Kebijakan Ispa

139
KEBIJAKAN & STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN ISPA

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  • KEBIJAKAN & STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN ISPA

  • LATAR BELAKANGPENGENDALIAN PNEUMONIA BALITA

    INICHD Oct 2008* |

    Pneumonia: The forgotten Killer of children

    INICHD Oct 2008* |

    Deaths among children under-five35% of under-five deaths are due to the presence of undernutrition*Neonatal deaths Sources: (1) WHO. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update (2008); (2) For undernutrition: Black et al. Lancet, 2008 Major causes of death in neonates and children under-five in the world - 2004

    Chart5

    35.8383333926

    17.4100045663

    15.865832729

    7.4148269649

    3.8093413325

    2.4896680001

    9.2361439186

    4.0633619927

    3.8724871031

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Neonatal deaths37%

    Measles 4%

    HIV/AIDS 2%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases 9%

    Global pie

    REGION NUMBER:7(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Region:WORLD

    1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    2Neonatal deaths35.8Prematurity and low birth weight30.71AFRO

    3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)17.4Birth asphyxia and birth trauma22.92AMRO

    4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)15.9Neonatal infectionsa25.13EMRO

    5Malaria7.4Other non-infectious perinatal causesb5.74EURO

    6Measles3.8Diarhhoeal diseases2.65SEARO

    7HIV/AIDS2.5Neonatal tetanus3.46WPRO

    8Other infectious and parasitic diseases9.2Congenital anomaliesc6.77WORLD

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)4.1Otherd3.0

    10Injuries (postneonatal)3.9

    100.0100.0

    Global pie

    00000000

    00000000

    Prematurity and low birth weight 31%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma 23%

    Neonatal infections 25%

    Other non-infectious perinatal causes 6%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 3%

    Neonatal tetanus 3%

    Congenital anomalies 7%

    Other 3%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Neonatal tetanus

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Otherd

    REGIONAL DATA

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Neonatal deaths36%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Afro

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Neonatal deaths36%

    Amro

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases 9%

    HIV/AIDS 2%

    Measles 4%

    Neonatal deaths37%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Emro

    30.670076491822.855200924525.07470466245.67915843062.60721373783.44456307126.70070953262.9683731492

    Prematurity and low birth weight 31%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma 23%

    Neonatal infectionsd 26%

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesc 5.7%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 2.6%

    Neonatal tetanus 3.4%

    Congenital anomaliesb 6.8%

    Othera 1.3%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Neonatal tetanus

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Otherd

    Euro

    35.8383333926

    17.4100045663

    15.865832729

    7.4148269649

    3.8093413325

    2.4896680001

    9.2361439186

    4.0633619927

    3.8724871031

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Neonatal deaths36%

    Searo

    Neonatal deathsAFROAMROEMROEUROSEAROWPROresidWorld

    Prematurity and low birth weight300,77357,145145,97034,260454,406149,4491,3961,142,00330.7

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma282,27024,550122,69119,417300,907101,18111851,01622.9

    Neonatal infectionsa312,20838,620168,27318,274318,43577,849826933,65925.1

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb69,5259,15828,8995,41774,76923,696207211,4645.7

    Diarhhoeal diseases37,69669821,2801,10530,9205,3808697,0802.6

    Neonatal tetanus59,49359421,3681838,8107,97696128,2593.4

    Congenital anomaliesc64,96423,64949,40715,26267,11729,10263249,5026.7

    Otherd29,01316,27317,3468,44626,79612,65459110,5283.0

    1,155,942170,687575,233102,1991,312,160407,2882,7463,723,510100.0

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.1140.0180.1600.0410.0900.085

    Under 5 total deaths00000000

    Neonatal deaths11559421706875752331021991312160407288274637262553,702,00835.8

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)958641521552553813750342384081439122918101881,810,18817.4

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)72171650024191865312955692548470577716496341,746,80015.9

    Malaria724408780297307130202267737770949770,9497.4

    Measles1803920385342901703376198321396072396,0723.8

    HIV/AIDS234586285540511664134972081127258861258,8612.5

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases495220493338104117390282165321293040960319909,0539.2

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)7240849857572982813713100482867913422484419,8944.1

    Injuries (postneonatal)10981222795433921283315940753881517402638383,5753.9

    All causes4653126.315173398484.7971276526.00707231318.1993074685.26752853.840610406.4810397400.898843

    0-0000000

    1234567

    26.033.525.433.534.636.730.7

    24.414.421.319.022.924.822.9

    27.022.629.317.924.319.125.1

    6.05.45.05.35.75.85.7

    3.30.43.71.12.41.32.6

    5.10.33.70.03.02.03.4

    5.613.98.614.95.17.16.7

    2.59.53.08.32.03.13.0

    1234567

    24.842.845.144.242.754.135.8

    20.613.120.016.213.810.817.4

    15.512.615.013.518.511.315.9

    15.60.22.30.00.40.37.4

    3.90.03.00.15.50.83.8

    5.00.70.30.70.40.32.5

    10.612.46.37.59.24.39.2

    1.612.54.512.24.311.04.1

    2.45.73.45.55.27.23.9

    Wpro

    Neonatal deathsAFROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight300,77326%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma282,27024%Region:AFRO

    Neonatal infectionsa312,20827%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb69,5256%2Neonatal deaths25%Neonatal infectionsa271AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases37,6963%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)21%Prematurity and low birth weight262AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus59,4935%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)16%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma243EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc64,9646%5Malaria15.6%Congenital anomaliesc6

    Otherd29,0133%6Measles3.9%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS5.0%Neonatal tetanus55SEARO

    1,155,942100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases11%Diarhhoeal diseases36WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)2%Otherd97WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.11410Injuries (postneonatal)2%

    1.0100

    Under 5 total deaths

    Neonatal deaths115594225%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)95864121%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)72171616%

    Malaria72440816%

    Measles1803924%

    HIV/AIDS2345865%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases49522011%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)724082%

    Injuries (postneonatal)1098122%

    All causes4653126.3151731

    Wpro

    0.2484227366

    0.2060209284

    0.1551034343

    0.1556819547

    0.0387680161

    0.0504147417

    0.1064274084

    0.0155611021

    0.0235996777

    HIV/AIDS5%

    Neonatal deaths25%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)21%

    Sheet1

    2726246539

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Neonatal infections27%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight26%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma24%

    Congenital anomalies 6%

    Neonatal tetanus 5%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 3%

    Other 9%

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsAMROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight57,14533%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma24,55014%Region:AMRO

    Neonatal infectionsa38,62023%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb9,1585%2Neonatal deaths43%Prematurity and low birth weight331AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases6980%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)13%Neonatal infectionsa232AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus5940%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)13%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma143EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc23,64914%5Malaria0.2%Congenital anomaliesc14

    Otherd16,27310%6Measles0.0%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS1.0%Neonatal tetanus05SEARO

    170,687100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases12%Diarhhoeal diseases06WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)13%Otherd157WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.01810Injuries (postneonatal)6%

    1.099

    Under 5 total deaths0

    Neonatal deaths17068743%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)5215513%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)5002413%

    Malaria7800.20%

    Measles00%

    HIV/AIDS28551%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases4933312%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)4985713%

    Injuries (postneonatal)227956%

    All causes398484.7971

    0.43

    0.13

    0.13

    0.002

    0

    0.01

    0.12

    0.13

    0.06

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)13%

    Neonatal deaths43%

    Malaria0.2%

    HIV/AIDS 1%

    332314140015

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight33%

    Neonatal infections23%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14%

    Congenital anomalies 14%

    Other 15%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsEMROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight145,97025%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma122,69121%Region:EMRO

    Neonatal infectionsa168,27329%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb28,8995%2Neonatal deaths45%Neonatal infectionsa291AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases21,2804%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)20%Prematurity and low birth weight252AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus21,3684%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)15%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma213EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc49,4079%5Malaria2.0%Congenital anomaliesc9

    Otherd17,3463%6Measles3.0%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS0.0%Neonatal tetanus45SEARO

    575,233100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases6%Diarhhoeal diseases46WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)4%Otherd87WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.16010Injuries (postneonatal)3%

    1.0100

    Under 5 total deaths0

    Neonatal deaths57523345%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)25538120%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)19186515%

    Malaria297302%

    Measles385343%

    HIV/AIDS40510%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases810416%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)572984%

    Injuries (postneonatal)433923%

    All causes1276526.007071

    0.45

    0.2

    0.15

    0.02

    0.03

    0

    0.06

    0.04

    0.03

    Injuries (postneonatal) 3%

    HIV/AIDS 1%

    Malaria 2%

    Measles 3%

    Neonatal deaths45%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)20%

    2925219448

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14%

    Other 15%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight25%

    Neonatal infections29%

    Birth asphyxia andbirth trauma21%

    Congenital anomalies 9%

    Neonatal tetanus 4%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 4%

    Other 8%

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsEUROREGION NUMBER:7(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight34,26034%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma19,41719%Region:EURO

    Neonatal infectionsa18,27418%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb5,4175%2Neonatal deaths44%Prematurity and low birth weight341AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases1,1051%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)16%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma192AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus180%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)14%Neonatal infectionsa183EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc15,26215%Congenital anomaliesc15

    Otherd8,4468%5Malaria0.0%Diarhhoeal diseases14EURO

    6Measles0.1%Neonatal tetanus05SEARO

    102,19917HIV/AIDS0.7%Otherd136WPRO

    8Other infectious and parasitic diseases8%7WORLD

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)12%

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.040797490310Injuries (postneonatal)6%

    1.0100.0

    Under 5 total deaths

    Neonatal deaths10219944%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)3750316%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)3129514%

    Malaria70.0%

    Measles2900.1%

    HIV/AIDS16640.7%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases173908%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)2813712%

    Injuries (postneonatal)128336%

    All causes231318.1991

    0.4418124922

    0.162128429

    0.1352889099

    0.000028485

    0.0012556343

    0.0071927693

    0.0751799446

    0.121637291

    0.0554760447

    Measles0.1%

    Neonatal deaths44%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)16%

    341918151013

    Prematurity and low birth weight 34%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma 19%

    Neonatal infections 18%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Neonatal tetanus

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsSEAROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight454,40635%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma300,90723%Region:SEARO

    Neonatal infectionsa318,43524%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb74,7696%2Neonatal deaths43%Prematurity and low birth weight351AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases30,9202%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)14%Neonatal infectionsa242AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus38,8103%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)19%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma233EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc67,1175%5Malaria0.0%Congenital anomaliesc5

    Otherd26,7962%6Measles6.0%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS0.0%Neonatal tetanus35SEARO

    1,312,160100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases9%Diarhhoeal diseases26WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)4%Otherd87WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.09010Injuries (postneonatal)5%

    1.0100

    Under 5 total deaths0

    Neonatal deaths131216043%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)42384014%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)56925419%

    Malaria130200%

    Measles1703376%

    HIV/AIDS134970%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases2821659%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)1310044%

    Injuries (postneonatal)1594075%

    All causes3074685.261

    0.43

    0.14

    0.19

    0

    0.06

    0

    0.09

    0.04

    0.05

    Neonatal deaths43%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)14%

    3524235328

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14%

    Other 15%

    Other 8%

    Neonatal infections24%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight35%

    Birth asphyxia andbirth trauma23%

    Neonatal tetanus 3%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 2%

    Congenital anomalies 5%

    Other 8%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsWPROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight149,44937%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma101,18125%Region:WPRO

    Neonatal infectionsa77,84919%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb23,6966%2Neonatal deaths54%Prematurity and low birth weight371AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases5,3801%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)11%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma252AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus7,9762%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)11%Neonatal infectionsa193EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc29,1027%5Malaria0.0%Congenital anomaliesc7

    Otherd12,6543%6Measles1.0%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS0.0%Neonatal tetanus25SEARO

    407,288100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases4%Diarhhoeal diseases16WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)11%Otherd97WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.08510Injuries (postneonatal)7%

    1.0100

    Under 5 total deaths0

    Neonatal deaths40728854%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)8143911%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)8470511%

    Malaria22670%

    Measles61981%

    HIV/AIDS20810%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases321294%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)8286711%

    Injuries (postneonatal)538817%

    All causes752853.84061

    0.54

    0.11

    0.11

    0

    0.01

    0

    0.04

    0.11

    0.07

    Measles 1%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases 4%

    Neonatal deaths54%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)11%

    3725197219

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14%

    Other 15%

    Other 8%

    Neonatal infections19%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight37%

    Birth asphyxia andbirth trauma25%

    Neonatal tetanus 2%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 5%

    Other 9%

    Congenital anomalies 7%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    World 2004

    Under 5 total deathsSource: WHR 2005 forthcoming, 2005

    Neonatal deaths36

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)17Annual under 5 COD distribution in 2000-2003 (basis for WHR 2005)Neonatal deaths

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)16Prematurity and low birth weight31

    Malaria7All under 5100.0Neonatal causes100.0Birth asphyxia and birth trauma23

    Measles4HIV/AIDS2Neonatal tetanus3Neonatal infectionsa25

    HIV/AIDS2Diarrhoeal diseases (post-neonatal)16Neonatal infectionsa25Other non-infectious perinatal causesb6

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases9Measles4Birth asphyxia and birth trauma23Diarhhoeal diseases3

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)413Malaria7Diarhhoeal diseases3Neonatal tetanus3

    Injuries (postneonatal)4Acute respiratory infections17Congenital anomaliesc7Congenital anomaliesc7

    100Neonatal causes36Prematurity and low birth weight31Other39

    Injuries4Otherd9

    Others13

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Neonatal causes of death

    Congenital anomalies 7%

    Birth asphyxia23%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 3%

    Prematurity and low birth weight31%

    Severe infections25%

    Other 9%

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Under 5 causes of death

    Neonatal causes36%

    35.8383333926

    17.4100045663

    15.865832729

    7.4148269649

    3.8093413325

    2.4896680001

    9.2361439186

    4.0633619927

    3.8724871031

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal) 4%

    Neonatal deaths36%

    Chart18

    30.670076491822.855200924525.07470466242.60721373783.44456307126.70070953269

    5.6791584306

    Prematurity and low birth weight31%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma23%

    Neonatal infections25%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 3%

    Neonatal tetanus 3%

    Congenital anomalies 7%

    Other 9%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Neonatal tetanus

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Otherd

    Global pie

    REGION NUMBER:7(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Region:WORLD

    1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    2Neonatal deaths35.8Prematurity and low birth weight30.71AFRO

    3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)17.4Birth asphyxia and birth trauma22.92AMRO

    4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)15.9Neonatal infectionsa25.13EMRO

    5Malaria7.45.74EURO

    6Measles3.8Diarhhoeal diseases2.65SEARO

    7HIV/AIDS2.5Neonatal tetanus3.46WPRO

    8Other infectious and parasitic diseases9.2Congenital anomaliesc6.77WORLD

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)4.1Otherd9.0

    10Injuries (postneonatal)3.9

    100.0100.4

    Global pie

    00000000

    00000000

    Prematurity and low birth weight31%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma23%

    Neonatal infections25%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 3%

    Neonatal tetanus 3%

    Congenital anomalies 7%

    Other 9%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Neonatal tetanus

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Otherd

    REGIONAL DATA

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Neonatal deaths36%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Afro

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Neonatal deaths36%

    Amro

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases 9%

    HIV/AIDS 2%

    Measles 4%

    Neonatal deaths37%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Emro

    0005.67915843060002.9683731492

    000000

    Prematurity and low birth weight 31%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma 23%

    Neonatal infectionsd 26%

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesc 5.7%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 2.6%

    Neonatal tetanus 3.4%

    Congenital anomaliesb 6.8%

    Othera 1.3%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Neonatal tetanus

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Otherd

    Euro

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)17%

    Neonatal deaths36%

    Searo

    Neonatal deathsAFROAMROEMROEUROSEAROWPROresidWorld

    Prematurity and low birth weight300,77357,145145,97034,260454,406149,4491,3961,142,00330.7

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma282,27024,550122,69119,417300,907101,18111851,01622.9

    Neonatal infectionsa312,20838,620168,27318,274318,43577,849826933,65925.1

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb69,5259,15828,8995,41774,76923,696207211,4645.7

    Diarhhoeal diseases37,69669821,2801,10530,9205,3808697,0802.6

    Neonatal tetanus59,49359421,3681838,8107,97696128,2593.4

    Congenital anomaliesc64,96423,64949,40715,26267,11729,10263249,5026.7

    Otherd29,01316,27317,3468,44626,79612,65459110,5283.0

    1,155,942170,687575,233102,1991,312,160407,2882,7463,723,510100.0

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.1140.0180.1600.0410.0900.085

    Under 5 total deaths00000000

    Neonatal deaths11559421706875752331021991312160407288274637262553,702,00835.8

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)958641521552553813750342384081439122918101881,810,18817.4

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)72171650024191865312955692548470577716496341,746,80015.9

    Malaria724408780297307130202267737770949770,9497.4

    Measles1803920385342901703376198321396072396,0723.8

    HIV/AIDS234586285540511664134972081127258861258,8612.5

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases495220493338104117390282165321293040960319909,0539.2

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)7240849857572982813713100482867913422484419,8944.1

    Injuries (postneonatal)10981222795433921283315940753881517402638383,5753.9

    All causes4653126.315173398484.7971276526.00707231318.1993074685.26752853.840610406.4810397400.898843

    0-0000000

    1234567

    26.033.525.433.534.636.730.7

    24.414.421.319.022.924.822.9

    27.022.629.317.924.319.125.1

    6.05.45.05.35.75.85.7

    3.30.43.71.12.41.32.6

    5.10.33.70.03.02.03.4

    5.613.98.614.95.17.16.7

    2.59.53.08.32.03.13.0

    1234567

    24.842.845.144.242.754.135.8

    20.613.120.016.213.810.817.4

    15.512.615.013.518.511.315.9

    15.60.22.30.00.40.37.4

    3.90.03.00.15.50.83.8

    5.00.70.30.70.40.32.5

    10.612.46.37.59.24.39.2

    1.612.54.512.24.311.04.1

    2.45.73.45.55.27.23.9

    Wpro

    Neonatal deathsAFROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight300,77326%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma282,27024%Region:AFRO

    Neonatal infectionsa312,20827%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb69,5256%2Neonatal deaths25%Neonatal infectionsa271AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases37,6963%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)21%Prematurity and low birth weight262AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus59,4935%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)16%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma243EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc64,9646%5Malaria15.6%Congenital anomaliesc6

    Otherd29,0133%6Measles3.9%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS5.0%Neonatal tetanus55SEARO

    1,155,942100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases11%Diarhhoeal diseases36WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)2%Otherd97WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.11410Injuries (postneonatal)2%

    1.0100

    Under 5 total deaths

    Neonatal deaths115594225%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)95864121%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)72171616%

    Malaria72440816%

    Measles1803924%

    HIV/AIDS2345865%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases49522011%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)724082%

    Injuries (postneonatal)1098122%

    All causes4653126.3151731

    Wpro

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    HIV/AIDS5%

    Neonatal deaths25%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)21%

    Sheet1

    00000000

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Neonatal infections27%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight26%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma24%

    Congenital anomalies 6%

    Neonatal tetanus 5%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 3%

    Other 9%

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsAMROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight57,14533%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma24,55014%Region:AMRO

    Neonatal infectionsa38,62023%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb9,1585%2Neonatal deaths43%Prematurity and low birth weight331AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases6980%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)13%Neonatal infectionsa232AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus5940%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)13%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma143EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc23,64914%5Malaria0.2%Congenital anomaliesc14

    Otherd16,27310%6Measles0.0%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS1.0%Neonatal tetanus05SEARO

    170,687100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases12%Diarhhoeal diseases06WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)13%Otherd157WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.01810Injuries (postneonatal)6%

    1.099

    Under 5 total deaths0

    Neonatal deaths17068743%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)5215513%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)5002413%

    Malaria7800.20%

    Measles00%

    HIV/AIDS28551%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases4933312%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)4985713%

    Injuries (postneonatal)227956%

    All causes398484.7971

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)13%

    Neonatal deaths43%

    Malaria0.2%

    HIV/AIDS 1%

    00000000

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight33%

    Neonatal infections23%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14%

    Congenital anomalies 14%

    Other 15%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsEMROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight145,97025%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma122,69121%Region:EMRO

    Neonatal infectionsa168,27329%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb28,8995%2Neonatal deaths45%Neonatal infectionsa291AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases21,2804%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)20%Prematurity and low birth weight252AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus21,3684%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)15%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma213EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc49,4079%5Malaria2.0%Congenital anomaliesc9

    Otherd17,3463%6Measles3.0%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS0.0%Neonatal tetanus45SEARO

    575,233100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases6%Diarhhoeal diseases46WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)4%Otherd87WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.16010Injuries (postneonatal)3%

    1.0100

    Under 5 total deaths0

    Neonatal deaths57523345%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)25538120%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)19186515%

    Malaria297302%

    Measles385343%

    HIV/AIDS40510%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases810416%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)572984%

    Injuries (postneonatal)433923%

    All causes1276526.007071

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Injuries (postneonatal) 3%

    HIV/AIDS 1%

    Malaria 2%

    Measles 3%

    Neonatal deaths45%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)20%

    00000000

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14%

    Other 15%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight25%

    Neonatal infections29%

    Birth asphyxia andbirth trauma21%

    Congenital anomalies 9%

    Neonatal tetanus 4%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 4%

    Other 8%

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsEUROREGION NUMBER:7(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight34,26034%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma19,41719%Region:EURO

    Neonatal infectionsa18,27418%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb5,4175%2Neonatal deaths44%Prematurity and low birth weight341AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases1,1051%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)16%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma192AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus180%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)14%Neonatal infectionsa183EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc15,26215%Congenital anomaliesc15

    Otherd8,4468%5Malaria0.0%Diarhhoeal diseases14EURO

    6Measles0.1%Neonatal tetanus05SEARO

    102,19917HIV/AIDS0.7%Otherd136WPRO

    8Other infectious and parasitic diseases8%7WORLD

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)12%

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.040797490310Injuries (postneonatal)6%

    1.0100.0

    Under 5 total deaths

    Neonatal deaths10219944%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)3750316%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)3129514%

    Malaria70.0%

    Measles2900.1%

    HIV/AIDS16640.7%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases173908%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)2813712%

    Injuries (postneonatal)128336%

    All causes231318.1991

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Measles 0.1%

    HIV/AIDS 0.7%

    Neonatal deaths44%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)16%

    00000000

    Prematurity and low birth weight 34%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma 19%

    Neonatal infections 18%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Neonatal tetanus

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsSEAROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight454,40635%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma300,90723%Region:SEARO

    Neonatal infectionsa318,43524%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb74,7696%2Neonatal deaths43%Prematurity and low birth weight351AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases30,9202%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)14%Neonatal infectionsa242AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus38,8103%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)19%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma233EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc67,1175%5Malaria0.0%Congenital anomaliesc5

    Otherd26,7962%6Measles6.0%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS0.0%Neonatal tetanus35SEARO

    1,312,160100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases9%Diarhhoeal diseases26WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)4%Otherd87WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.09010Injuries (postneonatal)5%

    1.0100

    Under 5 total deaths0

    Neonatal deaths131216043%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)42384014%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)56925419%

    Malaria130200%

    Measles1703376%

    HIV/AIDS134970%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases2821659%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)1310044%

    Injuries (postneonatal)1594075%

    All causes3074685.261

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Neonatal deaths43%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)14%

    00000000

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14%

    Other 15%

    Other 8%

    Neonatal infections24%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight35%

    Birth asphyxia andbirth trauma23%

    Neonatal tetanus 3%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 2%

    Congenital anomalies 5%

    Other 8%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    Neonatal deathsWPROREGION NUMBER:(Enter number in range 1-7 for regions AFRO to WPRO and WORLD (7))

    Prematurity and low birth weight149,44937%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma101,18125%Region:WPRO

    Neonatal infectionsa77,84919%1Under 5 total deathsNeonatal deaths

    Other non-infectious perinatal causesb23,6966%2Neonatal deaths54%Prematurity and low birth weight371AFRO

    Diarhhoeal diseases5,3801%3Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)11%Birth asphyxia and birth trauma252AMRO

    Neonatal tetanus7,9762%4Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)11%Neonatal infectionsa193EMRO

    Congenital anomaliesc29,1027%5Malaria0.0%Congenital anomaliesc7

    Otherd12,6543%6Measles1.0%4EURO

    7HIV/AIDS0.0%Neonatal tetanus25SEARO

    407,288100%8Other infectious and parasitic diseases4%Diarhhoeal diseases16WPRO

    9Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)11%Otherd97WORLD

    Neonatal/infant diarrhoeal disease0.08510Injuries (postneonatal)7%

    1.0100

    Under 5 total deaths0

    Neonatal deaths40728854%

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)8143911%

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)8470511%

    Malaria22670%

    Measles61981%

    HIV/AIDS20810%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases321294%

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)8286711%

    Injuries (postneonatal)538817%

    All causes752853.84061

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Measles 1%

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases 4%

    Neonatal deaths54%

    Acute respiratory infections (postneonatal)11%

    00000000

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 15%

    Other 13%

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma14%

    Other 15%

    Other 8%

    Neonatal infections19%

    Prematurity and lowbirth weight37%

    Birth asphyxia andbirth trauma25%

    Neonatal tetanus 2%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 1%

    Congenital anomalies 5%

    Other 9%

    Congenital anomalies 7%

    Prematurity and low birth weight

    Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

    Neonatal infectionsa

    Congenital anomaliesc

    Neonatal tetanus

    Diarhhoeal diseases

    Otherd

    World 2004

    Under 5 total deathsSource: WHR 2005 forthcoming, 2005

    Neonatal deaths36

    Acute respiratory infections (posgtneonatal)17Annual under 5 COD distribution in 2000-2003 (basis for WHR 2005)Neonatal deaths

    Diarrhoeal diseases (postneonatal)16Prematurity and low birth weight31

    Malaria7All under 5100.0Neonatal causes100.0Birth asphyxia and birth trauma23

    Measles4HIV/AIDS2Neonatal tetanus3Neonatal infectionsa25

    HIV/AIDS2Diarrhoeal diseases (post-neonatal)16Neonatal infectionsa25Other non-infectious perinatal causesb6

    Other infectious and parasitic diseases9Measles4Birth asphyxia and birth trauma23Diarhhoeal diseases3

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal)413Malaria7Diarhhoeal diseases3Neonatal tetanus3

    Injuries (postneonatal)4Acute respiratory infections17Congenital anomaliesc7Congenital anomaliesc7

    100Neonatal causes36Prematurity and low birth weight31Other39

    Injuries4Otherd9

    Others13

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Neonatal causes of death

    Congenital anomalies 7%

    Birth asphyxia23%

    Diarrhoeal diseases 3%

    Prematurity and low birth weight31%

    Severe infections25%

    Other 9%

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Under 5 causes of death

    Neonatal causes36%

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

    Noncommunicable diseases (postneonatal) 4%

    Neonatal deaths36%

  • SASARAN RPJMN 2010-2014(PERPRES 5 / 2010)Meningkatnya UHH MENJADI 72 thn

    Menurunnya Angka Kematian Bayi menjadi 24 per 1000 KH

    Menurunnya AKI menjadi 118 per 100.000 KH

    Menurunnya prevalensi gizi-kurang pada anak Balita menjadi 15%.

    TARGET MDGs 2015 8 TUJUANMeAKBa. 2/3-nya pada tahun 1990-2015EDUCATIONGENDERPOVERTY & HUNGERMATERNAL HEALTHCOMM.DISEASECHILD HEALTHENVIRONMENTPARTNERSHIPCAPAIAN RPJMN 2005-2009--------Angka Kematian Bayi 34 per 1000 KHAKI 228 per 100.000 KHPrevalensi gizi kurang 18,4 % pada anak Balita

  • ANALISIS SITUASIPENGENDALIAN PNEUMONIA BALITA

  • PENURUNAN ANGKA KEMATIAN BAYI & BALITAAK Bayi-Balita cenderung stagnan dalam paruh waktu kedua(2010-2014) bagi upaya pencapaian MDG 2015

    *Bersamaan dengan Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Tahap kedua (2010-2014) Kesempatan terakhir bagi percepatan pencapaian MDG secara sistimatis.

    Chart1

    689132332393323933239

    578130343353433534335

    465826354313543135431

    354620376223762237622

    344520390833908339083

    398143981439814263981439814

    401794017940179401794017940179

    420054200542005420053223

    AKB

    AKBA

    Kem. Neonatal

    AKB RPJMN

    AKBA MDG

    AKB MDG

    Kematian per 1.000 kelahiran hidup

    Sheet1

    AKBAKBAKem. NeonatalAKB RPJMNAKBA MDGAKB MDG

    1/1/91689132

    1/1/94578130

    1/1/97465826

    1/1/03354620

    1/1/07344520

    1/1/0926

    1/1/10

    1/1/153223

    2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015

    40.839.037.235.533.932.330.829.428.126.925.724.623.522.521.620.7

    Sheet1

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    AKB

    AKBA

    Kematian per 1.000 kelahiran hidup

    Trend AKB dan AKBA: SDKI, RPJM dan MDG

    Sheet2

    Sheet3

  • Penyebab Kematian Bayi 0-11 bulan Masalah Neonatal46,2 %Sumber : Riskesdas 2007Masalah neonatal :AsfiksiaBBLRInfeksi, dll

  • Penyebab Kematian Balita 0-59 bulan

    Masalah Neonatal36 %Sumber : Riskesdas 2007Masalah neonatal :AsfiksiaBBLRInfeksi, dll

  • KONDISI DI LAPANGANSECARA NASIONAL:Dari hasil pemetaan cakupan Pneumonia membuktikan bahwa Pneumonia tersebar di seluruh wilayah IndonesiaCakupan penemuan Pneumonia Balita selama 10 tahun berkisar antara 19,65-35,9%.Cakupan penemuan kasus pneumonia dari tahun 2000 sampai tahun 2010 belum pernah mencapai target yang ditetapkan;

  • CAKUPAN PENEMUAN PENDERITA PNEUMONIA BALITA Nasional 2005 - 2010

  • CAKUPAN PENEMUAN PNEUMONIA BALITA TAHUN 2010

  • KONDISI DI LAPANGANPengendalian Pneumonia Balita sangat dipengaruhi cakupan penemuan penyakitnya. Beberapa hambatan yang ditemui di DAERAH antara lain :Tenaga terlatih MTBS/ Tatalaksana Standar ISPA tidak melaksanakan di Puskesmas serta mutasi nakes yang tinggiPembiayaan (logistik & operasional) terbatasPembinaan (bimbingan teknis, monitoring dan evaluasi) secara berjenjang masih sangat kurang Pneumonia Balita merupakan pandemi yang dilupakan/ tidak ada prioritas sedangkan masalah ini merupakan masalah multisektoral diperlukan kemitraan Gejala Pneumonia Balita sukar dikenali oleh orang awam maupun tenaga kesehatan yang tidak terlatih

  • PERENCANAAN TERPADU(RESPONSIF)

    NoPeranSDMFisikPeralatanOperasional1PusatpelatihanstandarStandar, pembinaan, mengadakanPedoman, BOK 2PropinsirekrutmenpembinaanKoordinasi teknologiBiaya pelaksanaan koord prop3Kabupaten KotapembinaanbiayapengadaanPengawasan dan rencana4Masyarakatpengawasanpengawasanpengawasanpengawasan

  • TUJUAN & SASARANPENGENDALIAN PNEUMONIA BALITADYAH A.R.

  • TUJUAN PENGENDALIAN PNEUMONIA BALITATercapainya penemuan dan tatalaksana kasus pneumonia balita pada tahun 2010 (60%), 2011 (70%), 2012 (80%), 2013 (90%) dan 2014 (100%). Tersedianya SDM terlatih profesional dalam penatalaksanaan kasus Pneumonia Balita.Tersedianya SDM terlatih profesional dalam manajemen program pengendalian Pneumonia BalitaTersedianya sarana yang mendukung penatalaksanaan kasus pneumonia Balita secara komprehensif Tersedianya gambaran epidemiologi melalui pengembangan surveilans sentinel pneumonia Balita

    INICHD Oct 2008* |

    GAPP: ObjectivesTo accelerate pneumonia control through scaling up the delivery of interventions of proven benefit in the context of newborn and child survival strategies in countriesTo identify and implement a set of priority activities within each area of work in reducing pneumonia mortalityTo develop an approach towards monitoring, documenting and evaluating the impact of the action plan

    INICHD Oct 2008* |

    Key elements of the action planCommunication/AdvocacyImplementationMonitoring and EvaluationResearch and Development: feedback into implementation

  • SASARAN PENGENDALIAN PNEUMONIA BALITA

    Usia Balita, yaitu bayi (0-

  • KEBIJAKAN PENGENDALIAN ISPA (1)Mengupayakan P2 ISPA sebagai salah satu Program Prioritas Nasional dari Program Prioritas Ditjen. PP & PL Departemen Kesehatan RI untuk mencapai MDGs 2015Pengendalian penyakit ISPA dilaksanakan sesuai dengan otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi dalam NKRI.Upaya pengendalian kesakitan dan kematian pendekatan Manajemen Terpadu Balita Sakit (MTBS) dilakukan bekerjasama dengan lintas program yang terkait dengan kesehatan Balita. Penyebarluasan informasi pengendalian penyakit ISPA melalui berbagai media sesuai dengan kondisi sosial dan budaya setempat.

  • KEBIJAKAN PENGENDALIAN ISPA (2)Logistik pengendalian penyakit ISPA meliputi obat esensial, sound timer, oksigen konsentrator dan lain-lain disediakan oleh Pemerintah baik pusat, propinsi dan kabupaten/kota.Pengendalian penyakit ISPA dilaksanakan melalui jejaring kerjasama kemitraan dengan berbagai pihak Menjaga dan meningkatkan mutu pelayanan dan akuntabilitas pelaksanaan program melalui peningkatan kemampuan sumber daya manusia, pembinaan/supervisi, sistem pemantauan dan evaluasi program serta sosialisasi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat.

  • STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN ISPA (1)Membangun komitmen politis di setiap tingkat administrasi pemerintahan dengan melaksanakan advokasi dan sosialisasi program P2 ISPA dalam rangka pencapaian MDGs 2015.Penguatan jejaring dilaksanakan melalui pertemuan berkala dengan seluruh pemangku kepentingan terkait. Penemuan kasus dilakukan secara aktif dan pasif sesuai dengan tatalaksana standar pengobatan.Peningkatan mutu pelayanan melalui peningkatan kapasitas sumber daya manusia dan kelengkapan logistik bekerjasama dengan pemerintah daerah.

  • STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN ISPA (2)Peningkatan peran keluarga dan masyarakat dilakukan melalui pemberdayaan kader dan tokoh masyarakat.Evaluasi program dilaksanakan secara berkala bekerjasama dengan lembaga pengkajian/penelitian guna mendapatkan hasil yang obyektif.Sistem pelaporan dibangun secara bertahap dengan komputerisasi sehingga keterlambatan laporan dapat dikurangi.Pembinaan teknis dilakukan secara berjenjang dan terstandar.

  • L.I.H.A.T dan D.E.N.G.A.R.K.AN

    Selamatkan Balita Indonesia dari KematianPROGRAM PEGENDALIAN PNEUMONIA BALITAHidup terlalu singkat, Mengapa harus enggan menghitung napas.., Jika banyak jiwa bisa selamat.

  • IRA PADA ANAKInfeksi Respiratori Akut

  • Mekanisme pertahanan respiratorikhidung - filtrasi partikel refleks epiglotis pencegahan aspirasirefleks batuk ekspulsi benda asingselimut mukosilier - pembersihan organisme makrofag alveolar fagositosis bakterisubstansi imunologis lokal netralisasi kumansistem limfatik transport partikel dari paru

  • Definisi IRA adalah sekelompok penyakit infeksi pada sistem respiratorik, disebabkan oleh berbagai etiologi, berlangsung < 14 harisistem respiratori: sistem yang berperan dalam proses respirasi; hidung s/d alveoli dan struktur terkait (sinus, telinga, pleura)Respirologi: ilmu tentang sistem respiratorik sebagai satu kesatuan

  • Istilah Depkes : ISPA, Inf sal pernapasan akutWHO : ARI, Acute respiratory infection, AURI : Acute upper respiratory infectionALRI : Acute lower respiratory infectionIKA : IRA, infeksi respiratori akutIRAA : Infeksi respiratori atas akutIRBA : Infeksi respiratori bawah akut

  • Pembagian IRA : atas & bawah (IRAA & IRBA)batas : laring (Nelson)IRAA : rinitis, tonsilitis, faringitis, sinusitis, otitis mediaIRBA : croup (laringitis dkk), bronkitis, bronkiolitis, pneumoniaetiologi IRAA : >90% virus tidak perlu AB

  • IRAASelesmaFaringitisSinusitisOtitis mediaIRBACroupEpiglotitisBronkitisBronkiolitisPneumonia

  • Pembagian IRAIRAIRAASesak (+)Sesak (-)IRAAIRBAIRBARinitisFaringitisTonsilitis SinusitisOtitis mediaLaringitisCroup Bronkitis

    Difteria

    Epiglotitis BronkiolitisPneumonia

  • Pneumonia

  • Anatomi sistem respiratorikSaluran respiratori atas :HidungSinusFaring - laring

    Saluran respiratori bawah :BronkusBronkiolusAlveolusSaluran respiratori atas dan bawah berhubungan erat karena merupakan 1 unit

  • The KILLEROver 2 million children die from pneumonia each year.. In children < 5 years pneumonia caused 1 in 5 deaths UNICEF/ WHO, Pneumonia: The Forgotten Killer of Children, September 2006

  • Pneumonia PEMBUNUH utama balitaMasalah pneumonia pada balita di IndonesiaMorbiditas 10-20 %Mortalitas 5 / 1000

    Kematian krn Pneumonia50.000 / tahun12.500 / bulan416 /hari = 1 jumbo jet17 / jam1 / 4 menit

  • Pneumonia inflamasi parenkim paru (alveoli dan interstisiil)

    definisi klinis: penyakit respiratorik ditandai batuk, sesak, demam, ronki, dan infiltrat pada foto Rontgen

    istilah lain : pneumonitis (non-infeksi); alveolitis (Eropa)

  • Etiologi Pneumoniaterutama : bakteri dan virus di negara berkembang: bakteri > virus Shann,1986: in 7 developing countries, bacterial - 60 % Turner, 1987: in developed countries, bacterial - 19 % ; viral - 39 %

  • Etiologi sebagian besar: kuman (virus, bakteri, dll); aspirasi, radiasi, dllpneumonia kuman : virus atau bakteri ? konsekuensi tata laksanaawal: virus komplikasi bakteripola kuman sesuai distribusi umur terpenting : Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, streptokokus grup B

  • Bakteri penyebabStreptococcus pneumoniaeHemophilus influenzaeStaphylococcus aureusStreptococcus group A BKlebsiella pneumoniaePseudomonas aeruginosaChlamydia sppMycoplasma pneumoniae

  • Pembagian jenis pneumoniaCommunity acquired pneumonia umumnya kuman Gram positif

    Hospital acquired pneumonia umumnya kuman Gram negatif

  • Patogenesis aspirasi kumanpenyebaran langsung dari respiratorik atasviremia / bakteremiapenyebaran langsung dari infeksi intra-abdomenterbanyak : 2 pertama

  • Manifestasi klinistergantung: kuman, usia, status imuno-logis, beratnya penyakitneonatus bisa tanpa gejala khususgejala: umum, pulmonal, pleural, ekstra-pulmonalumum : demam, menggigil, sefalgia, resah, gelisah, gastrointestinal (muntah, kembung, diare)

  • Manifestasi klinis

    gejalatandapemr fisisdemamdemam ronkhinapas cepattakipnumengibatukdispnusuara n lemahmuntahretraksipekaktdk mau minumnapas cupingfremitus lemahIritabelmerintihmeningismusletargisianosispl friction rub

  • Manifestasi klinistanda pulmonal: berguna, tapi pd awitan mungkin belum adaotot bantu napas: chest indrawing / retraksi frekuensi napas: indeks paling sensitif, anak tenang / tidurbatuk: pada anak besar, kering produktif, suara napas, ronkhi basah halus (bayi - )klinis : sulit membedakan bakteri / virus

  • Manifestasi klinis sederhana (WHO)Napas cepat (tachypnea)

    batas frekuensi napasUmurfrekuensi nps< 2 bulan602 - 12 bulan501 - 5 tahun40

    Chest Indrawing (tarikan dinding dada ke dalam)

  • Pemeriksaan penunjangRontgen toraks: menunjang diagnosis, menilai luasnya kelainan patologiMencari kemungkinan komplikasifoto : AP, kadang + lateralpneumatokel Staphylococcus aureusnormal dalam 3-4 minggutidak rutin diulang; kecuali pneumatokel, pneumotoraks / komplikasi lain

  • Pemeriksaan penunjangAnalisis gas darahlekositosis (>15.000/ul) lazim dijumpaidominasi netrofil, pergeseran ke kiri bakteritrombosit >500.000/ul bakteritrombopeni virusLED dan CRP tidak khasbiakan darah: spesifik, namun hanya 10-15% yang (+)

  • Diagnosis terbaik: etiologik, dengan pemeriksaan mikrobiologikendala: teknis: spesimen representatifBiaya: mahaldasar diagnosis: klinis + penunjang lainmasalah : virus atau bakteri ?

  • ISPA - MTBSTujuan: deteksi pneumonia, sehingga tidak ada yang luputGejala awal kecurigaan: BATUK, biasanya disertai tanda infeksi berupa demamKlasifikasi: (bukan diagnosis)Bukan pneumoniaPneumonia ringanPneumonia beratFokus utama pada pneumonia berat yang potensi mortalitasnya tinggiWHO, Buku saku Pelayanan Kesehatan di RS, 2006

  • Hub diagnosis klinis - klasifikasi ISPA WHO, Buku saku Pelayanan Kesehatan di RS, 2006

    Diagnosis klinisKlasifikasi ISPAPneumonia berat tanpa hipoksemia dengan hipoksemia dengan komplikasiPneumonia berat hinggaPneumonia sangat beratPneumonia ringanPneumonia Infeksi respiratori atasBukan pneumonia

  • Pneumonia beratBatuk &/ kesulitan bernapas, disertai >1 hal:Kepala terangguk-anggukNapas cuping hidungTarikan dinding dada bagian bawah ke dalam (chest indrawing)

    Tanda lain:Napas cepatMerintih (grunting) pada bayiAuskultasi: ronki / suara napas turun / bronkial

    WHO, Buku saku Pelayanan Kesehatan di RS, 2006

  • Pneumonia sangat beratSelain gejala pneumonia berat, dijumpai:

    Bayi tidak dapat menyusu, makan/minum; atau memuntahkan semuanyaKejang, letargis, atau tidak sadarSianosisSesak sangat berat

    WHO, Buku saku Pelayanan Kesehatan di RS, 2006

  • Tatalaksana Community acquired pneumonia > rawat rumah adekuatrawat inap: sesak nyata, bayi < 3bulanterapi penunjang & etiologikPenunjang: oksigen, cairan, makanan terapi etiologik : antibiotikdeteksi dan tatalaksana komplikasi

  • Tatalaksanaideal : sesuai dengan kuman penyebabkendala diagnostik, viral ~ bakterial, inf bakteri sekunder antibiotik untuk semua pneumoniaantibiotik : 5-10 hari, bisa 14 harisampai 2-3 hari bebas demam

  • Vaksin pneumokok

  • Faktor risiko pneumoniaPNEUMONIA Tanpa ASIDefisiensi vit AMalnutrisi Imunisasi tdk lengkapUsia mudaHigh prevalencepathogen carrierBerat lahir rendahKepadatan Cuaca dinginPajanan dgn polusi dalam / luar rumahAsap rokok, asap biomass, polusi kendaraan, pabrik

  • Copyright 2006 American Academy of PediatricsStreptococcus pneumoniae in pleural exudate (Gram stain)

  • History L Pasteur (1822-1895) & colleagues the first notion, the bacteria is important human pathogen1886 - Fraenkel pneumococci tendency to cause pneumonia1920 - Society of American Bacteriologist Diplococcus pneumoniae1974 - form chain in liquid media Streptococcus pneumoniaePediatric Respiratory Medicine, 2nded, 2008

  • Colonization Nasopharyngeal carriages - most healthy persons carry various S. pneumoniae in their upper respiratory tract - carrier6mo 5yr of age >90% - at some pointPeak 1st 2nd year of life, decline graduallyDoes not consistently induce local / systemic immunity sufficient to prevent later reacquisition of the same serotypeNelson textbook of Pediatrics, 18thed, 2007

  • Transmissions

    Fedson, Musher, in Vaccines, 1994Musher, in Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 1995

  • Immunology Capsular polysaccharides impedes phagocytocis determined the virulence - 90 serotypesIPD isolates used to study the distribution of serotypes causing the most severe forms of PD4 decades: 4, 6B, 9V, 14,18C, 19F, 23F the majority of invasive isolates, in children in developed countries6B, 9V, 14, 19F resistant to penicillinCapsule switching resistance mechanism

    Nelson textbook of Pediatrics, 18thed, 2007

  • Pathogenesis

    Salyers, Whitt, in Bacterial Pathogenesis, 1994

  • Clinical presentationDirect extensionOtitis mediaMastoiditis SinusitisLaryngotracheo-bronchitisPneumoniaEmpyema

    BloodstreamOccult bacteremiaSepsisMeningitisPneumonia PericarditisPeritonitisOsteomyelitis, etc

    Nelson textbook of Pediatrics, 18thed, 2007

  • High risk groupRates of infection are highest in: InfantsYoung children, below five yearsElderly

    Redbook online, 2006

  • Burden of Pneumococcal Disease

  • Pneumococcal Disease: Overview SeriousUp to 1 million child deaths each year. Survivors of meningitis are often left with life-long disabilities1 CommonThe No. 1 cause of vaccine-preventable mortality1 PreventableNeed for modified vaccine formulations2 for global coverageWHO, Immunization data fact sheet, 2004; 2. WHO Wkl Epi Report 2008; 83(1) - Target profile new PCVs

  • Sejarah vaksin pneumokok197714-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-14) licensed198323-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) licensed Pneumo-2320007-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) licensed - Prevenar20xx?10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) licensed - .. ???20xx?13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) licensed?

  • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine - PPVPurified capsular polysaccharide antigen from 23 types of pneumococcusAccount for 88% of bacteremic pneumococcal diseaseCross-react with types causing additional 8% of disease

  • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine - PPVPurified pneumococcal polysaccharide (23 types)Not effective in children younger than 2 years60%-70% against invasive diseaseLess effective in preventing pneumococcal pneumonia

  • PPV recommendationsAdults 65 years of age or olderPersons 2 years or older withchronic illnessanatomic or functional aspleniaimmunocompromised (disease, chemotherapy, steroids)HIV infectionenvironments or settings with increased riskMMWR 1997;46(RR-8):1-24

  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine - PCVPneumococcal polysaccharide conjugated to nontoxic diphtheria toxin (7 serotypes)

    Vaccine serotypes account for 86% of bacteremia and 83% of meningitis among children younger than 6 years of age

  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine - PCVHighly immunogenic in infants and young children, including those with high-risk medical conditions97% effective against invasive disease caused by vaccine serotypes73% effective against pneumonia7% reduction in all episodes of acute otitis media

  • PCV recommendationsAll children younger than 24 months of age

    Unvaccinated children 24-59 months with a high-risk medical conditionMMWR 2000;49(RR-9):1-35

  • PCV recommendationsDoses at 2, 4, 6, months of ageBooster dose at 12-15 months of ageFirst dose as early as 6 weeksMinimum interval of 4 weeks between first 3 dosesAt least 8 weeks between dose 3 and dose 4 Unvaccinated children >7 months of age require fewer dosesMMWR 2000;49(RR-9):1-35

  • IPD by age & year-children
  • Effect of infant PCV7 vaccinationChildren 65 years: 75% reduction of pneumococcal disease due to a heard effectAntibiotic resistant strain have decreasedReduced ethnic disparity in disease riskIncrease in non PCV7 serotypes has caused concern

  • LATAR BELAKANGPENANGGULANGAN PANDEMI INFLUENZA

  • PENYAKIT ISPA SEBAGAI KEDARURATAN KESEHATAN YANG MERESAHKAN DUNIA (PHEIC-PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY INTERNATIONAL CONCERN)

    PANDEMI INFLUENZA JARANG TERJADI TETAPI CENDERUNG BERULANG

    TAHUNISPA-PHEIC1918FLU SPANYOL (A H1N1)-KEMATIAN 40-50 JUTA JIWA1957FLU ASIA (A H2N2)- KEMATIAN 4-5 JUTA JIWA1968FLU HONGKONG (A H3N2)-KEMATIAN SATU JUTA JIWA2003SARS-SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME2005-SEKARANGFLU BURUNG H5N12009PANDEMI INFLUENZA A BARU H1N1-DERAJAT KEPARAHAN SEDANG

  • ANALISIS SITUASIPENANGGULANGAN PANDEMI INFLUENZA

  • ESTIMASI KASUS DI INDONESIA(Perkiraan jumlah penduduk 220.000.000)> 2%= >1.320.000

  • Kasus HarianWaktu mulai kasus pertamaTANPAINTERVENSIPANDEMI: Dengan & Tanpa KesiagaanIwan MM

  • TUJUAN & SASARAN PENANGGULANGAN PANDEMI INFLUENZADYAH A.R.

  • TUJUAN UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN PANDEMI INFLUENZATersusunnya Rencana Kontijensi Penanggulangan Episenter Pandemi Influenza di seluruh propinsi dan kabupaten/kota sampai dengan akhir tahun 2014.Tersedianya pedoman Penanggulangan Episenter Pandemi Influenza di seluruh propinsi dan kabupaten/kota sampai dengan akhir tahun 2014.Tersedianya pedoman Respons Nasional Penanggulangan Pandemi Influenza di seluruh propinsi dan kabupaten/kota sampai dengan akhir tahun 2014.

    DYAH A.R.

  • SASARAN UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN PANDEMI INFLUENZA

    Pengambil keputusan di pemerintah pusat, daerah propinsi dan kabupaten/kota

    Petugas sektor terkait di institusi pusat, propinsi dan kabupaten/kotaDYAH A.R.

  • Kewaspadaan Kasus Influenza A (H7N9) dan Novel Corona Virus

  • Kewaspadaan Kasus Influenza A H7N9

  • INFLUENZA TYPE A (H7N9)Telah terjadi wabah virus Avian Influenza sub tipe influenza A H7N9 yang sifatnya zoonosis di China, meskipun sifatnya low pathogen pada unggas. Data WHO sampai dengan 29 Mei 2013 wabah tersebut telah menyebabkan 132 orang terinfeksi dengan kematian 37 orang (CFR 28%)Virus flu burung H7N9 selama ini tidak pernah menginfeksi manusia dan mamalia, eksklusif hanya menginfeksi unggas. Penjelasan yang mungkin mengapa sekarang virus flu burung H7N9 menginfeksi manusia atau mamalia adalah terjadinya mutasi yang mungkin terjadi saat migrasi musim semi unggas air di sekitar Danau Qinghai.

  • Virus ini ditemukan pada unggas di pasar unggas hidup Shanghai belum diketahui dengan pasti bagaimana cara virus ini menginfeksi manusia (mode of transmission) manusia.

    Genetik virus pada manusia sama dengan genetik virus pada unggas.

    SITUASI TERKINI KASUS AI (H7N9) PADA MANUSIA(2) PER 17 MEI 2013 sumberWHO

  • INFLUENZA TYPE A (H7N9)Sebaran kasus berasal dari 8 Provinsi dan 2 Kota di China serta 1 kasus berasal dari Taipei, Taiwan ; Anhui (4 kss), Fujian (6 kss), Zhejiang (46 kss), Shandong (2 kss), Jiangxi (5 kss), Henan (4 kss), Jiangzu (26 kss), Hunan (2 kss), Beijing City (2 kss), Shanghai City (34 kss) dan Taipei, Taiwan (1 kss) Dari manusia yang tertular virus H7N9 di China terdapat 2 cluster keluarga.Hasil uji puluhan kontak erat kasus H7N9 pada manusia oleh Otoritas Kesehatan Shanghai mendapatkan bahwa tidak ada satu pun yang positif terinfeksi. Dengan demikian, tidak terbukti adanya penularan antar manusia.

  • INFLUENZA TYPE A (H7N9)Virus Influenza A (H7N9) tersebut kemungkinan dapat berasal dari unggas karena telah ditemukan unggas yang positif virus Influenza A (H7N9) yakni pada burung dara yang mati di pasar Shanghai, kemudian menyusul pada burung puyuh di pasar unggas Huangzhou serta ayam dengan tanda subklinisPenyakit ini diklasifikasikan dalam Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI), yang berbeda dengan virus Influenza A (H5N1) yang tergolong Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)Namun demikian virus Influenza A (H7N9) ini berakibat fatal pada manusia dengan tingkat kematian (mortalitas) yang cukup tinggi.

  • INFLUENZA TYPE A (H7N9)Menteri Pertanian telah meterbitkan Peraturan Pertanian No.44/Permentan/OT.140/4/2013 tanggal 10 April 2013 tentang Penghentian Pemasukan Unggas dan/atau Produk Unggas dari Negara Cina ke IndonesiaMemperhatikan sifat virus AI H7N9 dan virus AI lainnya yang masih akan terus mengalami mutasi antigenik dan genetikPeran dan koordinasi Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner dengan instansi terkait lainnya untuk melaksanakan berbagai penelitian monitoring dinamika guna meningkatkan kewaspadaan dini dan kesiagaan darurat terhadap risiko penyebaran virus H7N9 tersebut pada unggas di Indonesia

  • Gejala klinis H7N9Gejala utama H7N9 :

    Pnemoni berat, demam,

    batuk, sesak napas,

    Riwayat dari daerah terjangkit

  • Analisis Kasus Influenza A (H7N9)

    Chart1

    99

    32

    CFR

    Sheet1

    CFR

    Hidup99

    Meninggal32

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    Chart1

    73

    34

    Column1

    Jenis Kelamin (n=108)

    Sheet1

    Column1

    Laki-laki73

    Perempuan34

    107

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    Chart1

    2

    2

    18

    27

    58

    Kelompok Umur

    Kelompok Umur (n=108)

    Sheet1

    Kelompok Umur

    < 5 th2

    5-14 th2

    25-44 th18

    45-60 th27

    >60 th58

    To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

  • CASEClinical features of the 4 case-patients .All case-patients were 58- to 73-year-old married men, farmers or retirees, and long-term residents of Shanghai (Fengxian, Baoshan, Songjiang, and Pudong districts, respectively). Case-patient 1 had a history of coronary heart disease and hepatic schistosomiasis; case-patient 2 had no history of chronic disease; case-patient 3 had a history of hypertension and gout; and case-patient 4 had a history of hypertension and repetitive cough for >10 years during spring and autumn.Case-patient 1 raised chickens at home. Case-patients 24 had no clear history of close contact with poultry; however, each had visited various farmers markets that sold live poultry. None of the patients raised pigeons or live in or near a heavily pigeon-infested area.

  • Before being transferred to SHPHCC on April 6, 2013 (patients 1 and 2) and April 7, 2013 (patients 3 and 4), the 4 patients had been treated in local hospitals; infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus had been confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR of nasopharyngeal swab samples before transfer. The case-patients had cough and fever and had been expectorating sputum for 67 days before admittance to SHPHCC. In addition, all had experienced cold-like symptoms and fatigue before influenza-like symptoms developed. Case-patient 4 had cough and fever for 18 and 10 days, respectively, before being transferred to SHPHCC; his case was the most serious of the 4, and the disease progressed rapidly after he was transferred to SHPHCC.

  • Perbedaan antara Avian Influenza A(H7N9) dan Novel Corona virus INFLUENZA A(H7N9)Kasus ditemukan pd musim semi 2013131 kasus,36 meninggalDi ChinaKlaster kecil penularan dari orang ke orang belum dapat disingkirkan.Tersedia Neuraminidase InhibitorPengembangan vaksin dalam proses tetapi belum diputuskan diproduksi.

    NOVEL CORONA VIRUSKasus ditemukan pd musim semi 201241 kasus, 20 meninggalArab Saudi. Jordania, Qatar, Uni Emirat Arab,Inggris, Perancis dan GermanBeberapa klaster menunjukkan penularan terbatas dari manusia ke manusia dan tidak berkelanjutan.Perawatan umum,tetapi tak ada obat spesifik dan tak ada vaksin

  • Keduanya alamiah pada hewanKasus sporadis dan terdapat klasterTak terjadi KLB yang meluas di masyarakat.Terbanyak Penyakit Saluran Pernafasan Berat/ISPA Berat dan FatalTerbanyak menyerang lelaki kelompok umur sama atau lebih 50 tahun

    Persamaan antara Avian Influenza A (H7N9) dan Novel Corona virus

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKAN1. Membuat Surat Edaran Kewaspadaan Dirjen PP dan PL mengenai kewaspadaan kasus Influenza A (H7N9) kepada Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi, Rumah Sakit, Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan, Balai Besar Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan di seluruh Indonesia dengan melakukan langkah2 sbb:Melakukan pengamatan ketat dan respon dini terhadap kasus Influenza Like Illness dan Severe Acute RespiratoryMelakukan tindak lanjut pengambilan dan pengiriman spesimen pada kesempatan pertama pada setiap kasus suspek Flu Burung yang ditemukan dan memberikan pertolongan/pengobatan dan atau rujukan secepatnya.

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKAN Memberikan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat luas untuk segera mendatangi fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan bila ada keluarga atau tetangga yang sakit dengan gejala seperti demam, batuk/pilek, dan sesak napas, namun tidak perlu menimbulkan kepanikan bagi masyarakat.Melaporkan kepada Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Kementerian Kesehatan RI bila menemukan kasus dengan gejala seperti pada kasus Flu burung melalui sarana Posko KLB:Telepon 021- 4257125 atau 021-36840901SMS 021-36840901 Surel [email protected]

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKANSurat Dirjen PP dan PL kepada Dirjen BUK, mengenai kesiapsiagaan penyakit influenza (H7N9).Pemasangan Banner mengenai kesiapsiagaan H7N9 di seluruh pintu masuk negaraBerkoordinasi dengan Pusat BTDK, Litbangkes dan CDC terkait kesiapan pemeriksaan Laboratorium.Koordinasi dengan WHO Jakarta dan WHO Geneva utk update situasi.Penguatan koordinasi lintas sektor terkait, bersamaan dengan pertemuan 4 Way Linking Human-Animal interface Epidemiologi - Laboratorium)

  • Rekomendasi WHOJika pada pemeriksaan laboratorium PCR ditemukan virus influenza A unsubtypable (negatif H1,H3 dan H5), harus segera dikirim ke WHO Collaborating Centre untuk analisis lebih lanjutKasus influenza A unsubtypable harus dilaporkan ke WHO melalui National Focal Point International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005Strategi pengamatan/surveilans terhadap kasus H7N9 sama seperti yang dilakukan terhadap kasus H5N1

  • Rekomendasi WHO (2)Perlu dipertimbangkan kemungkinan terjadinya influenza pada pasien dengan penyakit pernafasan akut yang parah Standar/pedoman pengendalian infeksi dan Pelacakan kontak (contact tracing)Perlu ditingkatkan pengamatan kasus pada pasien Severe Acut Respiratory Infection (SARI) dan terhadap petugas kesehatan/perawat yang merawat pasien SARIWHO tidak menyarankan dilakukan skrining khusus di pintu masuk (bandara,pelabuhan) dan tidak merekomendasikan untuk melakukan pembatasan perjalanan atau perdagangan

  • KEWASPADAAN & KESIAPSIAGAANDI PINTU MASUK NEGARAPengamatan orang (kru dan penumpang) dengan gejala demam, batuk, kesulitan bernapas, terutama dari negara terjangkitPemantauan perkembangan kasus Penguatan surveilans berbasis kejadian Persiapan Logistik : Health Alert Card (HAC), Alat Pelindung Diri (APD), obat (Oseltamivir), DisinfektanRumah Sakit rujukan Penguatan jejaring kerjaDiseminasi informasi ( lintas sektor, masyarakat)Promosi kesehatan Penggunaan masker bagi orang yang sakit (agar tidak menular ke yang sehat)

  • Genetic Evolution of H7N9 Virus in ChinaThis diagram depicts the origins of the H7N9 virus from China and shows how the virus's genes came from other influenza viruses in birds

  • Electron Micrograph Images of H7N9 Virus from ChinaH7N9 virus - Image A Largeexpandedexpanded

    Electron Micrograph Images of H7N9 Virus from ChinaH7N9 infections in people and poultry in ChinaSporadic infections in humans; many with poultry exposureNo sustained or community transmissionInvestigation ongoing

  • Kewaspadaan novel Corona Virus

  • NOVEL CORONA VIRUSTerdapat peningkatan kasus novel Corona virus yang dilaporkan ke WHO dari berbagai negara. Terhitung sejak September 2012 sampai dengan tanggal 14 Juni 2013 jumlah total kasus sebanyak 61, dengan 34 kematian (CFR 57%). Rincian kasus berasal dari negara; Saudi Arabia, Jordania, Qatar, United Kingdom, Uni Emirat Arab, Perancis, Jerman, Tunisia, dan Italia. Terdapat 3 klaster yang dilaporkan ; 2 klaster dari Saudi Arabia,1 Klaster dari Jordania, dan 1 klaster dari Tunisia. Hal ini menunjukkan kemungkinan penularan dari manusia ke manusia atau alternatif lain karena terpapar dari sumber yang sama.

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKAN 1. Membuat Surat Edaran Kewaspadaan Dirjen PP dan PL mengenai kewaspadaan kasus Novel Corona Virus kepada Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi, Rumah Sakit Vertikal, dan Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan, di seluruh Indonesia dengan melakukan langkah2 sbb:Meningkatkan surveilans terhadap kasus Severe Acut Respiratory Infection (SARI) yang mungkin ditemukan di masyarakat khususnya pada kasus klaster (cluster).Peningkatan kewaspadaan di Rumah Sakit dengan pengamatan semua kasus Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) yang tidak jelas penyebabnya dan ditangani dengan seksama serta dilakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium.Pengamatan orang (kru dan penumpang) dengan gejala demam, batuk, dan kesulitan bernapas di pintu masuk negara

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKAN Memberikan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat luas khususnya bagi jemaah umrah untuk selalu menjaga kesehatannya dan segera mendatangi fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan bila ada keluarga atau tetangga yang sakit dengan gejala seperti tersebut di atas, serta selalu melaksanakan prilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS), namun tidak perlu menimbulkan kepanikan bagi masyarakat.Agar Segera melaporkan kepada Ditjen PP dan PL, Kementerian Kesehatan RI bila menemukan kasus dengan gejala seperti tersebut diatas melalui sarana POSKO KLB:Telepon 021-4257125 atau 021-36840901SMS 021-36840901Email : [email protected]

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKAN2. Surat Edaran Dirjen PP dan PL Kepada Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi mengenai Kewaspadaan Novel Corona Virus bagi Jemaah Umrah, agar memberikan informasi dan penyuluhan seputar nCoV dan pencegahan umum kepada calon jemaah umrah berupa :Agar selalu menjaga kesehatan dengan melaksanakan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS), antara lain:Cuci tangan pakai sabun dengan air mengalirMenutup hidung dan mulut dengan sapu tangan atau lengan baju bagian dalam bila batuk atau bersin.

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKANSegera mencari pertolongan ke fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan bila ada jemaah umroh dengan gejala demam, batuk, dan kesulitan bernapas (sesak, napas pendek).Segera melaporkan bila menemukan jemaah umroh dengan gejala sakit di atas kepada POSKO KLB Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan, Kementerian Kesehatan RI:Telepon: +6221-4257125 atau +6221-36840901SMS : +622136840901

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKANSurat Dirjen PP dan PL kepada Kepala Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (BNP2TKI) agar memberikan informasi dan penyuluhan seputar nCoV dan pencegahan umum kepada TKI berupaAgar selalu menjaga kesehatan dengan melaksanakan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat dengan menjaga kesehatan, istirahat yang cukup, makan makanan bergizi dan jangan merokok.

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKANCuci tangan pakai sabun dengan air mengalir sebelum, selama dan sesudah menyiapkan makanan, sebelum makan, setelah menggunakan toilet, menangani hewan/bangkai hewan, saat tangan kotor dan setelah mengunjungi orang sakit;Menutup hidung dan mulut dengan masker, tisue/sapu tangan atau lengan baju bila batuk atau bersin. Buang tisue yang telah terpakai di tempat sampah tertutup;Segera mencari pertolongan ke fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan bila mengalami sakit dengan gejala demam, batuk, dan kesulitan bernapas (sesak, napas pendek).

  • UPAYA YANG SUDAH DILAKUKANBerkoordinasi dengan Pusat BTDK, Litbangkes dan CDC terkait kesiapan pemeriksaan Laboratorium.

    Koordinasi dengan WHO Jakarta dan WHO Geneva utk update situasi.

  • Rekomendasi WHOPerlu dipertimbangkan kemungkinan terjadinya novel corona virus pada pasien dengan penyakit pernafasan akut yang parah Perlu ditingkatkan pengamatan kasus pada pasien Severe Acut Respiratory Infection (SARI) dan terhadap petugas kesehatan/perawat yang merawat pasien SARIStandar/pedoman pengendalian infeksi dan Pelacakan kontak (contact tracing)

  • Rekomendasi WHOUpaya identifikasi sumber virus, pajanan, dan cara transmisi harus dilakukan secara multisektor dan melibatkan veteriner, otoritas keamanan pangan, kesehatan lingkungan, selain otoritas kesehatan masyarakat. Kasus konfirmasi dan probable dilaporkan dalam waktu 24 jam setelah klasifikasi ditetapkan kepada WHO, melalui National Focal Point International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005

  • KEWASPADAAN & KESIAPSIAGAANDI PINTU MASUK NEGARAPengamatan orang (kru dan penumpang) dengan gejala demam, batuk, kesulitan bernapas, terutama bagi jemaah Umrah atau negara terjangkit Pemantauan perkembangan kasus Penguatan surveilans berbasis kejadian Persiapan Logistik : Health Alert Card (HAC), Alat Pelindung Diri (APD), dan obat-obatanRumah Sakit rujukan Penguatan jejaring kerjaDiseminasi informasi ( lintas sektor, masyarakat)Promosi kesehatan

  • SelaluWaspada !

  • DetectRespon !

  • CORDINATION !!!

    WHO/EMC

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  • INFO PENTINGPOSKO KLB: 021- 4257125 / 02136840901 (Telp/SMS) Email : [email protected] Gateway: 085 7645 99996 / 085 7645 99997Homepage Kementerian Kesehatan RI : www.depkes.go.idHomepage Ditjen PP dan PL : www.pppl.depkes.go.idInfo Penyakit Menular Lokal : www.infopenyakit.orgInfo Penyakit Menular ASEAN PLUS THREE : www.aseanplus3-eid.infoInfo WHO Head Quarter : www.who.intInfo WHO Regional Asia Tenggara : www.searo.who.intInfo CDC Atlanta : www.cdc.gov

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    **Indonesia National Development Plan 2004-2009 stated that:To increase life expectancy from 66.2 years to 70.6 yearsTo reduce IMR from 35 to 26 per 1000 livebirthsTo reduce MMR from 307 to 226 per 100.000 livebirths To reduce prevalence of malnutrition in under fives from 25.8% to 20%

    These goals in accordance with the MDGs goalsMDG 1 Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger by halve MDG 4 Reducing U5 MR by two thirdsMDG 5 Reducing MMR by three quarters

    ****17*19*Pneumococcal disease is serious, common and, with pneumococcal vaccines - preventable*******Asumsi penanggulangan pandemi (Fase 6)Perhitungan perkiraan derajat keparahan pandemi di Indonesia didasarkan pada:Perbedaan jumlah kasus yang memerlukan perawatan di RS danJumlah kematian.Atas dasar hal tersebut derajat keparahan pandemi terdiri atas: ringan, sedang, dan berat.

    Angka serangan adalah perkiraan prosentase penduduk yang akan terserang penyakit tersebut, dalam tabel tsb dapat dilihat bahwa perkiraan orang yang akan terserang penyakit pada tingkat keparahan baik ringan, sedang dan berat adalah SAMA 30%. Namun perlu diperhatikan jumlah tsb tidak terjadi secara bersamaan dalam satu waktu karena adanya faktor geografis dan luasnya wilayah negara Indonesia.*******