to spend a little time with them and note both their ability, their level of

critical thinking and their enthusiasm. It was also a pleasure to see how well those

who did their re-accreditation exam performed and I look forward to seeing the

intra-tester TEMs they generate from their 20 subjects.

Back on the home front, Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand has just held its

Annual Conference. One conference event of interest to us at ISAK, was SESNZ’s

reconfirmation of the use of ISAK standards for the anthropometry section of

K I NA N T H R E P O RT

4

SESNZ’s own revised accreditation scheme. SESNZ has only two levels of accredita-

tion in its revised scheme. To be recognised as a Practitioner in Anthropometry, an

SESNZ member has to hold current ISAK Level 2 accreditation and have completed

100 full proformas. To be recognised as a Specialist in Anthropometry, an SESNZ

member has to hold current ISAK Level 3 or 4 and have completed 500 full profor-

mas. These SESNZ standards are a real compliment to ISAK, recognising, as they do,

the pioneering work that ISAK has done on the international accreditation front.

In “the good old days” (which usually means before you were born or at least

before you started work), in tertiary education in NZ, we academics would have

brought the academic year to a close by now (the academic year used to run from

March to October in the Southern Hemisphere). However, nowadays, many of our

institutions will have staff still on board right up until Christmas Eve and will re-

open again in the first week of January. The authorities call this progress. You and I

may have another word for it. I have little doubt that the situation is similar world-

wide. Nevertheless, I hope you all do get a break over Christmas/New Year and are

able to do something relaxing and enjoyable during that time. I certainly intend to.

Mike MARFELL-JONES, President

14 Nov 2005

✍ Professor Michael J. MARFELL-JONES, President

Universal College of Learning


5

Private Bag 11-022

Palmerston North, NZ

( 64-6-952 7000

fax: 64-6-952 7002

[email protected]


6

mailto:[email protected]

GROWTH SPUR T S

A study conducted by researchers at the Universities of Pennsylvania and Virginia

tracked the growth of 31 infants between 3 d and 21 months. Recumbent length

was measured at intervals ranging from every day to once a week. The children

were measured at the same time each day, and always by the same measurers. The

patterns of growth were extremely variable. Some infants did not grow at all for over

two months. Some children grew as much as 16 mm overnight — 10 times greater

than the measurement error. A number of studies suggest that stress can also inhibit

growth. Children are reported to grow more while on holidays than at boarding

school, although this may also be associated with different activity patterns, expo-

sure to sunlight and food. There is also evidence of links between irregular patterns

of growth hormone release and irregular increases in height. Not all studies have

confirmed these rapid periods of growth (saltation) and stasis.

In another study, the Menzies Research Institute in Tasmania, Australia, examined

130 boys aged 16-17 years over a six-week winter period. If these boys watched

less than one hour of TV each day, their growth averaged 7.5 mm. If they watched

2-3 h TV each day, their growth averaged only 2.5 mm. If they watched more than 4

h TV each day, they did not grow at all. The leader of the research team suggests

that the growth patterns may have to do with Vitamin D. Children who watch a lot

of TV may not get enough exposure to sunlight, and hence may not produce enough

Vitamin D for optimal growth.

Sources

Heinrich, C., Munson, P., & Counts, D. (1995).

Patterns of human growth.

Science, 268, 442-446.


7

Lampl, M., Veldhuis, J.D., & Johnson, M.L. (1992).

Saltation and stasis: a model of human growth.

Science, 258, 801-803.


8

I S A K O F F I C E - B E A R E R S

President

Mike MARFELL-JONES (NZL) [email protected]

Past President

Lindsay CARTER(USA) [email protected]

Vice-President

Isabel FRAGOSO (POR) [email protected]

Secretary-General

Hans de RIDDER (SAF) [email protected]

Executive

SangJo KANG (KOR) [email protected]

Arthur STEWART (GBR) [email protected]

Deborah KERR (AUS) [email protected]

Betty PEREZ (VEN) [email protected]

Francisco HOLWAY (ARG) [email protected]

Webmaster

Peter MELLOW (NZL) [email protected]

ISAK home page http://www.isakonline.com

Editor Kinanthreport

Tim OLDS (AUS) [email protected]


9

http://www.isakonline.com












COMING CONFERENCES

Title

CISC2006

13th Commonwealth International Sport Conference

Date

9-12 Mar 2006

Venue

Melbourne, Australia

Theme

CISC2006 is a multidisciplinary confer-

ence with the theme “People, participa-

tion and performance”. This conference

coincides with the Commonwealth

Games.

The ISAK Biennial General Meeting will

take place during this conference.

Contact details

http://www.cisc2006.com


10

http://www.cisc2006.com

Title

ASICS Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport

Date

12-14 Oct 2006

Venue

Fiji

Theme

“Sports medicine in paradise: perspectives from the Pacific”

Contact details

http://www.sma.org.au/ACSMS/2006/

Keynote speakers

Refshauge Lecturer: A/Prof Tim

OLDS (pictured)

Dr Jill Cook

Dr Peter Fricker

Prof Wendy Brown


http://www.sma.org.au/ACSMS/2006/

Title

XIX FIMS World Congress of Sports Medicine

Date

14-16 Jun 2006

Venue

Beijing, China

Theme

Sports Medicine for Excellence, Health, Productivity,

Culture and Peace

Contact details

http://www.fims.org/fims2006


12

http://www.fims.org/fims2006

Title

PACE Yourself 2007. 25th ACHPER International Conference

Date

3-6 Oct 2007

Venue

Esplanade Hotel, Fremantle, Western Australia

Theme

Participate, Activate, Celebrate, Educate

Contact details

http://www.achperwa.asn.au

Title

Australian Association for Exercise and Sport Science (AAESS) 2006

Date

28 Sep – 1 Oct 2006

Venue

University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Theme

From Research to Practice

Contact details

http://www.aaess.com.au


13

http://www.achperwa.asn.au

http://www.aaess.com.au

C O A C H S P E A K

In our own countries we are probably aware of the sports news items wherein a

"coach" or other team official gives a reply to a reporter's standard question with a

version that is quite meaningless, but it is reported anyway. Here is a "non-kinan-

thropometric" example from the San Diego Union-Tribune, 24 May 2005. The new

player is 168 cm tall and weighs about 87 kg ("solidly built"). The General Manager

for the San Diego Chargers, a professional American Football team, says this about a

new "kick-return-running back" player. The General Manager says, "He's really not

small. He's short....You've got to be careful when you're concerned with height,"

Smith says. "Sometimes, when you're small, it's because you're short. He's not

small, and he's exciting, absolutely explosive in space."

Lindsay CARTER

[email protected]



I SAK CRITERION (LEVEL 4) ANTHROPOMETRISTS

from Australia

Tim ACKLAND

Deb KERR

from Belgium

Jan BORMS

Albrecht CLAESSENS

from Canada

Alan MARTIN

Bill ROSS

from New Zealand

Mike MARFELL-JONES

from South Africa

Hans de RIDDER

from the USA

Lindsay CARTER

from the UK

Arthur STEWART


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SECOND IRANIAN COURSE

Another ISAK level 1 course was held in the I.R.I Olympic Academy in Iran. It was

the second course in Iran. Both courses were held under the auspices of the ISAK

Accreditation Scheme. There is an evolutionary movement — our team is trying to

do its tasks better and better.

For example, in the second course, Dr. Mojtaba NIKPOUR (one of the interested

candidates in the March

Course) played an impor-

tant role in the practical

exam. He accepted to be

“practical exam coordina-

tor”. This seems to be a

good way to overcome

some errors that are specif-

ic to the practical exam

session, and have their

roots mostly in stress and

excitation among some

candidates. However, my

experience shows a good

coordinator helps to the course instructor very well. During the practical exam ses-

sion, Dr. Nikpour supervised different aspects of the session.

The second point was related to our equipment. As a matter of fact, anthropometric

devices are relatively expensive (considering our per capita GDP is $1500), espe-

cially bone calipers. Nevertheless, we bought enough Slimguide Skinfold Calipers,


16

and Lufkin measure tapes. Also, we made anthropometric boxes, and custom-made

segmometers. It may be possible to produce these products “under licence”,

because production costs in countries such as Iran are relatively low. However, we

are ready to start this, provided that ISAK will approve this process. There were 17

participants, including physical education teachers, team physicians, the experts of

the National Centre for Sport Talent Identification and Development, and the first

series of MSc students of the Sport Medicine course in Iran, from Tehran Medical

Sciences University and Iran Medical Sciences University. All of the candidates

passed the practical exam successfully (with scores ranging from 16 to 19).

Course participants

Amir Hosein Barati, Reza Mazaheri, Mehrshad Poursaied Esfahani, Afshin Aslani,

Farhad Moradi Shahpar, Shahram F. Mevaloo, Bahman Mohammadrezaii, Ali

Mazaherinezhad, Saeed Taghizadeh K., Majid Vafa, Arya Hamedanchi, Ali Shojaei

Mahallati, Mohammad Hasabi, Mohammad Sangdevini Gorgani, Hosein Zibaei, Ali

Alipour Daneshmand Fard, Farrokhi Sistani, Vahid Mojab

Finally, I should thank three members of Iranian National Swimming team and also

six elite karateka of the Karadj Karate team. They were nine “patient and kind” crite-

rion subjects in the practical exam session. Moreover, great thanks to Professor Mike

MARFELL-JONES, Professor Hans DE RIDDER, and Mr Peter MELLOW for their kind

help.

Dr Shahram F. MEVALOO

Enghelab Sport Complex

Niayesh Ave., Tehran, IRAN

( +98 21 2011030

fax: +98 21 2052553

[email protected]


17

mailto: [email protected]

ISAK MANUAL — SPANISH VERSION

The ISAK manual, International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment, first edi-

tion 2001, has been translated into Spanish and is now available for purchase. The

title is: Estándares Internacionales para la Valoración Antropométrica, publicado

por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Kinantropometría. This manual

was translated for ISAK by Miguel ALBARRÁN (Universidad de Puerto Rico), and

Francisco HOLWAY (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Their translation was reviewed and

edited by Betty M. PEREZ, (Universidad Central de Venezuela). This Spanish edition

is available by contacting Dr. Miguel ALBARRÁN ( [email protected]). ISAK

Level 3-4s are urged to use this volume in their courses. The cost of the ISAK

Manual is U$18.00 plus shipping and handling fee that will be determined based

on the amount of manuals requested. Shipment will be made from Puerto Rico or

Venezuela (Professor Pedro ALEXANDER: [email protected]).


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NZ COURSE

A three-day ISAK accreditation course was run at Auckland University of

Technology’s JE Lindsay Carter Anthropometric Laboratory (and associated Division

of Sport and Recreation facilities at AUT). The course included 22 Level 1 and 10

Level 2 participants, including two Australian nutritionists from Sydney and

Melbourne, a podiatrist, a chef (!), AUT Bachelor of Sport and Recreation students,

lecturing staff from universities in NZ, and students in Diploma and Bachelor

degrees from other courses in NZ. The Level 2 students were examined using a 60

year old Maori female and a 65 year old male... so it was very good to see how

they coped with assessing a non-athlete non-student client. A big thank you to Bill


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ROSS for the use of the Anthropometry Technique CD. We had a computer set up

in one of the labs where measurement occurred, and the students used it throughout

the course to ensure they knew the correct technique. A big thank you also to the

Anthropometry Interactive team for the lecture material, and to Kelly for creating

the version 1 CD ... as this was a very useful resource for the three lecturers on the

course and for the students who now have the lecture material in pdf format and

copies of templates for use in their practice. We have received some good feedback

on the CD and will incorporate this and then send the version 2 CD to the team for

further feedback.

Patria HUME

[email protected]


20


B O O K R E V I E W

Crawford, D., & Jeffery, R.W. (Eds.) (2005).

Obesity prevention and public health.

Oxford: OUP.

In most developed countries, and

increasingly in developing countries,

there have been rapid increases in

the prevalence of overweight and

obesity across most sections of the

population. A very wide range of

interventions have been undertaken

at the individual, school, and com-

munity levels, using a mix of behav-

ioural modification, public policy set-

tings, urban redesign, and economic

drivers. In the broad, these interven-

tions have not been successful.

Crawford and Jeffery’s book is an

attempt to summarise current think-

ing on various aspects of the “obesity

epidemic”. It brings together a range

of high-profile Australian and US

researchers, but unfortunately lacks input from Europe and Asia. In particular, the

heavy reliance on US data may tend to generalise atypical behavioural and eating

patterns.


21

The book’s coverage is comprehensive. Jacob Seidell offers an excellent account of

the global epidemiology of obesity, including secular trends. Popkin’s chapter on the

“nutrition transition” in developing countries is original and outstanding. Ball and

Crawford offer a much-needed model to connect the dots between socio-cultural

factors and the development of overweight.

There is something of an imbalance in the relative weight given to diet and physical

activity both as causes and as interventions, with a heavy emphasis on diet. In par-

ticular, Harnack and Schmitz’s chapter on the role of nutrition and physical activity

is somewhat dismissive of quite strong evidence on secular trends in energy intake,

which suggests that energy intakes may be stable or declining. Jeffery and Linde

offer a similar analysis which uses rather simplistic models of energy balance to

argue the case for “gluttony” rather than “sloth”.

The various chapters on interventions and policy settings — French on dietary inter-

vention, Salmon and King on physical activity in children, Krahnstoever Davison

and Campbell on familial approaches, and Lawrence on food regulation, Fried on

legal interventions — are excellent summaries, but tend to leave one feeling some-

what depressed both at the overalpping, fragmentary and ad hoc approaches used,

and the extraordinary lack of success for even well-funded projects.

This lack of success is all the more depressing in that Melbourne researchers

Moodie and Carter demonstrate in a surprisingly systematic and readable way the

enormous economic costs of obesity. More radical litigious and economic solutions

are proposed by Mercer, using solutions drawn from the tobacco experience, along

with a rousing tocsin call by Schwarz and Brownell, advocating a crusade against

Big Food.


22

Obesity prevention and public health is a very useful summary of the current state

of play in obesity. There is a certain assumed subtext which one often encounters in

books and articles on the “obesity epidemic” — namely that people want to be

saved from their overweight. Physical activity and eating are complex behaviours

embedded in a matrix of social meanings and cultural imaginaries. There is a certain

aloofness in the assumption that people should be made to behave in certain ways

using legal and economic levers. The book would have been enhanced by a consid-

eration of ethical and social issues.

Tim OLDS

[email protected]


23


A S H O RT HISTORY OF PROTOCOLS

Over the past centuries many landmarks and dimensions have been created and

adapted. Many researchers have developed their own measurement techniques and

created a vast number of dimensions applicable to their own discipline area and

interests. This leads to a multitude of specialised protocols spread throughout the

world. Currently there are several different anthropometric protocols used widely

around the world. Some of the major ones include

• ISAK

• CAESAR (Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource)

• ANSUR (US Army Anthropometric Survey 1987-1988)

• ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 8559, and

• IBP (International Biological Programme).

Unfortunately, many scientific disciplines have not been able to agree on a stan-

dardisation of anthropometric techniques. As the scientific community branches out

into more fields of interest, the number of protocols increases also. This is true for

anthropometric protocols that have developed in a wide range of specialty fields.

Ergonomics, health and medical sciences, clothing, biomechanics, sport science,

nutrition, military selection, criminal identification and anthropology are some of

the disciplines using anthropometry as a basis for their research. Many of these dis-

ciplines use different protocols. Some protocols are use similar dimensions and

landmarks to each other whereas others are quite different. Some protocols measure

on the left side of the body, some on the right, some on both, and some do not

specify which side of the body to measure. This section describes the genealogy of

anthropometric protocols.

Classical and Renaissance times

Sometime between 15 BC and 150 AD the Roman architectural theorist Vitruvius


24

showed detailed descrip-

tions of human proportions.

He created the idea of a

“well-made man” who

would have specific body

proportions. Vitruvius also

showed that studying

human proportions should

be the basis for designing

buildings. Since then

Leonardo da Vinci created a

world famous drawing of

the “Vitruvian man” who

has the “golden” propor-

tion.

Many early anthropologists began to record and compare the sizes and proportions

of different races. Marco Polo (1273-1295), Linnaeus (1707-1778), Buffon (1707-

1788), White (1728-1813), Blumenbach (1752-1840), and Humphrey in 1838 all

showed differences in body proportions of the various human races. Galileo (1564-

1642) also studied human body measurements in relation to movement in as early

as 1638.

The development of modern anthropometry

Many researchers suggest that Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874) was the founder of the

modern science of anthropometry after he produced his famous work Sur l’Homme

et le Développement de ses Facultés in 1835. This was translated into English in

1842 and titled A treatise on man and the development of his faculties. Quetelet

was a famous Belgian astronomer, mathematician and philosopher who first applied


25

statistical methods to the study of humans and introduced the term “anthropome-

try”. Quetelet realised that no one had yet studied the development of human

growth over the years, but rather only body size at birth and when fully grown or at

death. He began to study human physical development including stature, mass and

strength measurements and analysed them along with other social and demographic

factors. Statistical comparisons of human bodies between populations had begun.

However, Quetelet himself suggested that there have been artistic works hundreds of

years earlier that showed understanding of body proportions. Artists such as Leon

Baptista Alberti, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Albrecht Dürer studied the

proportions of the human body and used them in their development of statues and

other works of art. Dürer developed a system of measuring a person’s height by

quoting the number of heads it took to equal their height. He also wrote Four books

of human proportions, in which he attempted to categorise the diversity of human’s

physical attributes.

The American Civil War (1861-1865) brought about industrial efficiency and mass

production of machinery and combat equipment. The need to construct user friend-

ly equipment caused them to conduct anthropological studies, which led to what

we now call ergonomics, human factors or engineering anthropometry. This contin-

ued throughout World Wars I and II and beyond, where design of vehicle seats,

workplace environments, military equipment, and other machinery became a grow-

ing industry.

In 1882, Bertillon began forensic anthropometry when he devised a system of

eleven easily taken body measurements for establishing the identity of criminals.

Paul Broca (1824-1880), the founder of the École d’Anthropologie in Paris, helped to

increase the interest in anthropometry in that period, and up until the Franco-

Prussian war of 1870, the Broca system was used almost universally. After this war


26

there developed a French school protocol and a German school protocol.

Early attempts at standardisation

Not long after there were efforts to have an international anthropometric protocol

established. This led to the development of an International Agreement on

Anthropometry at conferences in 1906 in Monaco and 1912 at Geneva, with the

International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archeology (Hrdlicka, 1920).

The 1906 conference produced a protocol for measuring the skull (craniometry) and

living head and facial features (cephalometry), while the 1912 conference devel-

oped technique for measuring the shape (somatometry) and bones of the body

(osteometry). These publications were aimed at becoming the internationally recog-

nised protocol for some time.

However, soon after in 1914 Rudolf Martin wrote his Lehrbuch der Anthropologie,

which became the prominent handbook for several decades. Nevertheless, Martin

followed the 1906 and 1912 agreements for most of his work, yet the accolades he

receives for his handbooks is far beyond that of the agreements. Martin produced a

three volume revised edition in 1928, and then a two volume revised edition in

1957 with Karl Saller. Hrdlicka published the 1906 and 1912 agreements again in

1920, and also included his own handbook that followed the agreements with slight

modifications and suggestions.

The Martin handbooks have become the basis of many current protocols with many

modifications included over the years. Many further anthropometry handbooks have

been published since whilst still using the underlying techniques and definitions

used in the early 1900s. Hrdlicka 1920/1939, Wilder 1920, Davenport 1927,

Stewart 1947/1952, and Montagu 1960, are some of these handbooks that are com-

monly referenced in publications.


27

Standardisation in the modern era

In the ergonomics discipline it is difficult to suggest when the use of anthropometry

began. Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s researchers began to study

human movement and muscular action through photography. Legros and Weston

studied body dimensions in 1926 to help place a seat and bench correctly for differ-

ent postures. Since then there have been many surveys of select populations to help

construct well-fitting cars, trucks, aircraft, military equipment, chairs, tables and

other working environments. This led to the increased awareness that not only are

the dimensions of the body needed, but also where they are in relation to each

other. Furthermore, this has led researchers to search for methods of measuring and

recording the body in three dimensions, and developing 3D technology.

In 1967 a large group of U.S. anthropologists involved in health and engineering

organised a conference to standardise techniques again. The recommendations from

the conference were then published in the American Journal of Physical

Anthropology by H.T.E. Hertzberg in 1968.

Encouraged by the conference in 1967, John Garrett and Kenneth Kennedy from the

U.S. defence forces published A collation of anthropometry in 1971 that included

comparisons of protocols used in 47 different sources of data (Garrett & Kennedy,

1971). They examined a total of around 2000 definitions of anthropometric tech-

niques to determine whether dimensions were equivalent, not equivalent or whether

the equivalency was indeterminable (Garrett & Kennedy, 1971). They also examined

the protocols from the 1906 and 1912 agreements, along with Martin, Martin and

Saller, and Hrdlicka.

Meanwhile in Europe, the IBP was spreading and a new protocol was constructed

there, created to be used as a worldwide standard for all researchers. Although they

stated their protocol as only a guide to researchers, the IBP wanted to create a large


28

amount of comparability between studies from all around the world, and therefore

recommended the protocol published in Weiner and Lourie, 1969. The IBP protocol

was developed with the help of about 100 human biologists involved in the pro-

gram. It is basically identical to Martin and Saller, 1957, except that the IBP mea-

sured on the left side of the body instead of the right side.

In 1973 the Leon and Thea Koerner Foundation Study Group met in Canada to dis-

cuss anthropometric techniques in preparation for the Montreal Olympic Games

Anthropological Project (MOGAP). A new standard was created with knowledge of

previous protocols, and this basically followed the Martin handbook, with some

modifications. This group continued to meet and became known as the International

Working Group on Kinanthropometry (IWGK) in 1978. In 1986 the IWGK changed

names to become ISAK. The protocol was again published in 1994, 1996, and in

2001 by the society.

In 1978 NASA produced a comprehensive compilation of 973 dimensions from 91

anthropometric surveys that were available to them at that time (Sanders &

McCormick, 1993; NASA 1978). Only 59 dimensions were considered to be of

extreme importance to design factors in the area and therefore these were recom-

mended for consistent use (NASA, 1978).

In 1988 another standardisation was formed by the Airlie Consensus Conference

and published by Lohman, Roche and Martorell. They do not specify that there tech-

niques are based entirely on another protocol; however they do quote a range of

other studies from which they pooled their reference data from. They formed tech-

nique definitions from a range of previous anthropometric studies and then distrib-

uted them amongst experts to ask for recommendations.


29

The US army developed their own protocol for the ANSUR survey in 1987-1988.

They began by distributing a list of 298 dimensions, previously used in military and

civilian surveys, to a range of people who had many years of anthropometric experi-

ence in different areas such as the design of military equipment and clothing. This

list was added to and also shortened to create a final list of 132 direct dimensions in

the ANSUR protocol.

Throughout the 1980s the ISO

began to standardise anthro-

pometric techniques world-

wide (Kroemer, et al., 1994).

ISO 8559 was published in

1989 directed towards the

clothing industry. ISO 7250

followed in 1996 this time

aimed at the human factors or

ergonomics industry.

Standards Australia began to

publish similar protocols in

the 1990s. Australian Standard

1344, 1997, followed ISO

8559 but included its own

modifications. SAA HB59 pub-

lished in 1994 is Australia’s

standard for the human fac-

tors/ergonomics industry.

The CAESAR project, conducted from 1998-2000, created its own new protocol,

currently the largest 3D whole-body scanning survey in the world. The project


30

began with the formation of a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) working

group in 1993. CAESAR does not specify how it arrived at its protocol, however it

tries to reference the ISO 7250 protocol whenever possible. The US Air Force

Laboratories at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, where the CAESAR project

developed, have consistently performed large anthropometric surveys for more than

60 years.

Tim Kupke

[email protected]


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KinanthReport Nov 2005

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