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Transcript of Key Moments in NADCP History A DULT D RUG C OURT A DULT D RUG C OURT B EST P RACTICE S TANDARDS B...
![Page 1: Key Moments in NADCP History A DULT D RUG C OURT A DULT D RUG C OURT B EST P RACTICE S TANDARDS B EST P RACTICE S TANDARDS D OUGLAS B. M ARLOWE, J.D.,](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e035503460f94aeecba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Key Moments in NADCP History ADULT DRUG COURT BEST PRACTICE STANDARDS
DOUGLAS B. MARLOWE, J.D., PH.D.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF DRUG COURT PROFESSIONALS
Aspirational Enforceable
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Citation Institution(s) No. Drug Courts
Arrests Reduced
Wilson et al. (2006)Campbell Collaborative
55 14%
Latimer et al. (2006)Canada Dept. ofJustice
66 9%
Shaffer (2010)University of Nevada
76 9%
Lowenkamp et al.(2005)
University of Cincinnati
22 8%
8%Aos et al. (2006)Washington State Inst. for Public Policy
57
Mitchell et al. (2012)U.S.F., G.M.U.& Penn. State
92 12%
Rempel et al. (2012)Urban Institute, CCI & RTI
23 13%
Adult Drug Courts
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Substance Use
Any Drug Any Serious Drug
Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Amphetamines PCP0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
29%**
20%
12%+15%
6%
1% 0%**
46%
27%
21% 21%
7%
2% 2%
Drug Court (N = 764)Comparison Group (N = 383)
Saliva tests at 18 months
Rossman et al., 2011
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryIncarceration Rates
50%
Inc
arc
era
tio
n r
ate
*p < .05
Alternativebase rate
Drug Court:jail
Drug Court:prison
Sevigney et al., 2013
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryIncarceration Rates
50%
42%*
Inc
arc
era
tio
n r
ate 38%*
*p < .05
Alternativebase rate
Drug Court:jail
Drug Court:prison
Sevigney et al., 2013
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Eligibility & exclusion criteria are based on empirical evidence
Assessment process is evidence-based
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryTarget Population
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Key Moments in NADCP HistoryTarget Population
0
5
10
15
20
All subjects No crim. hx Crim. hx
Lowenkamp et al., 2005
Twice the reduction in re-arrests}
5%
10%*8%
HIGH RISK
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Key Moments in NADCP HistoryTarget Population
0%
20%
40%
41%
21%
Pe
rce
nt
red
uc
tio
ns
in
re
cid
ivis
m
Carey et al. (2012)
Twice the reduction in re-arrests}
HIGH RISK
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Key Moments in NADCP HistoryTarget Population
Carey et al. (2012)
0%10%20%30%40%50%
21%
37%
Nearly twice the cost benefit
} HIGH NEED
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Eligibility & exclusion criteria are based on empirical evidence
Assessment process is evidence-basedA. Objective eligibility criteria
B. High-risk & high-need participants
C. Validated eligibility assessments
D. Criminal history disqualifications “Barring legal prohibitions . . .”
E. Clinical disqualifications “If adequate treatment is available . . . “
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryTarget Population
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Equivalent opportunities to participate and succeed in Drug Court
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryHx Disadvantaged Groups
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Minority RepresentationRace or Ethnicity Average % (SD) Range
Caucasian 62% (14%) 1% - 98%
African-American 21% (28%) 1% - 95%
Hispanic / Latino(a) 10% (17%) 0% - 95%
Native American 4% < 1% - 22%
Minority Representation
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Minority Representation
0%
20%
40%
60%
Gen'l Pop. Arrestees DRUG COURT Probation Jail Prison
African-American
Hispanic39%
13%
29%
10%
21%
28%
44%
20%
16%
?
15%14%
Minority Representation
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Minority Representation
0%
20%
40%
60%
Gen'l Pop. Arrestees DRUG COURT Probation Jail Prison
African-American
Hispanic39%
13%
29%
10%
21%
28%
44%
20%
16%
?
15%14%
Minority Representation
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Poorer CJ Outcomes• Male gender
• Current age < 25 years
• Delinquency or substance abuse onset < 16 years
• Drug of choice (e.g., crack cocaine)
• Lower income or chronically unemployed
• Prior rehabilitation failures
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Familial history of crime or addiction
• Criminal or substance abuse associations
Risk for Treatment Failure
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Poorer CJ Outcomes• Male gender
• Current age < 25 years
• Delinquency or substance abuse onset < 16 years
• Drug of choice (especially crack cocaine)
• Lower income or chronic unemployment
• Prior rehabilitation failures
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Familial history of crime or addiction
• Criminal or substance abuse associations
Risk for Treatment Failure
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
AfricanAmerican
Caucasian w/GED
Caucasianw/o GED
n = 65 n =114 n = 56
*
Vito & Tewksbury, 1998
Successful Graduation Rates
41.5%
21.9%
7.1%
African American Males 18 to 25
*
*
Culturally Proficient Treatment
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Equivalent opportunities to participate and succeed in Drug CourtA. Equivalent access (intent & impact)
B. Equivalent retention
C. Equivalent treatment
D. Equivalent incentives & sanctions
E. Equivalent legal dispositions
F. Team training (remedial measures)
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryHx Disadvantaged Groups
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Contemporary knowledge; active engagement; professional demeanor; leader among equals
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryRoles of the Judge
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Judicial Term
Carey et al., 2012
Three times greater cost benefits}
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Key Moments in NADCP HistoryConsistent Docket
0
20
40
60
80
1 2 3
39%
58%
51%
# judges presiding
Re
-arr
es
t ra
te
Best outcomes
*
Goldkamp et al., 2002
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Key Moments in NADCP HistoryStructre
Twice the cost benefit}
Pre-Court Staffings
Carey et al. (2012)
Twice the cost benefits}
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Key Moments in NADCP HistoryStructre
Twice the cost benefit}
Status Hearings
Carey et al. (2012)
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Key Moments in NADCP HistoryStructre
Twice the cost benefit}
Length of Interactions
Carey et al. (2012)
43%
17%
Two and a half times the reduction in crime}
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Low Medium High
Key Moments in NADCP History Positive Judicial Qualities
3.6 *
0.7# C
rim
es
av
ert
ed
Rossman et al., 2011; Zweig et al., 2012
4.2 *
* p < .05
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Contemporary knowledge; active engagement; professional demeanor; leader among equalsA. Professional trainingB. Length of termC. Consistent docketD. Pre-court staff meetingsE. Frequency of status hearingsF. Length of court interactionsG. Judicial demeanorH. Judicial decision-making
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryRoles of the Judge
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Predictable, consistent, fair, and evidence-based
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryIncentives & Sanctions
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Low Medium High
Key Moments in NADCP History Predictable Responses
3.9 *
1.8
# C
rim
es
av
ert
ed 4.3 *
* p < .05
Rossman et al., 2011; Zweig et al., 2012
Predictable but flexible
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Jail Sanctions
Carey et al., 2012
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Low Medium High
Key Moments in NADCP History Legal Leverage
1.4
4.1 *
# C
rim
es
av
ert
ed
2.0
* p < .05
Rossman et al., 2011; Zweig et al., 2012
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Predictable, consistent, fair, and evidence-basedA. Advance noticeB. Opportunity to be heardC. Equivalent consequencesD. Professional demeanorE. Progressive sanctionsF. Licit substancesG. Therapeutic adjustmentsH. Incentivizing productivity
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryIncentives & Sanctions
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Predictable, consistent, fair, and evidence-based
. . .
I. Phase promotionJ. Jail sanctionsK. TerminationL. Consequences of graduation and
termination (leverage)
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryIncentives & Sanctions (cont.)
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Low Medium High (> 1/wk.)
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryTreatment Services
1.2
# C
rim
es
av
ert
ed
Rossman et al., 2011; Zweig et al., 2012
3.0
† p < .10
4.3 †
Frequency of sessions
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Based on treatment needs and evidence-basedA. Continuum of care
“if adequate care is unavailable . . .”
B. In-custody treatment
C. Team representation
D. Treatment dosage and duration
E. Treatment modalities
F. Evidence-based treatments
G. Medications
Key Moments in NADCP HistorySubstance Abuse Treatment
Medically necessary or medically indicated, and reasonably available
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Based on treatment needs and evidence-based
. . .
H. Provider training and credentials
I. Peer support groups
J. Continuing care
Key Moments in NADCP HistorySubstance Abuse Tx (cont.)
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Responsivity needs, criminogenic needs, or maintenance needsA. Scope of needs in populationB. Timing and sequence of servicesC. Clinical case managementD. Mental health treatment (integrated +
medications)E. Trauma-informedF. Criminal thinkingG. Family & interpersonal counselingH. Vocational or educational counselingI. Medical or dental treatmentJ. Health-risk and overdose education
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryComplementary Services
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Valid, timely and comprehensive
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryDrug & Alcohol Testing
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Drug Courts That Performed Drug Testing Two or More Times Per Week Had Greater Cost Savings
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Note 1: Difference is significant at p<.05
Drug Courts That Received Drug Test Results Within 48 Hours Had Greater Cost Savings
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Valid, timely and comprehensiveA. Frequent testingB. Random testingC. Duration of testingD. Comprehensive panelsE. Witnessed collectionF. Valid specimensG. Valid & reliable procedures H. Rapid resultsI. Participant contract
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryDrug & Alcohol Testing
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Routine monitoring of best practices and valid evaluations of effectivenessA. Adherence to best practices (annually)B. In-program outcomes (NRAC)C. Criminal recidivism (3 yrs.)D. Independent evaluations (5 yrs.)E. Electronic databaseF. Timely & reliable data entryG. Intent-to-treat analysesH. Valid comparison groupsI. Equivalent time at risk
Key Moments in NADCP HistoryMonitoring & Evaluation