Key words Symbol Mixture Physical change chemical change Proton Liquid Thermal energy Freezing...

Key words

Symbol

Mixture

Physical change

chemical change

Proton

Liquid

Thermal energy

Freezing

Compound

chemical reaction

Molecule

electron

Neutron

Gas

vaporization

coalesce

matter

atomic number

atomic mass

periodic table

nucleus

evaporation

boiling

element

conservation of mass

Period

ductile

magnetic

condensation

sublimation

atom

precipitate

malleable

conductor

corrosion

superheated gases coalesce

deposition=frost

heterogeneous mixture

homogeneous mixture

combustibility

Forces & ParticlesForces & Particles

Gravity Matter

Magnetism Anti-Matter

Strong Nuclear Forces

Weak Nuclear Forces

EVERYTHINGEVERYTHING in the Universe can be divided up into . . .

ForcesForces

Gravity Magnetism Acts on Acts on ALL matter charged particles

Always pulls Pulls or pushes Strong & weak Nuclear Forces hold the nucleus together

ForcesForces

Gravity Magnetism Acts on Acts on ALL matter charged particles

Always pulls Pulls or pushes

Magnetism is about 1040 times more powerful than gravity.

10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

Magnetism is about 1040 times more powerful than gravity.

10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

ParticlesParticles

Matter anti-Matter

ee+1+1 ee-1-1

Example:

electron positron

The picture below shows three objects that can be classified in the same group. Which of the following statements is true for all three of these objects?

They are metals.

They rust rapidly.

They weigh the same.

They are the same color.

The picture below shows three objects that can be classified in the same group. Which of the following statements is true for all three of these objects?

They are metals.

They rust rapidly.

They weigh the same.

They are the same color.

Which pair of elements is MOST similar? Ca and F Na and Cl Ne and Ar Li and H

Copper is an element that is used in electrical wires. What is the smallest unit of copper that still maintains the characteristics of copper?

the atom

the electron

the nucleus

the proton

Copper is an element that is used in electrical wires. What is the smallest unit of copper that still maintains the characteristics of copper?

the atom

the electron

the nucleus

the proton

In making a pizza, which process involves a chemical change?

Mixing spices for the sauce

Slicing pepperoni for the topping

Spreading cheese on the pizza

Baking the dough to form the crust

In making a pizza, which process involves a chemical change?

Mixing spices for the sauce

Slicing pepperoni for the topping

Spreading cheese on the pizza

Baking the dough to form the crust

What is the smallest particle of the element gold (Au) that can still be classified as gold?

atom

molecule

neutron

proton

Which of the following illustrations represents a pure substance?

If 1 kg of the compound toluene melts at –95°C, then

500 g of toluene will

melt at –47.5°C.

melt at –95°C.

boil at 95°C.

boil at 47.5°C.

The drawing below represents a bit used in a power drill. Which of the following metals is most suitable for making this drill bit?

aluminum copper gold steel

Which statement about the molecules in ice and the molecules in liquid water is correct?

The molecules in ice have more energy than the molecules in liquid water.

The molecules in ice contain different atoms than the molecules in liquid water.

The molecules in ice have more electric charge than the molecules in liquid water.

The molecules in ice are less free to move than the molecules in liquid water.

Which statement about the molecules in ice and the molecules in liquid water is correct?

The molecules in ice have more energy than the molecules in liquid water.

The molecules in ice contain different atoms than the molecules in liquid water.

The molecules in ice have more electric charge than the molecules in liquid water.

The molecules in ice are less free to move than the molecules in liquid water.

Which formulas represent compounds?

O2, H2O2

CO2, H2O

H2, CO2

H2, O2

Which formulas represent compounds?

O2, H2O2

CO2, H2O

H2, CO2

H2, O2

Which is an example of a chemical change?

pepper being ground onto a salad

a match being lit sugar being dissolved

in water wood being chopped

Which statement is correct concerning the mass of a ball of clay?

The mass changes as the altitude of the ball of clay changes.

The mass changes as the shape of the ball of clay changes.

The mass of the ball of clay is unchanged by altitude or shape.

The mass is doubled when the ball of clay is divided into two equal pieces.

Mary wants to find the density of a small stone. Which tools will she need?a meterstick and a thermometer a thermometer and a balance a balance and a graduated cylinder a graduated cylinder and a meterstick

Mary wants to find the density of a small stone. Which tools will she need?a meterstick and a thermometer a thermometer and a balance a balance and a graduated cylinder a graduated cylinder and a meterstick

If different kinds of atoms are represented by different

colored dots, which picture represents a sample of a

compound?

If different kinds of atoms are represented by

different colored dots, which picture below

represents a mixture?

Which of the following is a compound?

oxygen

water

nitrogen

air

Evidence of a chemical change would be a

melting popsicle.

spinning top.

spilled bucket of water.

rusting car fender.

Which symbol represents carbon?

Ca

N

K

C

Moisture that collects on the outside of a cold glass results from the process of

evaporation.

condensation.

sublimation.

vaporization.

Moisture that collects on the outside of a cold glass results from the process of

evaporation.

condensation.

sublimation.

vaporization.

ParticlesParticles

Matter

PP+1+1 PP-1-1

Example:

Proton anti-Proton

anti-Matter

MatterQuarks Leptons

Up electron

Down -1 3

2 3

ee-1-1

Tevatron - world's highest-energy particle accelerator.Four miles in circumference Particles go around at 99.9999% of the speed of light.

Tevatron - world's highest-energy particle accelerator.Four miles in circumference Particles go around at 99.9999% of the speed of light.

We send protons and antiprotons in opposite directions, and smash them together.

Particle Particle acceleratoracceleratorParticle Particle acceleratoraccelerator

ProtonMade of 3 Quarks

1 up2 down

u

d

d

NeutronMade of 3 Quarks

2 up1 down

d

u

u

Can we see atoms?

magnesium atoms (white) above boron atoms (grey) seen by the transmission electron microscope

Photon a particle of light.

Electromagnetic radiation ALL light. Visible AND invisible visible light , x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays, infrared.

Photon a particle of light

Laser Laser

Electromagnetic radiation

A prism bends light.Different Colors are bent by different amounts.

White Light

ee-1-1 ee-1-1

.

Proton Electron Photon

Mass comparison

Proton is about2000 x electron

Electron is about1,000,000 x photon

DO everything be made of matter ?

What are the building blocks of matter ?

How many elements are there?

What B da opposite of a mixture ?

Experiment (candle/hot air balloon)

DO everything be made of matter ?

What are the building blocks of matter ?

How many elements are there?

What B da opposite of a mixture ?

Experiment (candle/hot air balloon)

Proton Neutron Electron

The AtomThe Atom

NucleusNucleus

Electron shell / Electron cloudElectron shell / Electron cloud

The AtomThe Atom

NucleusThe center of the atom. (it has protons & neutrons)

NucleusThe center of the atom. (it has protons & neutrons)

Electron shell / Electron cloudElectron shell / Electron cloud


Mass 1 dalton 1 dalton 0.0005

Charge +1 0 -1

1 dalton = 1 a.m.u.


S orbital (2 electrons maximum)

Proton Neutron ElectronP orbital (6 electrons maximum)

Proton Neutron ElectronP orbital (6 electrons max.)

d orbitals

yyxx

zzdd xx22-y-y22

zz

xxyy

dd xzxz zz

yy xx

dd xyxy

xxyy

zzdd yzyz

zz

yy xx

dd zz22


S orbital P orbital

1st Shell of electrons

S orbital

2nd Shell of electrons

S orbital P orbital

3rd Shell of electrons

S orbital P orbital D orbital

2 6 10

4th Shell of electrons

s orbital p orbital d orbital f orbital

2 6 10 14

ElementAtom(s) having a specific number of Protons.

ElementAtom(s) having a specific number of Protons.

HH

ElementsElements • Made of Made of atoms (basic unit of matter)atoms (basic unit of matter)• specific number of protons.specific number of protons.• Over 100Over 100

ElementsElements • Made of Made of atoms (basic unit of matter)atoms (basic unit of matter)• specific number of protons.specific number of protons.• Over 100Over 100

HeHe

LiLi

NaNa

BeBe

MgMg

BB CC NN OO FF NeNe

AlAl SiSi PP SS ClCl ArAr

Shell S subshell

P subshell

1 √√ xx

2 √√ √√3 √√ √√

1S

2S

2P

3S

3P

1S

2S

2P

3S

3P

HydrogenHydrogen

Atomic NumberThe number of Protons

in an atom.

Atomic NumberThe number of Protons

in an atom.

HH1 +1

1.008

Happines

Happines UnhappyUnstable

HIGH energy

UnhappyUnstable

HIGH energy

HappyStable

LOW energy

HappyStable

LOW energy

AtomAtom AtomAtom

My fan clubMy fan club

AtomAtom

atomic happiness

Electronic Balance Zero charge FULL SHELL P orbital full (except He)

HydrogenHydrogen

HeliumHelium

LithiumLithium

BerylliumBeryllium

BoronBoron

CarbonCarbon

NitrogenNitrogen

OxygenOxygen

Fluorine

Halogen

Fluorine

Halogen

Neon Inert Gas

Noble Gas

Neon Inert Gas

Noble Gas

Atom

HHeLiBe

Atom

HHeLiBe

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Atom

BCNO

Atom

BCNO

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Atom

FNe

Atom

FNe

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Atom

NaMgAlSi

Atom

NaMgAlSi

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

??

H HeLi Be B C N O F NeNa Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

H HeLi Be B C N O F NeNa Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The number of electrons in the outside shell.

The number of electrons in the outside shell.

HH1 +1

Atomic numberAtomic number(number of protons)(number of protons)Atomic numberAtomic number

(number of protons)(number of protons)

ChargeChargeChargeCharge

1.008

averageaverageAtomic Atomic weightweight


HH2 1 +1

Atomic numberAtomic number(number of protons)(number of protons)

ChargeChargeChargeCharge(exact)(exact)Atomic Atomic weightweight

(exact)(exact)Atomic Atomic weightweight

FF9 -1

Atomic numberAtomic number(number of protons)(number of protons)

ChargeChargeChargeCharge

18.998



Isotopes

1H 2H 3H

H H

IsotopesAtoms of the same element (same number of protons) with a different number of neutrons.

IsotopesAtoms of the same element (same number of protons) with a different number of neutrons.

CC12 6

CC13 6

Cuanto Neutrons tienen ?Cuanto Neutrons tienen ?

12C 13C6 protons 6 protons

6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons

Isotopes

CC12 612 6

CC13 613 6

3 2 13 2 1 3 2 1

3 2 1

LegendProtonNeutronElectron

Isotopes

The rules:

The 1S orbital fills first1S , 2S , 2P , 3S , 3P

S only holds 2P only holds 6

The rules:

The 1S orbital fills first1S , 2S , 2P , 3S , 3P

S only holds 2P only holds 6

Noble (inert) GasesNoble (inert) Gases Group #8 atoms Group #8 atomsP shell full P shell full

Very non-reactive Very non-reactive VERY happy VERY happy

MetalsMetalsExtra electronsExtra electronsConductiveConductiveMalleableMalleable

DenseDenseShinyShinyDuctileDuctile

You walk into science class and discover a pile of shiny, silvery objects on your desk. Your teacher tells the class they will need to identify the element in each sample using the periodic table. Where on the periodic table, will you likely need to start looking?

a. on the right hand sideb. on the left hand sidec. near the topd. near the bottom.

Metal an atom with 1-3 extra valence electrons.

Shiny Dense Malleable Ductile Electrical conductors Thermal conductors

Metal an atom with 1-3 extra valence electrons.

Shiny Dense Malleable Ductile Electrical conductors Thermal conductors

KKNaNaCaCaMgMgAlAlMnMnCrCrFeFeCdCdSnSnPbPbCuCuHgHgAgAgAuAuPtPt

KKNaNaCaCaMgMgAlAlMnMnCrCrFeFeCdCdSnSnPbPbCuCuHgHgAgAgAuAuPtPt

Reactivity of metalsReactivity of metalsReactivity of metalsReactivity of metalsRReeaaccttiivviittyy

mo reactive

mo

rea

ctiv

e

Individual metal atomswith free outer shell electrons

Metallic Bond the sharing of valence electrons by neighboring metal atoms.

Electricity - electrons moving through a metal wire.

Non-MetalsNon-Metalsmissing electronsmissing electronsNon-ConductiveNon-ConductiveNOT MalleableNOT MalleableDullDull

MetalloidsMetalloidsPartly conductivePartly conductive

States of Matter

States of MatterThere are 4 States of Matter (NOT really)

SolidSolid

LiquidLiquid

Hot Liquid

Hot Liquid

LiquidLiquid

GasGas

PlasmaPlasma“Superheated Gas”

When atoms are so hot,they lose ALL

of their electrons.

When atoms are so hot,they lose ALL

of their electrons.

BoilingBoiling

MeltingMeltingFreezingFreezing

CondensationCondensation

SublimationWhen a solidturns directly into a gas.

SublimationWhen a solidturns directly into a gas.

Dry ice issolid CO2

CondensationWhen a gasturns into into a liquid.

CondensationWhen a gasturns into into a liquid.

Dry ice issolid CO2

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Made ofAtomsHolds its shapeAtoms move past each other

The solid, liquid, and gaseous states of water differ from each other in

the mass of the individual atoms.

the size of the individual atoms.

the net electrical charge of the individual molecules.

the average speed of movement of the individual molecules.

Fireworks contain different elements in them for displaying different colors. The different colors occur because:

a.the different elements burn at different temperatures.

b.atoms of various elements react with each other differently.

c.atoms of various elements emit light at different frequencies.

d.atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons.

Fireworks contain different elements in them for displaying different colors. The different colors occur because:

a.the different elements burn at different temperatures.

b.atoms of various elements react with each other differently.

c.atoms of various elements emit light at different frequencies.

d.atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons.

Li FIonic bond

21

21

Li+1 F-1

Ionic bond

21

21

The attraction between a cation and an anion.

Crystal - a solid network of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds.

IonAn atom or molecule

with a + or – charge.

IonAn atom or molecule

with a + or – charge.

Cation an ion with a positive charge.

Anion an ion with a Negative charge.

Cation an ion with a positive charge.

Anion an ion with a Negative charge.

A

ION

+

-

Cations

HH++ HydrogenHydrogenNaNa++ SodiumSodiumMgMg+2+2 MagnesiumMagnesiumCaCa+2+2 CalciumCalciumAgAg+2+2 SilverSilver

FeFe+2+2 Iron (II) FerrIron (II) FerrousousFeFe+3+3 Iron (III) FerrIron (III) FerricicCuCu+1+1 Copper (I) CuprCopper (I) CuprousousCuCu+2+2 Copper (II) CuprCopper (II) CupricicNHNH44

++ AmmoniumAmmonium

mo’ Cations

FF-1-1 FluorideFluorideClCl-1-1 ChlorideChlorideBrBr-1-1 BromideBromideII-1-1 IodideIodide

Anions

The Halogens

POPO44-3-3 PhosphatePhosphate

SiOSiO44-2-2 SilicateSilicate

SOSO44-2-2 SulfateSulfate

MoOMoO44-3-3 MolybdateMolybdate

BB44OO77-2-2 BorateBorate

Anions OHOH-1-1 HydroxideHydroxideNONO22

-1-1 NitriteNitriteNONO33

-1-1 NitrateNitrate

Cathode Anode

NeverReadyNeverReadyNeverReadyNeverReady+ + --

SALT - a Cation and an Anion held together by an ionic bond.

Solution Solvent SoluteH2O NaCl

Solution Solvent SoluteH2O NaCl

SolVent SolUteThe chemical The chemicalin a solution in a solutionthat makes up that makes up the greatest part. the least part.

SolVent SolUteThe chemical The chemicalin a solution in a solutionthat makes up that makes up the greatest part. the least part.

O

ER

O

ER

NDER

NDER

Sol ent The chemical in a solution that makes up the greatest part.

Sol ent The chemical in a solution that makes up the greatest part.

V

Salt SolutionSalt Solution

LegendCationAnionSaltWater

Solvent

Solute

Crystal

P+1

Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

P+1

Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

P+1 P+1

It’s like both atoms have a filled

orbital.

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).

H2H2

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.


Li2Li2



Cl2Cl2

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Compound Complex

A molecule with more than one element.

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Compound Complex

A molecule with more than one element.

Common chemicals

H2O2

NH3

NaOHNaClO I2

H2O2

NH3

NaOHNaClO I2

Compound o molecule ?Compound o molecule ?

http://affiliates.bettymills.com/ad/275059/CD257/

CombustibilityThe tendency to react with Oxygen O2 .

H + O2

C + O2

N + O2

O + O2

Si + O2

Fe + O2

H + O2

C + O2

N + O2

O + O2

Si + O2

Fe + O2

Common Oxides

H2OH2O

NO2NO2

CO2CO2

O3O3

SiO2SiO2

Fe2O3Fe2O3

Compound o molecule ?Compound o molecule ?

NuclearNuclear ChemicalChemical PhysicalPhysical

Reaction TypesReaction Types

Protons& Neutronschange

Bondsmade/ broken

Electrons exchanged

No change in atoms

phase change

light emission/ absorption

NuclearNuclear


Change in the Gain or lose Protons , Neutrons,

Alpha, Beta particle Fission, Fusion, Radiation

Change in the Gain or lose Protons , Neutrons,

Alpha, Beta particle Fission, Fusion, Radiation

Proton Neutron

nucleusnucleus

ChemicalChemical


Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma

Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma

P+1 P+1

21

Li+1

evidence of Chemical Change: development of a gas formation of precipitate change in color

evidence of Chemical Change: development of a gas formation of precipitate change in color

NOT a Chemical Change:

crystalization sublimation fluorescence

NOT a Chemical Change:

crystalization sublimation fluorescence

more evidence of a Chemical Change:

lightfire

more evidence of a Chemical Change:

lightfire

http://webmineral.com/help/FlameTest.shtml

Flame Test

Precipitate

formation of insoluble ionic compounds.

Precipitate

formation of insoluble ionic compounds.

http://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/newnav/newnavigator/images/P7280069.JPG

You get up in the morning and make toast for breakfast. You notice the color changes from light to dark. Later on that day in science class, your teachers asks for every day examples of physical and chemical changes.

Should you volunteer your toast as an example of a physical or chemical change?

Why?

Lucy noticed that her coin collection had begun to tarnish. Some of the metal in the coins had begun to change color. The formation of tarnish is most similar to which of the following changes?

shredding a piece of paper into hundreds of tiny strips

dropping a dinner plate on the floor

melting ice cubes in a glass of juice

burning a piece of paper to ashes in a fireplace

Lucy noticed that her coin collection had begun to tarnish. Some of the metal in the coins had begun to change color. The formation of tarnish is most similar to which of the following changes?

shredding a piece of paper into hundreds of tiny strips

dropping a dinner plate on the floor

melting ice cubes in a glass of juice

burning a piece of paper to ashes in a fireplace

Decomposition

Simple Reactions

Synthesis(Combination)

SingleReplacement

DoubleReplacement

Decomposition

Synthesis

SingleReplacement

DoubleReplacement

A B A B+

A BA B +

A BA B +C+ C

A BAB +C+ CD D

A displacement reaction:metallic copper with silver nitrate

Cu + Ag NO3Cu + Ag NO3

Ag + Cu(NO3)2Ag + Cu(NO3)2

Balancing equations

Ag + Cl2 AgClAg + Cl2 AgCl

1 2 1 1

Both sides must be equalfor ALL atoms.

22

2 2


1 2 1 1


22

2 2

22

2

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1

22

24

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1

22

24

22

4


1 2 1 1


PhysicalPhysical


No change in atoms / molecules phase change (gas, liquid, solid) light emission/absorption Dissolving Electrons passing through metals

Pure substance Mixture Pure substance Mixture

Pure substance vs. MixtureOnly ONE element has 2 or more or compound. elements/(distilled water) compounds.

Pure substance vs. MixtureOnly ONE element has 2 or more or compound. elements/(distilled water) compounds.

A chocolate chip cookie is an example of a _______, because ______________.

a. compound, the ingredients are chemically bonded.

b. compound, it is the same throughout.

c. mixture, you can separate out the chips.

d. mixture, you cannot distinguish between the ingredients.

A chocolate chip cookie is an example of a _______, because ______________.

a. compound, the ingredients are chemically bonded.

b. compound, it is the same throughout.

c. mixture, you can separate out the chips.

d. mixture, you cannot distinguish between the ingredients.

Distilled waterDistilled water

Air is a mixture of several gases. Name Formula amount

Nitrogen N2 78 %

Oxygen O2 21 %

Argon Ar 1 %

Carbon CO2 0.03 %

Dioxide

Air is a mixture of several gases Name Formula amount

Neon Ne 0.002 %

Methane CH4 0.0002 %

Helium He 0.000524 %

Krypton Kr 0.000114 %

Hydrogen H2 0.00005 %

Xenon Xe 0.0000087 %

Nitrogen, Oxygen and Helium are pure substances in a gaseous state. Nitrogen, Oxygen and Helium are pure substances in a gaseous state.

Atoms are NOT the same as molecules. Air and oxygen are NOT the same. Helium and hot air are NOT the same.

Atoms are NOT the same as molecules. Air and oxygen are NOT the same. Helium and hot air are NOT the same.

Helium and hot air are NOT the same. Helium and hot air are NOT the same.

DiffusionDiffusion the natural mixing of two substances. It is caused

by random molecular motion.

the natural mixing of two substances. It is caused

by random molecular motion.

Beta Particle(Electron)

Positronemission

Radioactivity

Alpha

Particle

Gamma Particle(light)

Gamma Particle (light)

Beta Particle

(Electron)

Alpha Particle2 Protons

2 Neutrons

RadioactivityRadioactivityradioactive particles and rays

Radioactive decayRadioactive decayRadioactivity

Change in the nucleus of an atom

Loss of an Alpha, Beta, or Gamma particle

Alpha

emission

Changes

atomic

Weight

2P 2N

Beta

emission

Neutron

turns into

a Proton

electron

Gamma

emission

light

RadioactivityRadioactivity3 forms of 3 forms of Radioactive DecayRadioactive Decay

It’s time to learn about . . .It’s time to learn about . . .

HH1.008

1

Avogadro asked . . .

Q: If ONE Hydrogen atom weighs 1.008 daltons,

how many Hydrogen atoms would it take to weigh 1.008 grams ?

Answer: 6.023 x 1023 that many

602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000

NaNa22.990

11

Q: If ONE Sodium atom weighs 22.99 daltons,

how many Sodium atoms would it take to weigh 22.99 grams ?

What does one Mole of Lithium atoms weigh ? What does one Mole of Lithium atoms weigh ?

What does one Mole of Carbon atoms weigh ? What does one Mole of Carbon atoms weigh ?

What does one Mole of Water molecules weigh ? What does one Mole of Water molecules weigh ?

What does one Mole of O2 molecules weigh ? What does one Mole of O2 molecules weigh ?

Six munths

ago I cudnt

evun spelt chemissed

. An now I are one.

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Key words Symbol Mixture Physical change chemical change Proton Liquid Thermal energy Freezing...

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