= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

During the time of 1940s, various films that came out about World War Two were animated productions, many of which did not represent drama nor the conventions of short films, as most were normal length productions. In order to interpret each convention within our product, I will be looking at various products which will portray the aspect of short or long films that hold the war or drama convention, beginning from the period of 1940 as this time period saw the first of war films.

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

The First World War Two Drama films (1940s):1940s represented the first release of the World War Two films. Various countries focused on wartime horror, however, this was not allowed to be portrayed in England due to the unsettling effects it may have on the people of that nation. Nevertheless, 1940s was the decade in which wartime films were being represented, many through the use of animations. Furthermore, the productions were sometimes used in order for the people at home to gain a perspective of what war was like on the line, therefore, portraying the uses and gratification theory through informative and escapism purposes.

DATE FILM NARRATIVE OTHER TECHNIQUES THEME AUDIENCE APPEAL

1944

Bon Voyage A young Scottish RAF gunner is debriefed by French officials about his escape from occupied territory, and in particular one person who may or may not have been a German agent.

Running time: 26 minutes

Certification: U

SHORT FILM

Use of slow camera movements in order to represent the true emotion of the characters, this has also be portrayed through the use of close ups. The mise-en-scene allows the audience to identify (uses and gratification theory) with the setting due to the use of props and lighting. Editing techniques such as fades have been used in order to represent the change of scene.

Hybrid: War & Drama

The film would appeal to those at the time of the war as it represents an alternative perspective of the war, therefore, being used for informative purposes (uses and gratification theory). Furthermore, the product may also be used for entertainment purposes as of the sense of enigma caused by the unknown of the adventure, representing the opposite of what war is meant to connote.

1944

Adventure malgache

The Moliere players are in their dressing room, getting ready to go on set. One actor mentions to another that his face reminds him of an opportunist turncoat he knew when he was in the Resistance. He then relates the adventure that he had in the Resistance, running an illegal radio station and dodging the Nazis.

Running time: 32 minutes

Certification: PG

SHORT FILM

Use of a camera made to move in a way that mimics a person's gaze, forcing viewers to engage in a form of voyeurism. Use exploit anxiety, fear, or empathy, and used modern film editing. Moreover, dark and sharp lighting reinforces the stereotypical belief of a villain which is something that has been used within this production.

Hybrid: War & Drama

The product will appeal to the type of audience that enjoy a sense of drama within productions as of the mention back to the resistance and the film being based on previous events. It will also interest those through a sense of enigma as of what will happen to the character, further enticing the audience.

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

1950s drama/war films:During the 1950s war films began to establish themselves further due to the war being over and information arising of what went on on the front line. Furthermore, as England began recovering from the disastrous effects that the war had left behind, film began to act as an outlet to those who participated in the war and to those who were on the home front, though being used for different reasons, as those on the home front would use the product for informative purposes (uses and gratification theory) whereas, soldiers may have used the products for the morning of lost relatives.

DATE FILM NARRATIVE OTHER TECHNIQUES THEME AUDIENCE APPEAL

1950

Morning Departure

The crew of a submarine is trapped on the seafloor when it sinks, how they will be rescued in unknown (enigma code). Made at the end of WW2

Running time: 102 minutes

Certification: 12A

Various close ups in order to entice the audience into the characters emotions, with a variety of high and low angles in order to portray vulnerability and power. Furthermore, the use of fade editing has been represented significantly. Lighting has been used significantly in order to portray the heroes and the villains as seen on the image to the left.

Hybrid: War & Drama

Stereotypically this type of product would appeal to submarine men, due to it being the main theme throughout the film. Furthermore, it will also appeal to those that portray an interest in the sea. The film is mainly used for entertainment purposes (uses and gratification theory) and appeals to the audience through the enigma code due to the mystery of how they will be rescued.

1955

The Colditz Story

Allied prisoners of various nationalities pool the resources to plan numerous escapes from an ‘escape proof’ German POW camp housed in a medieval castle

Running time: 94 minutes

Certification: U

Various side tracking and close up shots. With the use of establishing shots to portray the entire image. Lighting is extremely important within this product to represent the ‘prisons’’ with the stereotypical conventions of depravity. The use of jump cuts represents the frightened emotions that these prisoners uphold.

Hybrid: Drama, History & War

This product will stereotypically appeal to those who enjoy watching informative films due to the use of the history being the product. Furthermore, it may appeal to those who wanted to gain a perspective of the war from other people’s interpretations.

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

1960s drama/war films:During the 1960s drama began to establish itself significantly within war films, many of which interpreted the effects of the war through a variety of allied and non-allied countries, portraying them in a light of goodness or badness (binary opposition). Furthermore, the war films began to lead more into drama and the ways in which people tried to escape or the mental effects it had on soldiers such as shell shock. Twenty years after the war things were still being leaked about what went on and how this lead to the devastating effects people had to deal with. It was a period in which society was getting back to normal and the time in which society began to grow.

DATE FILM NARRATIVE OTHER TECHNIQUES THEME AUDIENCE APPEAL

1962

An occurrence at owl creek

bridge

During the Civil War, a Southern civilian is about to be hanged for attempting to sabotage a railway bridge. When the execution takes place from the bridge, the rope breaks and he begins his escape toward home.

Running time: 28 minutes

Certification: N/A

SHORT FILM

POV shots and a variety of close up shots have been used in order to represent the characters emotion. The use of a two shot enables a connection between two characters to be evident, further representing the bond between them.

Hybrid: Adventure & Drama

The product would appeal to those who enjoy the entertainment (uses and gratification theory) aspect of films, which move and form the emotions that you feel throughout the product. Furthermore, adventure plays an important part in the product and, therefore, those who enjoy journeys will be enticed within the product.

1963

Machorka-Muff

A satirical look at the political rise of a former Nazi officer in an imagined post-war German government.

Running time: 18 minutes

Certification: N/A

SHORT FILMSEE ABOVE

Hybrid: Drama, Politics, Documentary & War

Machorka-Muff is a product that would appeal to those who want an element of fact within their films as of the hybrid with a documentary (uses and gratification theory). Furthermore, drama is still evident to represent the emotional concept of the war.

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

1970s drama/war films:The effects of the Vietnam War inclined to reduce the enthusiasm for fictional war films by the turn of the 1970s. American war films produced during and just after the Vietnam War often echoed the disillusion of the American public towards the war. Most films made after the Vietnam War dug more deeply into the horrors of war than films made before it, focusing mainly on world war two as of the bitterness between allied and non-allied countries and why the war happened the way it did. Many countries ended up focusing on the devastating effects of the war and the hate they had for the countries they fought against.

DATE FILM NARRATIVE OTHER TECHNIQUES THEME AUDIENCE APPEAL

1976

Taxi Driver

A mentally unstable Viet Nam war veteran works as a night-time taxi driver in New York City where the perceived decadence and sleaze feeds his urge for violent action, attempting to save a preadolescent prostitute in the process.

Running time:110 minutes

Certification: R

Use of extreme close up shots within a two shot, for instance, when the character is standing within the background and the gun within the foreground to represent the significance of the weapon. Moreover, there is a use of this shot in a variety of scene to represent emotion. In order to portray the crime element, flashbacks and jump cuts have been used to represent the fast moving pace of the product, stereotypical to a crime thriller production.

Hybrid: Crime & drama

The audience appeal will be to those who enjoy aspects of crime as of the use of the violence portrayed through the war, allowing the audience to identify with the war (uses and gratification theory). Moreover, through the use of drama and crime an enigma is developed throughout the film as to what will happen in saving the prostitute. More so, through marketing the film in a way could be said to have had a ‘come back’ as of it being mentioned within the 2007 film ‘Knocked up’, therefore, appealing to that specific audience as they will begin to identify (uses and gratification theory with that film.

1979Casualties

of warDuring the Vietnam War, a soldier finds himself the outsider of his own squad when they unnecessarily kidnap a female villager.

Running time:113 minutes

Certification: R

In order to represent the emotional aspect of the war the direction chose to use intimate shots such as the close up, extreme close up and two/mid shot to portray the bond between other soldiers and to represent the effects of the war through another perspective. Shading has been used through the use of lighting to represent the characters within the production, as dark is stereotypically associated with the villain, whereas light is associated with the hero.

Hybrid: War & drama

The film is used to represent the devastating effects of the war and the struggle the soldiers went through, portraying an emotional content with which the audience will identify with and some become informed about how the war was like for others (uses and gratification).

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

1980s drama/war films:The 1980s saw the continuous rise of the blockbuster, an enlarged amount of nudity in film and the increasing emphasis in the American industry on film franchises, especially in the science fiction, horror, and war. The increase of nudity inclined in productions becoming furthermore romantic and representing, especially in war films a love interest to gain a mass audience as most war films beforehand were stereotypically aimed at men due to the emphasis on crime and weapons, now however, they began to interest women due to the romantic accomplishment that was become further evident within productions.

DATE FILM NARRATIVE OTHER TECHNIQUES THEME AUDIENCE APPEAL

1983

What Have We Learned,

Charlie Brown?

On their return trip through France, Charlie Brown and the gang visit various memorials to the World Wars.

Running time: 23 minutes

Certification:N/A

SHORT FILM

The main and most significant technique the direct has used is animation. Long shots have been used to represent the location and a great significance on mise-en-scene as the audience are unable to tell that much emotion from the animated characters.

Hybrid: Animation, short, war, family

Though the film is an animated production it represents to the audience that all types of people, young or old need to be educated about the war and what went on, this has been clearly represented through the use and gratification theory. Moreover, it will appeal to those of a family as of it being a family cartoon.

1993

An officer and a duck

Officer Donald Duck is assigned to apprehend a criminal named Tiny Tom. Donald assumes by the name that he'll be a pushover but when he reaches Tom's hideout, he discovers something new.

Running time: 7 minutes

Certification:N/A

SHORT FILM

SEE ABOVE

Hybrid: Animation, short, war, family

SEE ABOVE

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

1990s drama/war films:The war had been over for almost over a decade and films began to establish themselves further, through the use of CGI and more so, more techniques being developed with various different new technologies coming out. War films, therefore, began to develop themselves to fit the needs and the new technologies. Different genres became more evident within the films, such as romance, crime and drama in order to reach out to mass audience, some war films were even re-released on different technologies and further adjusted to fit the needs of the current audience.

DATE FILM NARRATIVE OTHER TECHNIQUES THEME AUDIENCE APPEAL

1994

The Ascent The real-life adventure of a dashing Italian soldier who escapes a British prisoner-of-war camp because he dreams of climbing 17,000-foot Mt. Kenya and planting the Italian flag at the summit. The obsessive British camp commander pursues him, and the two men are locked in a battle of wills, fuelled by honor and their love for the same woman.

Running time: 50minutes

Certification: N/A

As of the product being very emotionally bound, the majority of the camera shots used are close/extreme close ups, lighting is more so extremely important to represent the characters further to the audience as of portraying the hero (8 props characters) with a white contrast of colour and therefore a binary opposition of the villain in a dark contrast.

Hybrid:Adventure/War

This product would stereotypically appeal to those with an interest of what went on during the war and the view from another perspective as some may be able to identify with the characters (uses and gratification theory), furthermore, it would also appeal to those who enjoy the anticipation of what will happen as of the adventure, producing an enigma from the very start of the product.

1997

The island on bird street

Alex is an 11-year old boy who, during WWII, hides in the Jewish ghetto from Nazis after all the relatives have been sent to the concentration camp. The movie portrays the ghetto through his eyes.

Running time: 107 minutes

Certification: PG-13

The product has a variety of lighting shades to represent different elements of how they would like the person/object to be represented. Furthermore, the main picture on the poster is of a close up shot to portray the emotional drama bond.

Hybrid:Drama & War

The product could appeal to a various variety of audiences as of the main character being an 11 year old boy, connoting an instant connection with young children. Moreover, the product would also appeal to both males and females as of the stereotypical emotional bond the females will have with the drama genre and the stereotypically enigma the males will gain from the war.

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

2000s drama/war films:The war had become a distant memory by the time the 2000s had come around. Society was expanding and people were moving on with their lives. Various museums had begun to appear about the war and films started to become much more descriptive in explaining what actually went on within the war. Conspiracy theories began to rumour around about what other countries supposedly did and film was the best way in explaining so.

DATE FILM NARRATIVE OTHER TECHNIQUES THEME AUDIENCE APPEAL

2003

StrayedA widowed schoolteacher who flees Nazi-occupied Paris with her children. A teenaged boy comes to their rescue by leading them into the forest - their best shot at survival.

Running time:95 minutes

Certification:UR

Neutral colours represented the basic limitations the country had when the war was happening. Furthermore, close up shots have been used In order to represent the drama and romance between the characters. Moreover, establishing shots have been used in order for the audience to identify with the locations.

Hybrid:Drama, romance & war

The product holds great significance on the genre of romance and, therefore, will appeal stereotypically to a female audience, however, due to the emphasis on war males will also identify (uses and gratification theory) with the product, having it appeal to a mass audience.

2008

Red letterIn Paris, 1940, while Hitler is giving a speech, a plot is set to assassinate him. Is this really happening, or the fabric of memory is mixing with the fabric of time itself?

Running time:10 minutes

Certification:N/A

SHORT FILM

This product uses a variety of different shots, from close up to represent emotion, to establishing in order for the audience to identify (uses and gratification theory) with the locations. Moreover, as the product is intense the majority of the shots are mid and close ups.

Hybrid:War/drama

The product holds elements of educational aspects (uses and gratification theory) as of the accuracy needed on the war and of Hitler. Moreover, there is a significance of action and anticipation; therefore, the product will also appeal to those who enjoy watching the enigma of an equilibrium unfolding.

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

2010s drama/war films:War films were no longer being produced as much as they had been before; however, the ones that were being produced held more of an educational aspect to them due to the factual content needed to be upheld by what actually happened during the war and therefore, more of the products were being used as entertainment and educational purposes.

DATE FILM NARRATIVE OTHER TECHNIQUES THEME AUDIENCE APPEAL

2011

Courage too late

A romance brews between a male and female Soviet soldier while their platoon is sent to capture a German colonel.

Running time:17 minutes

Certification:N/A

SHORT FILM

Many closes up shots have been used in order for the audience to identify (uses and gratification theory) with the given emotion. Mid shots have been used in order to represent the connection between the characters and the emotion that they have for one another. Furthermore, jump cuts have been used in order to represent the change in scene and the violent connotation of war.

Hybrid:History & drama

This specific product will appeal to those who enjoy watching products not just for entertainment purposes but for also educational and factual reasons, allowing the audience to identify with the time period (uses and gratification theory).

2010

X & O

In depths of a snowy forest in an unknown wartime, two soldiers from opposing armies try to outwit each other in a perilous game of cat and mouse – until they find themselves outplayed by destiny.

Running time:N/A

Certification:N/A

SEE ABOVE

Hybrid:History & drama

A huge amount of enigma is upheld from what will happen to the soldiers and how the story will unfold at the end, there are a huge amount of questions that develop throughout the story.

= Hybrid = Techniques (camera, sound, lighting, mise-en-scene, editing) = Audience = Narrative

Conclusion:Conclusively, throughout researching war time dramas I have found various amount of the products are of a low certification in order to appeal to a mass audience and many of the products are used for educational and factual purposes. In order to stay within the conventions of a war time drama I and my group need to focus on these factors, however, due to the emotional content within our piece it will not be possible to have the certification that low due to the emotional content that our product upholds. Although, the audience are not witnessing the mother dye, the emotional aspect of seeing a mother being crushed by bricks has a very high distressing nature and, therefore, in order to stay within the BBFC guidelines our product will have to be based on a 12A production. Furthermore, the majority of the shots used were close up shots in order to truly represent the characters emotions, to do this the shots need to be portrayed in the correct way and need to be placed in the product where needed, this will enable the audience to identify (uses and gratification theory) with the characters true emotions. However, establishing shots also appeared frequently when looking through the changes and this is done in order to represent with the given time period, having changed over time the establishing shot and mise-en-scene became very important as the directors need to portray the time period correctly so that the audience are able to identify with it, in order for them to do this props, lighting, costume and location became very significant as the audience need to be able to stereotypically identify (uses and gratification theory) with that time period or specific era. Moreover, the most significant change I found was the shift from animation to products we see today, during and after the war a lot of the products were animated for various reasons, the technological advances had not yet come about to produce good quality films and most products to do with world war two were marketed through cinemas before the main product would begin, so therefore, as they were represented as a form of propaganda they needed to be ‘short and sweet’, representing a sense of escapism (uses and gratification theory) when the audience view the product. Portraying their country in good light and educating future generations how the war should be fought. Additionally, sound was used in a way where it heighten when needed, for example, when something sad was happening the music would heighten in volume and sad music would come on in order to allow the audience to develop the feelings needed for that particular scene , therefore, allowing the audience to identify with the characters in that particular scene. In almost every production a link is made between the change of scene and the change of sound, the change of sound is identified with a different scene or location used by the direct, through research I found that sound was heightened in volume and sharpness when something bad was going to happen, this allows the build-up of an enigma enticing the audience to want to continue to watch the product, and therefore we will be incorporating this within our product as sound is evidently portrayed as holding great significance in developing the narrative.