K -EIA-Jiyeh-v7-final Chapter 1-4

Environmental Impact Assessment

for the preparation of the tender documents for the “Installation and Operation of medium speed

reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Jiyeh thermal power plant

ordered by

Ministry of Energy & Water & Electricitè du Liban (EDL)

On behalf of

Republic of Lebanon

April 2011

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units”

at the existing Jiyeh thermal power plant, Annex 1b: Environmental Impact Assessment

2

Environmental Impact Assessment

for the preparation of the tender documents for the “Installation and Operation of medium speed

reciprocating engine power generation units” at the existing Jiyeh thermal power plant

Tobias Kampet

Norbert Paetz Ole Johansen

Marieange Saidy

Azzam Sankari Raia Dayekh

Contact: [email protected]

ordered by

April 2011



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Contents

List of acronyms and abbreviations used............................................................ 7

1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 10

1.1 Background of the project ................................................................... 10

1.2 Project description............................................................................... 10

1.3 Changes predicted before the project commences............................. 11

1.4 Overall assessment of environmental impacts.................................... 11

1.5 Alternatives considered....................................................................... 13

1.6 Mitigation measures, environmental management plan and monitoring plan................................................................................... 14

2 Institutional requirements and conditions .................................................... 15

2.1 Policy and project background ............................................................ 15

2.1.1 Power development policy......................................................... 15

2.1.2 Project background.................................................................... 18

2.2 Institutional framework ....................................................................... 21

2.2.1 Institutional Framework for the Protection of the Environment... 21

2.2.2 Main Public Stakeholders concerned with the project................ 23

2.2.3 Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW)....................................... 23

2.2.4 Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT) ............. 24

2.2.5 Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP) ............................... 24

2.2.6 Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) ............................................... 25

2.2.7 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities......................................... 25

2.2.8 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR)................. 26

2.2.9 Municipalities ............................................................................. 27

2.3 Legal framework.................................................................................. 28

2.3.1 Lebanese environmental legislation........................................... 28

2.3.2 Synopsis of the Legislative Framework for Environmental Protection................................................................................... 29

2.3.3 International agreements and treaties........................................ 33

2.3.4 Relevant Lebanon's international guidelines and standards ...... 34

2.3.5 Objectives of the EIA Report...................................................... 36

2.3.6 Legal background of the project................................................. 37

2.4 Administrative Framework................................................................... 37

2.4.1 Project team............................................................................... 37

2.4.2 Applied methodology ................................................................. 37

2.4.3 Technical background of the project .......................................... 38

2.4.4 Further documents used............................................................ 38

2.5 Environmental requirements ............................................................... 38

2.5.1 Emission standards and warranties ........................................... 38

2.5.2 Ambient air quality standards..................................................... 41

2.5.3 Water quality standards ............................................................. 41

2.5.4 Noise standards ........................................................................ 46



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2.5.5 Solid Waste standards ............................................................... 47

3 Project description ....................................................................................... 48

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 48

3.2 Project location and plant layout ......................................................... 48

3.2.1 Project location .......................................................................... 48

3.2.2 Traffic system ............................................................................ 50

3.2.3 Plant layout ................................................................................ 51

3.3 Plant concept ...................................................................................... 52

3.3.1 Mechanical plant........................................................................ 52

3.3.2 Electrical plant ........................................................................... 52

3.3.3 Civil plant ................................................................................... 54

3.3.4 Fuel supply ................................................................................ 54

3.3.5 Gaseous pollutants and noise emissions................................... 55

3.3.6 Waste water treatment............................................................... 56

3.3.7 Solid waste disposal .................................................................. 56

4 Baseline study for the situation before the project ....................................... 60

4.1 Description of the relevant physical conditions.................................... 60

4.1.1 Topography................................................................................ 60

4.1.2 Geology ..................................................................................... 60

4.1.3 Seismic data .............................................................................. 60

4.1.4 Climate....................................................................................... 62

4.1.5 Hydrology................................................................................... 64

4.1.6 Ambient air quality ..................................................................... 64

4.1.7 Noise pollution ........................................................................... 65

4.2 Description of the relevant biological conditions.................................. 66

4.2.1 Flora........................................................................................... 67

4.2.2 Fauna......................................................................................... 68

4.3 Description of socio-economic conditions ........................................... 69

4.3.1 Overall situation in Lebanon ...................................................... 69

4.3.2 Overall situation in the site area................................................. 75

4.4 The current existing plant in Jiyeh....................................................... 76

4.5 Changes predicted before the project commences............................. 76

4.5.1 Construction phase.................................................................... 76

4.5.2 Operation phase ........................................................................ 77

5 Identification and assessment of environmental impactsError! Bookmark not

defined. 5.1 Introduction ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2 Impacts during the construction phase...Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.1 Impacts of land clearing on local people..... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.2 Land used.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.3 Impacts from traffic and transportation........ Error! Bookmark not

defined.



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5.2.4 Impacts caused by labour concentration..... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.5 Impacts by civil works and construction of the power plant.. Error!

Bookmark not defined. 5.3 Impacts during operation phase.............Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3.1 Impact on climate..........................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.2 Impacts on the ambient air............Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.3 Noise impact .................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.4 Impacts on water ..........................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.5 Impacts on soil..............................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.6 Impacts on flora and fauna ...........Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.7 Visual impact ................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.8 Socio-economic impacts ...............Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.4 Risks .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.4.1 Water and soil contamination from oil storage tanks............ Error!

Bookmark not defined. 5.4.2 Water and soil contamination from chemicalsError! Bookmark not

defined. 5.4.3 Fire accident .................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.5 Overall assessment of environmental impacts..... Error! Bookmark not

defined. 5.5.1 Construction phase.......................Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.5.2 Operation Phase...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6 Alternatives and their analysis ........................Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.1 Introduction ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.2 Situation without the project ...................Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.3 Considered alternatives .........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.3.1 Alternative sites ............................Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.3.2 Alternative fuel ..............................Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.3.3 Alternative technology...................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4 Comparison and conclusion...................Error! Bookmark not defined.

7 Mitigation plan ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.1 Design phase .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.2 Construction phase ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2.1 Protection of ground water and soil quality . Error! Bookmark not

defined. 7.2.2 Protection of air quality .................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.2.3 Noise.............................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.2.4 Impact by Traffic ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.2.5 Summary ......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.3 Operation phase.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.3.1 Long term air pollution ..................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.3.2 Water ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.3.3 Soil................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.3.4 Noise.............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.



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7.3.5 Industrial and other solid wastes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 7.3.6 Summary ......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8 Environmental management plan ...................Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.1 Organisation...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.2 Training Programme ..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

9 Monitoring plan...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 9.1 Legal documents....................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 9.2 Atmospheric pollution monitoring ...........Error! Bookmark not defined. 9.3 Noise monitoring ....................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 9.4 Water pollution monitoring .....................Error! Bookmark not defined. 9.5 Monitoring agencies ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

10 Qualitative conclusions on the dispersion of the exhaust gases............ Error! Bookmark not defined.

11 References .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

12 Annexes .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 12.1 Site map for the extension of the Jiyeh power plantError! Bookmark not

defined. 12.2 Quality parameter for the fuel oil ...........Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.3 Pollutants classification into groups (inorganic solid pollutants, inorganic gas pollutants) ........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.4 Pollutants classification into groups (organic gas pollutants) ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.5 General environmental limit values of the emissions related to the air pollutants.................................Error! Bookmark not defined.



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List of acronyms and abbreviations used

a year a.s.l. above sea level ALARP As low as reasonably practicable Bara Pressure measured from absolute zero BMLWWE Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BPEO Best Practicable Environmental Options BTEX Benzene Toluene Ethyl Benzene Xylene C.C. Combined Cycle CAW Combined Air and Water Backwash CCPP Combined Cycle Power Plant CDR Council for Reconstruction and Development CEMP Construction Environmental Management Plan CESMP Construction Phase Environmental and Social Management Plan CO, NOx, SO2 Formulas of chemical Compounds COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CZM Coastal Zone Management d Day D.O. Distillate Oil fuel dB(A) Decibel (A) DGA Directorate General of Antiquities DGUP Directorate General of Urban Planning EA Environmental Assessment EDL Electricité du Liban EHS Environmental Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIB European Investment Bank EISM Environmental Impact Severity Matrix ELARD Earth link and Advanced Resources Development EMG Environmental Management Group EMP Environmental Management Plan ES & SR Environmental Safety and Social Representative ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESM Environmental and Social Manager ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESP Electrostatic Precipitator FGD Flue Gas Desulphurisation g Earth acceleration GCC Gas-fired combined cycle plant GDP gross domestic product GT Gas Turbine GW Giga Watt



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HBR Hybrid burner ring HCUP Higher Council of Urban Planning HEP Hydro Electric Power plant HFO Heavy Fuel Oil HP/IP/LP High-, Intermediate-, Low Pressure HRSG Heat Recovery Steam Generator IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFC International Finance Corporation IGV Inlet Guide Vane IL Intensity Levels kWh kilo Watt hours LHV Lower Heating Value LRA Litani River Authority mbar Millibar mg eqv/l Concentration of Ions mg/l Milligram per litre MHER Ministry of Hydraulic and Electric Resources mm Millimeter MIn Ministry of Industry MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoC Ministry of Culture MoE Ministry of Environment MoEW Ministry of Energy and Water MoI Ministry of Interior MoIM Ministry of Interior and Municipalities MoPH Ministry of Public Health MoPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transportation mS/cm milliSiemens per centimeter MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets MW Mega Watt n.a. not available NFPA National Fire Protection Association NGO Non Governmental Organization NSEQ National Standards for Environmental Quality ODS Ozone Depleting Substances OESMP Operation Environmental and Social Management Plan OP/BP Operational Policy / Bank Procedures OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PAD Project Appraisal Documents PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons PM Particulate Matter PMU Project Management Unit PPE Personal Protective Equipment ppmv Parts per million Volume PTS Persistent Toxic Substances PWWE Public Water and Wastewater Establishment QA/QC Quality Assurance / Quality Control



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RAP Resettlement Action Plan S.C. Single Cycle SAC Seismic Analysis Code ST Steam Turbine TBM Tunnel Boring Machine TMP Traffic Management Plan TOR Terms of References TSP Total Suspended Particulate USD United States Dollars VEC Valuable Ecosystem Component VOC Volatile organic compounds WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WTW Water Treatment Works WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant



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1 Summary

The significant findings and the recommended actions for the extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant can be summarised as follows:

1.1 Background of the project

Lebanon’s electricity supply is earmarked but frequent current interruptions and by important energy imports. The existing power plants with their limited capacities are unable to meet the demand for electricity which is expected to further grow in the future. Therefore, the extension of the power plant in Jiyeh is an important project for the national electricity provider EDL towards a reliable a stable electricity supply in the greater Beirut area and in Lebanon.

1.2 Project description

Fig. 1-1: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (marked in red on the photo taken from a model of the plant on the 7 April 2011)

The project comprehends the extension of the already existing thermal power plant by identical 4-stroke diesel engines running on heavy fuel oil of a total net output of 80 MWe with medium speed, complete with excitation system, AVR, engine and alternator control and instrumentation system, air intake, exhaust, cooling systems, lubricating oil system and fuel oil systems as specified, and suitable for parallel operation.



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The plant will be capable for conversion for burning natural gas. The option for conversion will be exercised in the future.

1.3 Changes predicted before the project commences

It is anticipated that during the construction phase of the project road traffic to/from the site will increase over a short period. This may have a negative impact on the local environment (exhaust fumes, dust, noise, etc.). These potential negative impacts will pose an intermediate impact to the local communities and once the plant enters the operation phase this will no longer apply. On the positive side is predicted that during the construction phase the project will offer additional short-term employment opportunities for construction workers, and once the plant enters commercial operation additional high quality long-term employment will be ensured. The operation of an additional block of 80 MW in the Jiyeh power plant will generate unavoidable additional effects on the environment. Examples for this are additional

• amounts of exhaust fumes emitted into the air, • additional amounts of cooling water taken from the Sea and let into the Sea, or • a visual impact.

However, all this should be seen in forefront of the impacts already existing from the current operation situation at the Jiyeh power plant.

1.4 Overall assessment of environmental impacts

The impacts are divided into impacts during construction phase and impacts during operation phase (see Table 1-1). Summarising it can be said that during the construction phase

• The impacts are only temporary

• The impacts can be assessed as slight or intermediate

• For implementation of such an important project, the impacts can be stated as

acceptable.



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Table 1-1: Summarising the Assessment of Environmental Impacts from the extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant

During the operation phase of the extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant the impacts on the environment and major risks are the following:

• The impacts on the climate from the CO2 emission,

• the emissions of dust, NOX, SO2, CO, VOC and smells from both, the boilers as

well as the oil sludge incineration plant as foreseen in the TOR,

• a potential noise emission affecting the Jiyeh community which is in direct

vincinity to the plant (see Figure 1-2),

• and the risk of water and soil contamination from HFO.

Summarising, the socio-economic impact is positive and the impacts on the environment can be stated as acceptable. Seeing the distance of about 2,5 km to the nearest village leeward, Nabi Younos, it cannot be said with security if the ambient air quality standards issued by the World Bank will completely be fulfilled. A reliable answer to this question should be based on the calculations with a quantitative dispersion model.



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Fig. 1-2: The location of the Jiyeh power plant (marked in red) and the main wind direction (marked in blue) (photo by Google Earth)

1.5 Alternatives considered

The Jiyeh power plant is needed to satisfy the increasing electricity demand in Lebanon. Starting from the situation, the following alternatives have been developed and analysed:

• No construction of a power plant (with the respective consequences for the

electricity supply),



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• A number of alternative sites (Beddawi, Hraiche, Zouk, Zahrani)

• Alternative fuel and

• Alternatives to the technology.

Summarising, it can be said that due to technical as well as to economical issues, the

plant concept of Jiyeh plant is the most suitable technology selection for generation

of power at this site.

1.6 Mitigation measures, environmental management plan and monitoring plan

For the most important impacts during the operation phase, mitigation measures are developed in Chapter 7 of this report. The Jiyeh Management Board should be responsible for the internal environmental management and monitoring of the plant. For this purpose, the board will have to nominate and appoint an Environmental Engineer as head of an “Environmental Management Group” (EMG). For monitoring atmospheric pollution, noise and water pollution,

• the parameters to be monitored,

• the location, method and frequency as well as

• the responsibility for the measurements

have been identified according to the legal and administrative requirements.



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2 Institutional requirements and conditions

This chapter presents an overview of all environmental legislation and standards relevant to the construction and operation of the project. This section sheds light on the legal and institutional framework and identifies gaps and deficiencies in the national legal and institutional system. The objective is also to ensure compliance not only with the Lebanese environmental laws and regulations, but also with the relevant international agreements, standards and guidelines of which Lebanon is signatory and to observe non-statutory corporate standards and good practice guidance.

2.1 Policy and project background

2.1.1 Power development policy

This section of the EIA Report presents an overview on the energy profile in Lebanon and a summary of the electricity sector situation. EDL is the public authority in charge of generating, transmitting and distributing power in Lebanon. This entity reports to the Ministry of Energy and Water. EDL’s Board of Directors comprises presently five members, including the Chairman. The organization is composed of ten directorates, each headed by a director who reports directly to the General Director, who is also the Chairman. These directorates include Administrative Affairs, Financial Affairs, General Auditing, Transmission, Equipment Selection, General Affairs, Generation, Studies, Distribution for Beirut Mount Lebanon, and Distribution for Districts. Outside Beirut, there are regional offices that handle customer service and local matters. Electricity in Lebanon is generated by many types of power plants installed in different areas of the country. In fact, electric energy is produced from hydroelectric and thermal power plants and purchased from Syria and Egypt through regional interconnections: • Power Purchase: The purchases from Syria (589 GWh) and Egypt (527 GWh)

constituted 7.5% of the total energy production. • Hydraulic power plants: The installed capacity of all hydro plants is 274 MW but

the actual generation capacity is 190 MW. The energy produced from the hydro plants (Litani, Nahr Ibrahim and Bared) constitutes 4.5% from the total production.

• Thermal Power Plants: The installed capacity of thermal power plants is 2038 MW but the actual capacity is 1685 MW. Thermal capacity is divided into HFO-fired steam-turbines at Jiyeh, Jiyeh and Hraycheh, diesel-fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) at Beddawi and Zahrani and diesel-fired Open Cycle Gas



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Turbine (OCGT) at Sour and Baalbek. The energy produced from these plants is 88% of the total production and the fuel cost vary widely from 9 USC/kWh to 22 USC/kWh.

The Figure 2-1 lists the different power plants in Lebanon and the total energy produced by each power plant.

Name of Power Station N.of units Provided by Rated capacity

Deir Ammar combined cycle power

plant Lebanon 3 Ansaldo / Siemens

2x150 MW +

1x170 MW

Zahrani combined cycle power plant 3 Ansaldo / Siemens 2x150 MW +

1x170 MW

Jiyeh power plant 4 3 Ansaldo + 1 Alsthom 3x153.6 MW +

1x182 MW

Jiyeh power plant - South Lebanon 5 2 Toshiba + 3 Brown

Bovery company (BBC)

2x65 MW +

3x72.5 MW

Hreishi power plant – North Lebanon 1 Elin + Franco -Tosi 70 MW

Baalback power plant 2 Alsthom 35 MW

Sour power plant – south Lebanon 2 Alsthom 35 MW

Table 2-1: The power plants in Lebanon and their capacities

Electricity demand met by EdL grew from 7,300 GWh in 1998 to 8,056 GWh in 2006 according to data collected from EdL. This represents an average increase of 1.2% per annum (p.a.) over that period, during which the increase was stronger between 1998 and 2002 at 3.6% p.a. and actually decreased by 1.7% p.a. between 2002 and 2006 (see Figure 2-1).

Fig. 2-1: Historical demand met (i.e., electricity supply by EdL) 1998-2006 in GWh



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The decrease in demand met by EdL in 2006 is partially explained by destruction to the electricity infrastructure caused by the hostilities with Israel in July-August 2006. However, the pattern demand met by EdL otherwise suggests that EdL is increasingly unable to satisfy the country’s overall demand for electricity, and, as a consequence, the share of electricity demand met through self-generation increased over the period.

On that basis, the electricity consumed in Lebanon can be estimated at 13,200 GWh in 2006, of which about 61% was supplied by EdL, 34% was supplied by self generation, and the rest represented suppressed demand (Figure 2-2).

Fig. 2-2: Estimated Total Demand of Electricity in 2006 (in GWh)

The distribution of total electric power consumption per sector is shown in Figure 2-3 where the residential sector has the highest contribution at 38.5%.

Fig. 2-3: Electric energy consumption in Lebanon by sector



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The average cost of electricity in 2009; including EdL’s fixed costs, was 17.14 USC/kWh (255 LBP) of which 10.77 USC/kWh are fuel (high fuel bill) and 6.37 USC/kWh are for generation, transmission and distribution. The contribution of the fuel bill to the total cost was around 1450 M$ (75%) and 1165 M$ (62%) in 2008 and 2009 respectively due to fluctuations in the cost of fuel. Concerning the energy charge for low voltage residential customers, it varies from 35 LBP to 200 LBP per KWh in blocks of 100 kWh. In addition, customers pay a monthly subscription fee of 1,200 LBP/5A and a rehabilitation fee of 5,000 – 10,000 LBP/month. The transmission system has 1427 km of 66, 150, 220 and 400 kV lines. The distribution system has 18,182 transformers.

2.1.2 Project background

The Lebanese electricity sector is at the heart of a deep crisis. The problems in the sector are well identified but the technical and financial numbers vary widely and carry large uncertainties. The sector is unable to supply the reliable electricity needed by homes, offices and industry leading to additional costs on the consumers and increasing the public debt of the country. Lebanon suffers from a severe public finance crisis. Public debt (about US$40 billion) reached 185% of GDP in 2006; ranking among the highest in the world. A key contributor to the public finance crisis is the continued drain on resources by the power sector which is estimated to cost Lebanon 4% of GDP in 2007. The average capacity and imports available in 2009 was 1500 MW; the average demand was 2000-2100 MW and the instantaneous peak in the summer was 2450 MW. The total energy demand in 2009 was 15,000 GWh (7% increase from 2008) whereas the total production and purchases was 11,522 GWh (6% increase from 2008) which resulted in energy not supplied (deficit) of 3,478 GWh (23%). The supply of energy averaged 21.22 hours for greater Beirut area and 15.79 hours for the South with an average of 18 hours (75%) for the whole country. Therefore, Lebanese electricity consumers suffer from frequent power failure and substantial spending on back-up generation for as much as one third of their electricity consumption. This is estimated to cost the average residential consumer an additional 25% on top of what they pay EdL every month; and the industry sector about US$360 million in lost sales per year. Demand for electricity is likely to reach over 4,000 MW by 2015 which would require an additional new capacity. Unless EdL improves its ability to supply electricity and install new capacity and restore consumer confidence, back-up generation will increase its share of electricity supply in Lebanon from 33% in 2008 to close to 60% by 2015.



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The average firm reports losing 7% of its sales value due to these interruptions. Larger firms are better able to compensate for power failures than small firms and report losing about 5% of sales. Small firms report losing as much as 8% while medium-sized firms about 6%. Firms located outside Beirut experience somewhat higher average sales losses (about 8%) than those within. The industries most affected by power interruptions are textile and clothing firms, which report losing 10.3% of sales, and hotels, which report losing 9% of sales. Assuming that affected industries are mainly in the industrial sector, which represented 20.8% of GDP in 2004, and based on an estimated GDP of US$22 billion (2004 estimate), the economic loss to Lebanon may be as high as US$360 million per year. Concerning the effects on the electric sector, the total losses on the system are about 40% (more than $300 million): 15% technical losses; 20% non-technical Losses and 5% uncollected Bills. The arrears and uncollected bills are worth more than $1.3 billion with 75% by the private sector and 25% by the public sector, Frontier Villages and Palestinian Camps. The non-technical losses are not uniform as they vary between provinces from 9.6% to 58% and then between regions from 15% to 78%. Similarly, there is no uniformity in the collection rates as they vary from 83% to 97% in provinces and from 62% to 97.5% within the regions. Lack of spare parts, plant engineers and overall staffing reduces the power output and efficiency significantly below the designed value. In Jiyeh power plant, unit #3 caught on fire in December 2005 and its restoration was achieved in November 2008. Currently, Jiyeh power plant is not functioning in its full capacity due to technical and maintenance problems. Therefore the produced capacity (300 MW) is half of the installed one (641 MW).

Unit No. Fuel consumption-

Design value (gr/kWh)

Actual value in 2006

(gr/kWh)

Deviation from design

Value

1 250 310 24%

2 250 328 31%

3 240 286 19%

4 240 288 20%

5 240 288 20%

Note: Fuel heat content is assumed: 40600 kJ/kg or 9700 Kcal/kg

Table 2-2: Jiyeh’s efficiency measured by fuel consumption and fuel requirement



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Regarding Jiyeh power plant, during the hostilities with Israel the fuel oil storage tanks at the Jiyeh plant were bombed and caught on fire. Leaks of 15,000 tons of fuel oil contaminated the coast of much of northern Lebanon (150 km), and caused the most severe environmental disaster in Lebanon to date. Consequently, the generated electricity of the power plant was reduced due to the lack of fuel supply. It is important to mention that since the installation of Jiyeh and Jiyeh power plants in 1971 and 1984 respectively, both plants did not follow any overall rehabilitation, leading to a farther reduction in there capacities and to the variation of the fuel consumption design value (Figures 2-5 and 2-6). The conclusion is that these two plants could operate for up to an additional ten years if they are rehabilitated and then properly maintained and operated.

Unit No. Fuel consumption-

Design value (gr/kWh)

Actual value in 2006

(gr/kWh)

Deviation from design

Value

1 224.8 267.4 19%

2 223.3 251.5 13%

3 223.3 -

4 215.8 241.8 12%

Note: Fuel heat content is assumed: 40600 kJ/kg or 9700 Kcal/kg

Table 2-3: Jiyeh’s efficiency measured by fuel consumption and fuel requirement

The two most recently constructed power plants are the Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGTs): Beddawi and Zahrani. They are not operating under optimal conditions. The most pressing issue is that they use a very uneconomical fuel, gas-oil rather than natural gas, making this generation technology un-economical despite its higher fuel efficiency (50% compared to 38-40% for steam-cycle plants). This is because the price of gas-oil tends to be double that of natural gas to feed the same energy input. In addition, the gas turbines (stators) at both Beddawi and Zahrani suffered from manufacturing defects in 2006 and 2007, causing the plants to operate at half load. The problems of the electric energy sector to cover the existing gap is caused by the lack of worthy investments; high fuel bill (62%-75%); the operating status of power plants half of which are old and inefficient and the other half uneconomical; high technical and commercial losses in transmission and distribution; wrong tariff structure and low average tariff; deteriorating financial, administrative, technical and human resources of EdL, all this in the presence of convoluted legal and organizational frameworks.



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2.2 Institutional framework 1

2.2.1 Institutional Framework for the Protection of the Environment

In 1981, a state Ministry of Environment was created for the management of environmental affairs such as the use of pesticides, deforestation and forest fires, solid waste disposal, protection of native biodiversity, etc. . In April 1993, Law 216/93 established the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and defined its mandates and functions. Then, the law was amended according to Law 667/97. In August 2005, Law 216/93 and its amendment were canceled, -except the Article 1 of Law 216/93 - according to Law 690 (defining the functions of the Ministry of Environment and its organization), Article 11. Based on the new law- Law 690- MoE is charged in many tasks, mainly: • Putting strategies in order to protect the environment and preserve the natural

resources. • The preparation of legislation and standards to ensure the integrity of the

environment and the sustainability of natural resources, and specifies the responsibilities and the penalties in case of environmental abuse.

• Participating in the preparation of conventions and treaties relating to the environment sector.

• Determining the environmental conditions of the license for establishing institutions and implementing projects that have an impact on the environment and the natural resources.

• Determining the environmental conditions to protect all forms of ecosystems. • Identifying natural sites for the establishment of nature reserves and the

conditions to be provided in these reserves. • Imposing the conduction of an Environmental Impact Assessment and

Environmental Impact Statement for all the projects that are mentioned in this law. A major step was achieved when, in July 2002, a comprehensive environmental protection law – Law 444 - was introduced. Law 444 sets the fundamental principles that govern the management of the environment and the use of natural resources. In doing so, the Ministry of Environment does not undertake its environmental management efforts in isolation. Indeed a number of other government ministries and bodies have also environmental responsibilities Table 2-4 lists the main stakeholders concerned with the environment.

1 Source: Earth Link and Advances Resources Development S.A.R.L. (ELARD): Environmental and

social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Awali-Beirut Water Conveyer Project (Study Update), Final Report, August 2010.



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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PREROGATIVES

Ministry of Environment

(MoE)

MoE reviews, approves or refuses Environmental Impact

Assessment reports prepared by engineering and/or consultancy

firms for existing or for potential projects.

Ministry of Energy and Water

(MoEW)

MoEW monitors surface and underground water quality. It also

estimates water needs and uses in all the regions, and identifies

the conditions and systems needed for surface and underground

water exploitation. It then develops the schemes for distribution of

water (drinking and irrigation).

The Ministers of Energy, Water and Environment determine every

measure or policy aimed at developing an integrated management

of natural resources on the environment.

Ministry of Public Works and

Transportation (MoPWT)

MoPWT manages, via its different directorates, roads, bridges and

water channels. Through its different directorates, it manages land

and maritime transportation as well as land use planning.

Higher Council of Urban

Planning (HCUP)

HCUP is responsible for urban and rural planning. In doing so it

reviews designs and plans of villages and towns, including zoning

proposals for these areas. It also reviews project decrees aiming

at expropriation.

Ministry of Public Health

(MoPH)

MoPH is responsible for safeguarding and improving public health

through for example inspecting water quality and protecting water

resources, specifically coastal underground water reservoirs.

Ministry of Interior (MoI) MoI stops all kinds of infractions and violations.

Council of Development and

Reconstruction (CDR)

The CDR is responsible for the Planning and programming of

reconstruction/rehabilitation projects in all sectors and across

Lebanon. It is also mandated to develop a masterplan for urban

planning. It also suggests the economic, financial, and social

policies needed for the implementation of these plans and

accordingly sets the priorities and presents them to the CoM for

approval

Municipalities Municipalities and municipal federations have many

responsibilities (all that concern physical development in their

territorial limits). They implement urban projects, follow up on

cleanliness and public health issues, water works, public transport

and tax collection. They may also request from the DGUP the

definition of urban master plans the municipalities have the

necessary resources. Municipalities are also responsible for

receiving applications for construction permits and issue permits

Table 2-4: Main Public administrations and stakeholders concerned with the protection of the environment



23

2.2.2 Main Public Stakeholders concerned with the project

Several stakeholders play an important role in the management of natural resources and livelihood strategies within the Project area. These stakeholders and their mandate relevant to the project are presented in the following sections.

2.2.3 Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW)

Since its creation, the Ministry of Energy and Water handles energy issues and the production of electric energy through thermal resources, water, renewable or through other resources. The new law organizing the energy sector – Law 462/2002– confirmed the ministry’s role. According to the Article 6 of the law, the ministry is responsible of the followings concerning the electric sector: • Developing a general policy and a master plan for the sector; • Proposing rules for the organization of the services related to the production,

transfer and distribution of electric power; • Proposing draft laws and decrees concerning the electricity sector; • Proposing the public safety conditions and the environmental conditions and the

technical specifications that should be available in the electrical constructions and equipments;

• Making the necessary contacts with other countries for the exchange of electric energy and to conclude the necessary agreements;

• Taking all measures to address any imbalance in any of the activities of the electricity sector that would adversely affect the interests of the sector or the rights of consumers and their interests.

Concerning the regulation of the water sector, Law 221/2000 and its amendment, Law 377/2001, specified the ministry’s functions. Indeed, Article 2 of the Law 377/2001 enumerates the competencies and missions of the Ministry of Energy and Water as follows: • Protecting water resources against losses and pollution by elaborating legal texts

and taking necessary measures and action to prevent water pollution and restore its initial natural quality;

• Monitoring, studying, and estimating the volume of water resources, and estimating water needs and uses in all regions;

• Monitoring the quality of surface and groundwater and establishing relevant standards;

• Developing a general scheme for the allocation and distribution of drinking water and irrigation water throughout the country; designing and continuously updating a Master plan for water to be submitted through the Minister to the Council of Ministers (CoM) for approval;



24

• Designing, studying, and implementing large water projects such as dams, mountain lakes, tunnels, diversion of riverbeds, water networks, etc., and overseeing their operation;

• Developing standards to be adopted in the studies conducted by Water and Wastewater Establishments, and the implementation of their works; in addition to guidelines and regulations for the exploitation of surface and groundwater and the management of wastewater, and standards for the protection and monitoring of water quality.

2.2.4 Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT)

According to Decree 2872/1959 (Organization of the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation) and its amendments, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport is composed of five directorates having each its own prerogatives. The Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP) is in charge of setting rules, regulations and designing plans relative to land occupation. Therefore, the Directorate is responsible for specifying and organizing land use planning through zoning of regions, specifying allowed investments for different land uses, as well as architectural constraints, and suitable conditions for ensuring the integration of projects within their surrounding from an aesthetic, architectural, infrastructural, environmental, and socio-economic point of view. As for actual enforcement, it is the responsibility of the local authority (municipality/ district) and the Security Forces. The DGUP interferes in the case of complaints, and plays an inspection role upon termination of building construction by verifying the compatibility of facilities with permit conditions and specifications. On the other hand, the Directorate General of Roads and Buildings (Decree

13379/1998), is in charge of the design, execution and maintenance of roads, bridges, walls, and water channels. The Directorate also designs, expropriates, subcontracts and supervises works including maintenance of public buildings and assets. The presence of a Department of Environment and Traffic Safety within the Directorate General of Roads and Buildings should be noted, which is responsible for assessing the environmental impact of projected roads, and recommending mitigation measures. The Ministry of Public Works and Transport, in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment are responsible of protecting the beaches and the Lebanese territorial waters from the risk of pollution.

2.2.5 Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP)

The Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP) that was created in 1983 (decree-

law 69/1983) is the party responsible for urban and rural planning. It comprises representatives from CDR, MoIM, MoPWT, MoE, MoC and other concerned



25

ministries, municipalities as well as Order of Engineers and Architects. It can meet with the concerned parties (such as municipalities and public institutions) for discussing issues pertaining to them and it will give opinion regarding • Designs and plans of villages and towns, and zoning designs • Project decrees aiming at the creation of real estate companies, conducting

expropriation and allotment • Revision of building permits and allotment • Projects aiming at modifying urban planning and building laws

2.2.6 Ministry of Public Health (MoPH)

The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) is responsible for safeguarding and improving public health, through the prevention of disease, supervision of health care institutions, suggestion of new legislation or modification of existing ones. The MoPH consists of Central and Regional Departments, as well as a Department of Projects and Programs. Besides suggesting the modification of laws and regulations relating to health prevention, as prompted by social and scientific developments; and preparing relevant project laws and decrees, MoPH is also responsible for setting allowable levels for contaminants in the water, the springs, the rivers and their courses, the lakes and ponds, the swamps and in the distribution networks for drinking water and irrigation canals, all with a close cooperation with the ministry of environment. The Ministry is also in charge of: • Conducting studies and suggesting protocols aiming at preserving the

environment's safety from threats to public health; • Formulating project decisions on sanitary and preventive guidelines for all kinds of

classified establishments; • Suggesting specifications and technical conditions required in the construction of

sewage and potable water networks, and solid waste collection and disposal projects.

With regards to the Regional Departments (or Public Health Services), they are distributed in all Governorates except in the Governorate of Beirut, and all districts. They are responsible for implementing health protocols in the Governorates, providing preventive and laboratory services. As for the District Physicians, they monitor potable water quality, solid waste disposal, and sanitary guidelines in residential, recreational and occupational settings.

2.2.7 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities

The Ministry of Interior and Municipalities is concerned with Lebanon's internal policy affairs, encompassing preparation, coordination, and execution; in addition to



26

safeguarding discipline and security; overseeing the affairs of governorates, districts, municipalities, unions of municipalities, the Independent Municipal Fund, mayors, local elected councils, villages, parties, NGOs; and managing motor vehicle and traffic affairs, etc. The Ministry of Interior and Municipalities is composed of several distinct directorates having different prerogatives as set in Decree 4082/2000, based on the Law 247/2000. • The Directorate General of Administrative and Local Councils mainly has a

supervisory and monitoring role over municipalities. Overseeing the application of laws and regulations relating to local affairs, municipalities and their unions, and other local councils; suggesting plans and developing studies aiming at the development of local life and activities and promoting public participation in them, and submitting these studies to the Minister of Interior and Municipalities;

• The Directorate General of Internal Security Forces plays a monitoring and

enforcement role, responsible for implementing laws and regulations and for sanctioning violations, in coordination with the enforcement body affiliated to the MoPWT.

2.2.8 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR)

The CDR is a public institution that was created in 1977 - in partial replacement of the Ministry of Planning - to be the Government unit responsible for reconstruction and development. CDR has unprecedented powers to avoid any administrative routine that could slow down the reconstruction process, especially in the financial field. It is financially and administratively independent, and directly affiliated to the Council of Ministers (CoM). Decree Law 5/77 specified CDR’s responsibilities which are formulated around 4 main axes:

1. Planning, 2. Consultancy and Guidance, 3. Financial, 4. Implementation and Monitoring.

These are to be implemented in cooperation with other ministries and stakeholders and can be summarized as follows: Planning:

• Development of a general plan, consecutive plans and programs for construction and development activities; in addition to the suggestion of economic, financial, and social policy in line with the general plan. All of these plans and policies are submitted for approval to the CoM ;

• Developing a budget for the implementation of the general plan; • Suggesting project laws relating to construction and development and presenting

them to the CoM;



27

• Developing a general guidance framework for urban planning and presenting it to the CoM for approval.

Consultancy and Guidance:

• Giving opinion to the CoM on economic and financial relationships with other countries, foreign associations and organizations;

• Getting in contact with foreign associations and organizations for the purpose of seeking economic, cultural, technical and social assistance;

• Preparing and publishing statistical studies relating to economic and social activities and projects;

• Conducting the necessary studies in the developmental and construction fields, or designating qualified parties to conduct them, and suggesting the enhancement of the Council's scientific capabilities;

• Requesting ministries, public institutions, and municipalities to prepare projects in line with the Council's developmental and construction overall objectives;

• Providing relevant information for ministries, public institutions, municipalities, and the private sector;

• Giving suggestions on the creation, development and guidance of financial establishments and companies working on development issues.

Financial duties:

• Securing financing for the implementation of the various projects or programs, the source of funds being the CoM or international donors.

Implementation and Monitoring tasks:

• Conducting feasibility studies for construction and developmental projects figuring in the general plan, or preparing programs required for the development of plans

• Executing the projects figuring in the general plan, consecutive plans and programs, in addition to any other construction/development project requested by the CoM. The CDR selects the appropriate public institution, municipality, or company for the execution of these projects, and the appropriate means (bidding, subcontracting, partnership,…).

• The CDR is the exclusive party responsible for expropriation procedures, and issuing administrative authorizations and licenses, except in the case where the CoM issues them.

• Monitoring of all projects figuring in the plans and programs, and those referred by the CoM, and submitting relevant reports to the CoM

• Monitoring the proper allocation of economic and financial subsidies to their proper targets.

2.2.9 Municipalities

A municipality is the level of local government with legal status, financial and administrative independence, which exercises powers and responsibilities over the territory it is granted by law.



28

The municipal machinery is made up of a decision-making power (invested in the elected municipal council) and an executive power (held by the President of the municipality or Mayor himself). The law grants municipal councils decision making powers and responsibilities relating to all activities of public interest within the municipal area based on a non-exhaustive list which sets out the relevant areas of public interest. According to Decree 118/1977, they are responsible for: • Determining municipal taxes or fees; • Developing TORs for services, works and supplies, or for selling municipal

properties; • Accepting or rejecting funds and donations; • General programs of works, cleanliness, health affairs, water and lighting

projects, etc.; • Planning, rectifying and enlarging roads, creating parks and public places; • Formulating designs for the town and the master plan in cooperation with the

Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP); • Creating parks, courts, museums, hospitals, libraries, sewerage networks, and

waste disposal options, etc.; • Organizing transportation and specifying prices; and • Approving permit applications for the exploitation of classified shops, restaurants,

resorts, cafes, hotels, and all kinds of tourist and leisure facilities.

2.3 Legal framework

2.3.1 Lebanese environmental legislation

Laws

Laws are passed by the Lebanese Parliament. The Council of Ministers or deputies

propose a project of law that is discussed by the appropriate parliamentary

committees prior to being promulgated in a plenary parliamentary session.

Environmental legislations are generally reviewed and assessed by the

Parliamentary committees dealing with Agriculture, Tourism, Environment, and

Municipalities as well as Public Works, Transportation, Electric and Hydraulic

Resources and Planning and Development.

Decree Laws In exceptional cases (like absence of the Parliament or non respect of constitutional

delays), the President of the Republic can pass these decree laws which have the

same legal standing and powers as laws.

Decrees

The Council of Ministers issues decrees that are usually proposed by a certain

ministry. The Council of State is consulted before the issuance of a decree to ensure

that the latter does not contravene existing laws.

Resolutions/

Decisions

Ministers issue resolutions without the pre-approval of the Council of Ministers but

after consulting the Council of State to ensure the integrity with existing laws.

Table 2-5: Legal Pyramid in Lebanon



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The Lebanese Constitution represents the strongest legislative text in Lebanon and when in contradiction with the Constitution, a proposed legislation(s) cannot be issued. International treaties/agreements ratified by Lebanon have the second priority in the Lebanese legislative framework. Table 2-5 describes the legal structure in Lebanon.

2.3.2 Synopsis of the Legislative Framework for Environmental

Protection

Number Date Subject

Law 216 2/4/1993 The establishment of the ministry of environment

The Minister engineer Samir Moukbel

Generalization

1/93 11/5/1993 Preventing tires burning

Generalization

2/93 20/5/1993

Organizing the work of the careers, quarries, mattocks sand and

mixers of the asphalt.

Decision B/2 21/5/1993 Preventing the use and the importation of the birds sounds

recording machines.

Decision B/7 10/1/1994 Organizing birds hunting and game fishing

Decision B/8 10/1/1994 Preventing birds hunting on all the Lebanese territories for a period

ranging between 1/1/1995 and 31/12/1997

Decision B/15 21/9/1994 Arresting the careers and quarries that are working without a

license.

Decision B/20 2/11/1994 Specifying the criteria and constants related to the environmental

protection from the pollution.

Decision B/22 14/11/1994 Licensing a private career.

Decision 110/1 19/5/1995 Organizing the hunting.

The Minister Pierre Faraoun

Decision 5/1 18/8/1995 Related to the importation of the Petrocoque substance.

Decision 9/1 18/9/1995 Modification of the resolution 5/1 related to the importation of the

Petrocoque substance.

Decision 14/1 6/10/1995 Establishment of the natural reserve “Karm Chbat”

Decision 15/1 5/10/1995

Preventing any action or any change in the area around Fakra

bridge in the Kasrwan district (and the removal of any offense and

the prosecution of the dissenting).

Decision 22/1 6/11/1995 Imposing environmental conditions on the factories.

Decision 23/1 6/11/1995 Forbidding the importation and the use of fire brigade working with

liquid materials.

Decision 25/1 11/11/1995 Establishing the natural reserve of Bentaeel

Decision 26/1 27/11/1995 Modification of the resolution 9/1 concerning the importation of the


Decision 27/1 6/12/1995 Modification of the resolution 9/1 concerning the importation of the


Decision 37/1 18/1/1996 Subject the Abestos substance to a previous license.



30

Decision 40/1 20/3/1996 Modification of the resolution 22/1 related to imposition of

environmental conditions on the factories.

Decision 41/1 26/3/1996 Modification of the resolution 37/1 related to subjecting of the

Asbestos substance to a previous license.

Decision 42/1 26/3/1996 Forbidding totally the importation of the Asbestos substance.

Decision 52/1 29/7/1996 Specifying the criteria and the specific rates to limit the air, water

and land pollution.

Decision 91/1 24/10/1996

Forbidding the importation of the waste intended to manufacturing

unless from the classified and licensed companies with a specified

conditions.

The Minister Akram Chehayeb

Decision 22/1 17/12/1966 Modification of the Resolution 91/1 (in 24/10/1996) related to the

exportation of the plastic waste.

Decision 34/1 4/1/1997 Classifying Nahr Ibrahim one of the natural locations subjects to the

protection of the ministry of Environment.

Decision 51/1 13/1/1997 Forming an advisory committee to follow up the industrial pollution

in the areas of Salaata and Chekka.

Decision 57/1 4/4/1997 Forming an advisory committee to follow up the careers and

quarries subject.

Decision 71/1 19/5/1997 Organizing waste importation, modifying Resolution 22/1 issued on

17 17/12/1996.

Decision 72/1 28/5/1997 Applying the Eternite Chekka company’ s obligatory program.

Decision 76/1 28/5/1997 Forming an advisory committee to follow up the solid waste subject

in Lebanon.

Decision 103/1 4/7/1997 The ministry of environment takes lead in the supervision of the

landfills

Decision 118/1 12/8/1997 Refer all the factories’ transactions built on unclassified real-estates

to the ministry of industry.

Decision 151/1 17/10/1997 Classifying an environmental location (known as Kadisha’s valley:

kannoubin and kezhaya)

Decision 161/1 31/10/1997 Modifying Resolution 71/1 on 19/5/1997.

Decision 165/1 12/9/1997 Forbidding the importation of the calling, attraction, and birds voice

recording machines.

Decision 182/1 7/11/1997 Determining the documents and conditions for quarries investment

Decision 183/1 7/11/1997 Determining the documents and conditions for the investment of the

sand pickers or naturally fragmented gravel.

Decision 184/1 7/11/1997 Identifying the documents and conditions for the quarries

investment to mosaic manufacture.

Decision 185/1 7/11/1997 Identifying the documents and conditions for the decorative stones

(block) and building stones’ investment.

Decision 186/1 7/11/1997 Identifying the documents and conditions for quarries’ investment

for soil manufacturing.

Decision 191/1 8/10/1997 Application of the guidance note for the cement industry in Lebanon

and its environmental pollution as consequence.

Decision 200/1 14/11/1997 Classifying an area one of the natural locations (Wata Salam).

Law 667 29/12/1997 Amend the law 216



31

Decision 22/1 24/2/1998 Classifying “Nahr el Jawz” course (Batroun).

Decision 97/1 2/7/1998 Classifying “ Nahr el Kalb” course.

Law 64/88 12/8/1988

Protection against hazardous wastes that could harm air, water,

biodiversity, soil, and people.

Decision 129/1 1/9/1998 Classifying the location known as the course of “Nahr al Damour”

Decision 130/1 1/9/1998 Classifying the location known as the course of “ Nahr Beirut”

Decision 131/1 1/9/1998 Classifying the location known as the course of “Nahr al Awali”

Decision 132/1 1/9/1998

Classifying as natural locations the following areas: the forest

located between “Ain el Hour”-“Darayya”-“Diyyeh”-“Berjin”/ “Al

Cheikh Ousman” forest/ Surrounding area of “ Deyr El Moukhales”/

Surrounding area of “Ain Wazin” hospital/ “Dalboun” forest/ “Al Mal”

valley/ “Kafra” wells/ “Ighmid” valley/ “Ain Bal” valley.

Decision 174/1 2/11/1998 Forbidding the importation of some kinds of the Asbestos.

Decision 187/1 17/11/1998 Classifying a natural location (“Al moukammel” mountain: “Al

kourne al sawda”).

Decision 188/1 19/11/1998 Classifying “Aarka” river’s course.

Decision 189/1 19/11/1998 Classifying “Aassi” river’s course.

The Minister Artur Nazarian

Decision 14/1 16/2/1999 Cancellation of the resolution related to the real-estate 448 “Wata

salam”.

Decision 15/1 13/3/1999 Forbidding the importation and use of fire brigade working with

liquid materials especially with cars and machines.

Decision 75/1 5/9/2000 Environmental conditions to license the establishment and

investment of factories who works in leather pigmentation.

Decision 90/1 17/10/2000 Environmental conditions to license the residential buildings located

within the rivers protected by the Ministry of Environment.

The Minister Doctor Michel Moussa

Decision 5/1 30/12/2000

Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of

fruits and vegetables conserving companies (Freezing, pickling,

cooking, packing).

Decision 3/1 12/1/2001

Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of

the meat and poultry waste treating factories by cooking or dry way

fermentation.

Decision 4/1 12/1/2001 Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of

the slaughterhouses.


the fuel distribution stations.

Decision 8/1 30/12/2001 Criteria and standards related to air pollutants and liquid waste

generated from classified companies and water treating stations.


cows/ poultry/ pets (e.g. rabbits, pigs…) farms.


dairy products factories.


building stones factories.




32

plastic factories.

Decision 5/1 5/2/2002 Review of the environmental inspection reports.

Decision 6/1 5/2/2002

Processing the review of the reports related to the determi-nation of

the scope of environmental impact assessment and to the

evaluation of the impact assessment.


glass factories.


rubber (caoutchouc) factories.

Decision 19/1 11/3/2002 Subject “Alkamouaa” region/ caza “Alay” to the Ministry of

Environment protection.

Decision 20/1 8/3/2002 Declaring 9 march the national day of reserves.

Decision 21/1 11/3/2002 Subject “Alkarkir” valley/ caza “Zgharta” to the Ministry of


Decision 22/1 11/3/2002 Subject “Dalhoun” forest/ caza “Chouf” to the Ministry of


Decision 44/1 4/5/2002 Modification of the Resolution 20/1 by declaring 10 march the

national day of reserves.

Decree 8006 11/6/2002 Determine the types of health institutions waste disposal and how to

discharge it

Law 444 29/7/2002 Environment Protection Law

The Minister Fares Boueiz

Law 580 4/3/2004 The organization of land hunting in Lebanon

Decision 8/1 10/3/2004 Classifying “Balou’ Be’tara” in Tannourine as a natural location.

The Minister Wiam Wahhab

Decision 9/1 2/11/2004

Defining the minimum distances that should separate all kinds of

planed farms and their establishment/investment in the unorganized

areas from the residential areas.

Decision 6/1 12/1/2005 Giving all the companies and factories a grace period of 6 months

to correct their situation and apply the environmental requirements.

Decision 13/1 22/2/2005 Modification of the Resolution 132/1: excluding “Ighmid” valley

location from the classified locations in “Chouf” area.

The Minister engineer Yaacoub Al Sarraf

Decree 14865 1/9/2005

Determine the conditions and mechanism of the Ministry of

Environment to provide contributions to the bodies Ataatoky profit

for the environmental activities

Decision 3/1 6/8/2005 Specifying the environmental conditions to license the

establishment or investment of the small treating water stations.

Decision 4/1 6/8/2005 Specifying the environmental conditions to license the

establishment or investment of mixers of the hot asphalt.

Law 690 26/8/2005 Defining the functions of the Ministry of Environment and

organization

Generalization

24/1 14/10/2005

Confirmation of forbidding the hunting on all the Lebanese territory

within the taken measures to prevent the Avian influenza infection.

Table 2-6: The main environmental legislations in Lebanon



33

To date, the current Lebanese environmental regulations are generally scarce with some dating back several decades. Table 2-6 presents an overview of the main environmental legislations found in Lebanon dealing with the management of water resources, solid waste and wastewater as well as air quality and pollution control; these legislations are listed in reverse chronological order. According to the article 4 of the Decree 9765/2003 of the Ministry of Industry, the authorities in charge of the industrial pollution control are the Ministry of Industry-Control Department, the Municipalities and the competent authorities of MoE and MoPH.

2.3.3 International agreements and treaties

Table 2-7 summarizes all relevant international conventions and agreements that are signed or ratified by Lebanon. They include provisions relevant to the proposed project operations and waste management practices.

AGREEMENT OBJECTIVE RELEVANCE TO PROJECT

Stockholm Convention on

Persistant Organic pollutants for

adoption by the conference of

plenipotentiaris-2001

Signed by Lebanon in 2001

to protect human health and the

environment from chemicals that

remain intact in the environment

for long periods, become widely

distributed geographically,

accumulate in the fatty tissue of

humans and wildlife, and have

adverse effects to human health

or to the environment.

Describe all practicable steps

to ensure that POPs are

managed in a manner which

will protect human health and

the environment against the

adverse effects which may

result from such organic

chemical substances.

United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change.-

Rio de Janeiro- 1992

Ratified by Lebanon in 1994

to achieve stabilization of

greenhouse gas concentrations

in the atmosphere at a level that

would prevent dangerous

anthropogenic interference with

the climate system.

Lists precautionary measures

to anticipate, prevent or

minimize the

causes of climate change

and mitigate its adverse

effects.

Basel Convention on the Control

of Transboundary Movements of

Hazardous Wastes and their

Disposal-1989


To control the transportation of

dangerous non-radiant materials

and their disposal across the

border

Regulates the transfer of

potentially hazardous wastes

across national boundaries

Medical and industrial waste

Hazardous Demolition waste

Convention to Combat

Desertification - 1994 Ratified by

Lebanon in 1994

To combat desertification Control land clearance and

project footprint size

Vienna Convention for the

Protection of the Ozone Layer –

1985

Montreal protocol on ozone-

depleting substances - 1987

To protect human health and the

environment from any activity

that modifies the ozone layer

Adopt measures to control

human activities found to have

Regulates the use of ODS

(ozone depleting substances)

Reconstruction activities



34

Ratified by Lebanon in 1993 adverse impact on the ozone

layer

Barcelona Convention:

Protocol for the Protection of the

Mediterranean Sea against

Pollution from Land-based

Sourcwes-1980

Signature in 1980 and accession

in 1994

Protocol Concerning Co-

operation in Combating Pollution

of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil

and Other Harmful Substances in

Cases of Emergency-1976


Convention for the Protection of

the Mediterranean Sea against

Pollution-1976


International Convention relating

to Intervention on the High Seas

in cases of Oil Pollution

Casualties.-Brussels- 1969


Convention on the Prevention of

Marine Pollution by Dumping of

Wastes and Other Matter-1972


International Convention for the

Prevention of Pollution of the Sea

by Oil.-London- 1954


To ensure protection of the

Mediterranean Sea and aquatic

species from effluent discharges

(solid/liquid waste)

To protect the coastal area

from landfills and

uncontrolled dumping

practices in the Study Area

resulting in leachate

generation and run-off which

pose a threat to the existing

water resources.

Disposal of wastewater in the

Mediterranean sea

Table 2-7: International Agreements Ratified or Signed by Lebanon

2.3.4 Relevant Lebanon's international guidelines and standards2

Table 2-8 summarizes some of the WB/IFC safeguard policies that are applicable to the project.





35

OPERATIONAL

POLICY / DIRECTIVE

KEY FEATURES APPROVAL

DATE

OP/BP 4.01

Environmental

Assessment

Trigger: Any project with potential environmental and social impacts

• Potential environmental consequences of project identified early in

project cycle – projects categorized as A (significant impacts); B

(limited impacts); C (no impacts); FI (Financial Intermediary)

• Environmental Assessments (EAs) and mitigation plans are

required for projects with significant environmental impacts or

involuntary resettlement

• EAs should include analysis of alternative designs and sites or

consideration of “no option”

• Requires public consultation with and information disclosure to

affected communities and NGOs before World Bank Board approval;

at least two public consultations with affected communities are

required for category A projects

Required document: Environmental Assessment(EA) for category A

and B projects

January

1999

OP 4.04

Natural

Habitats

Trigger: Potential to cause significant loss or degradation of natural

habitat

• Prohibits financing of projects involving “significant conversion of

natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives

• Requires environmental cost/benefit analysis

• Requires EA with mitigation measures

Required document: issues and mitigation measures included in EA

June 2001

OP 4.36

Forestry

Trigger: projects that impact the health and quality of forests; projects

that affect the rights and welfare of people dependent upon forests;

projects that change the management and use of forests

• Discourages financing of projects that significantly convert natural

habitats and critical forest areas unless there are no feasible

alternatives

• Projects cannot contravene international environmental agreements

and conventions

• For industrial-scale commercial harvesting, the harvesters must be

certified by a third party as meeting standards of responsible forest

management or agree to a time-bound phased action plan that can

meet such standards

• Local people must be involved in developing standards for

certification

• Prohibits financing for commercial logging operations or acquisition

of equipment for use in primary moist tropical forests

Required documents: forestry issues included in EA, time-bound

action plans included in Project Appraisal Document (PAD)

November

2002

Table 2-8: WB/IFC safeguards policies that are applicable to the project



36

2.3.5 Objectives of the EIA Report

The EIA is an important decision-making tool required by the Ministry of Environment and by the World Bank, that ensures that the environmental hazards and effects of the Project are identified and evaluated prior to operations, and that appropriate control measures are implemented. The main objective of this study is to determine the potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed Project. The objectives of this EIA study are to: • Identify all applicable Lebanese national legislation, policies, standards and

international treaties, agreements, industry standards and guidelines and regulatory environmental requirements for the project, etc.;

• Provide a detailed description of all Project activities and work plans to be carried out in sea and on land.

• Describe the existing environmental baseline conditions of the study area covering the physical, biodiversity, socio-economic, and cultural elements likely to be affected by the proposed dredging and disposal activities and/or likely to cause adverse impacts upon the project, including both natural and man-made environments;

• Identify and assess the potential impacts on environmental and social resources associated with the project;

• Identify the nature and extent of any significant potential environmental and social impacts be they positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse), temporary or permanent. This shall include routine, non-routine (planned) operations and unplanned (accidental) events;

• Identify any significant cumulative or transboundary impacts of the project and recommend appropriate actions to mitigate or minimize these impacts during the project execution;

• Identify and evaluate appropriate mitigation measures for these impacts; • Identify any residual impacts following application of mitigation; and • Identify, assess and specify methods, measures and standards to be included in

the detailed design, operation and handover of the project, which are necessary to mitigate these impacts and reduce them to acceptable levels.

The EIA study shall ensure that: • The project complies with international treaties, agreements and industrial

standards and guidelines. • The Project under assessment complies with relevant Lebanese legislations,

standards and World Bank requirements. • In the absence of any relevant Lebanese standards or requirements for sampling,

construction and disposal operations, the project should be at a minimum, compatible with international standards, such as those issued by the World Bank, IFC or OSHA.

• Transparency in Project activities and engagement of local authorities and community regarding its environmental, social and economical aspects.



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2.3.6 Legal background of the project

The Project is governed by Lebanon’s main Environmental Framework Law (Law 444/2002 on Environmental Protection). A draft EIA decree was issued in 2000 which abides by specifications and standard criteria for environmental standards and requirements and sets principles and measures necessary to assess the environmental impact of development projects (refer to Environmental Protection Law No. 444/ 2002). The draft EIA decree comprises sixty-eight articles that address the objectives of the regulation, definitions, as well as various stages of the national EIA process such as screening, scoping, implementation, and review of the EIA report, in addition to the period of validity, and the appeal process. The EIA draft decree also lists all the activities for which EIA or permit conditions are mandatory, and those that require an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).

2.4 Administrative Framework

2.4.1 Project team

This report has been prepared by an international team of experts. The experts team is composed of:

• Mr Tobias Kampet, Senior environmental engineer, MVV decon, Germany • Mr Norbert Paetz, vice head of the energy services department, MVV decon,

Germany • Dr. Samir Mahfoud, regional expert, MVV decon, Germany • Mrs Marieange Saidy, Santec, Lebanon • Mr Azzam Sankari, Santec, Lebanon • Mrs Raia Dayekh, Santec, Lebanon

2.4.2 Applied methodology

The Assessment of the possible impacts of the Power Plant on the environment was based on the following methods:

2.4.2.1 Judgement

Based on the scope of work as approved by the MoEW for project implementation, on international literature and on its experience, the judgement was used for the preliminary assessment of the impacts of the project on the environment.



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This assessment has been deepened and justified by site-specific visits and in-situ data acquisition in April 2011. 2.4.2.2 Classification of Potential Impacts

In this study the evaluation of the potential impacts is based on experience with similar projects and on the environmental conditions present in the site surrounding area. The anticipated negative environmental impacts are classified into 4 categories "High", "Intermediate", "Slight", and "Negligible".

• A high impact can destroy an element of the environment or create a strong

environmental modification. Such an impact can greatly affect an environmental component if it is impossible to adopt adequate mitigation measures.

• An intermediate impact may partially reduce a value or use of an environmental component and have an affect on a limited portion of the population.

• A slight impact may slightly reduce the value or use of an environmental component and slightly affect a small group of the population.

• Some activities of the project may not create evident negative impacts on the environment. In such cases, the assessment will not be detailed but same commentaries will be given. This type of impacts is identified as negligible.

2.4.3 Technical background of the project

The technical documents which have been used for the preparation of this EIA report are the documents published by the Ministry of energy and Water for the preparation of the tender documents for the “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units” at existing Jiyeh and Jiyeh thermal power plants.

2.4.4 Further documents used

A list of additional documents has been used for the preparation of this report, For details please refer to the references of this report.

2.5 Environmental requirements

2.5.1 Emission standards and warranties

The MoE has defined general emission standards according to the Law 8/1. These standards are valid for all industrial plants, including all kind of power plants.



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The assignment of different pollutants to the respective groups of particulate inorganic pollutants; gaseous inorganic pollutants and cancer causing pollutants are given in the Annex as well as the list and classification of gaseous organic compounds. Emissions standards are identified by mass flow and concentrations; for mass flow lower than the ones indicated in column 3 in Table 2-9, no concentration emission limit value exist, otherwise limit values of column 2 will automatically apply.

Parameter Emission limit value Remark

Dust [mg/m3] 200 for new establishments

500 for old establishments

Non containing hazardous

compound

Particulate inorganic pollutants [mg/m3]

Group I 1 Mass flow > 5 g/h

Group II 10 Mass flow > 25 g/h

Group III 30 Mass flow > 50 g/h

Gaseous inorganic pollutants



Group III 30 Mass flow > 1 Kg/h

Group IV 500 Mass flow > 10 Kg/h

Gaseous organic pollutants


Group II 100 Mass flow > 4 kg/h

Group III 200 Mass flow > 6 Kg/h

Cancer causing pollutants

Group I 0.2 Mass flow > 5 g/h


Group III 10 Mass flow > 50 g/h

Table 2-9: General emissions limit values in Lebanon

Parameter Category A (new

establishments)

Category B (old

establishments)

O2 correction 3 % 5 %

Dust [mg/m3] 150 500

CO [mg/m3] 250 1000

NOx (calculated as NO2) [mg/m3]

Diesel fuel (European standard) 300 800

Other fuel 500 1000

SOx (calculated as SO2) [mg/m3]

Diesel fuel (European standard) - -

Other 1700 3500

Table 2-10: Oil fired combustion plants: boilers, steam, energy production > 1 MW and < 50 MW thermal capacity



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Parameter Category A Category B

O2 correction 3 % 5 %

Dust [mg/m3] 50 250

As + Pb+ Cd+ Cr+ Co+ Ni 50 15

CO [mg/m3] 250 1000

NOx (calculated as NO2) [mg/m3] 500 1000



Other 2500 3500

Table 2-11: Oil fired combustion plants > 50 MW thermal capacity

Moreover specific regulations are given for the Energy Sector. In the Tables 2-13 to 2-16, the specific ELV’s for stack emissions are given.




Other 2000 3500

Table 2-12: Additional requirements for plants > 50 MW <100 MW thermal capacity



Diesel fuel (European standard)

Other

-

2000

-

3500

HCL 100 200

HF 10 20

Table 2-13: Additional requirements for plants >100 MW <300 MW thermal capacity



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2.5.2 Ambient air quality standards

Averaging Period Guideline value in mg/m3

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24-hour

10 minute

125 (Interim target-1)


20 (guideline)

500 (guideline)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1-year

1-hour

40 (guideline)

200 (guideline)

Particulate Matter

PM10

1-year

24-hour




20 (guideline)




50 (guideline)

Particulate Matter

PM2.5

1-year

24-hour




10 (guideline)



37.5 (Interim target-3)

25 (guideline)

Ozone 8-hour daily

maximum


100 (guideline

Table 2-14: Ambient air quality standards of World Bank3

2.5.3 Water quality standards

In the following tables (Table 2-15 for waste water discharged into the sea; Table 2-16 for waste water discharged into the surface water and Table 2-17 for waste water discharged into the sewage system) the ELV for existing facilities are given as allowed for and set in Law 8/1.

3 World Health Organisation (WHO): Air Quality Guidelines, Global Update, 2005.



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Parameter ELV for existing facilities ELV for new facilities

PH 5 - 9 6 - 9

Temperature 35°C 35°C

BOD5 mgO2/L 100 25

COD mgO2/L 250 125

Total Phosphorous mgP/L 16 10

Total Nitrogen mgN/L 40 30

Suspended solids mg/L 200 60

AOX 5 5

Detergents mg/L 3 3

Coliform Bacteria 37°C in 100ml 2000 2000

Salmonellae absence Absence

Hydrocarbons mg/L 20 20

Phenol index mg/L 0.3 0.3

Oil and Grease mg/L 30 30

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 75 75

Ammonia (NH4+) mg/L 10 10

Silver (Ag) mg/L 0.1 0.1

Aluminium (Al) mg/L 10 10

Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.1 0.1

Barium (Ba) mg/L 10 2

Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.2 0.2

Cobalt (Co) mg/L 0.5 0.5

Chromium total (Cr) mg/L 2 2

Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI) mg/L 0.5 0.2

Copper total (Cu) mg/L 1.5 1.5

Iron total (Fe) mg/L 5 5

Mercury total (Hg) mg/L 0.05 0.05

Manganese (Mn) mg/L 1 1

Nickel total (Ni) mg/L 2 0.5

Lead total (Pb) mg/L 0.5 0.5

Antimony (Sb) mg/L 0.3 0.3

Tin total (Sn) mg/L 2 2

Zinc total (Zn) mg/L 10 5

Active Cl2 mg/L 1 1

Cyanides (CN-) mg/L 0.1 0.1

Fluoride (F-) mg/L 25 25

Nitrate (NO3) mg/L 90 90

Phosphate (PO43-) mg/L 5 5

Sulphate (SO42-) mg/L 1000 1000

Sulphide (S2-) mg/L 5 1

Table 2-15: ELV of waste water discharged into the sea



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Parameter ELV for existing facilities ELV for new facilities

PH 5 - 9 6 - 9

Temperature 30°C 30°C

BOD5 mgO2/L 100 25

COD mgO2/L 250 125

Total Phosphorous mgP/L 16 10

Total Nitrogen mgN/L 40 30

Suspended solids mg/L 200 60

AOX 5 5

Detergents mg/L 3 3

Coliform Bacteria 37°C in 100ml 2000 2000

Salmonellae absence Absence

Hydrocarbons mg/L 20 20

Phenol index mg/L 0.3 0.3

Oil and Grease mg/L 30 30

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 75 75

Ammonia (NH4+) mg/L 10 10

Silver (Ag) mg/L 0.1 0.1

Aluminium (Al) mg/L 10 10

Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.1 0.1

Barium (Ba) mg/L 2 2

Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.2 0.2

Cobalt (Co) mg/L 0.5 0.5

Chromium total (Cr) mg/L 2 2

Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI) mg/L 0.5 0.2

Copper total (Cu) mg/L 1.5 0.5

Iron total (Fe) mg/L 5 5

Mercury total (Hg) mg/L 0.05 0.05

Manganese (Mn) mg/L 1 1

Nickel total (Ni) mg/L 2 0.5

Lead total (Pb) mg/L 0.5 0.5

Antimony (Sb) mg/L 0.3 0.3

Tin total (Sn) mg/L 2 2

Zinc total (Zn) mg/L 5 5

Active Cl2 mg/L 1 1

Cyanides (CN-) mg/L 0.1 0.1

Fluoride (F-) mg/L 25 25

Nitrate (NO3) mg/L 90 90

Phosphate (PO43-) mg/L 5 5

Sulphate (SO42-) mg/L 1000 1000

Sulphide (S2-) mg/L 1 1

Table 2-16: ELV for waste water discharged into surface water in Lebanon



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Parameter ELV for existing and new facilities

PH 6 - 9

Temperature 35°C

BOD5 mgO2/L 125

COD mgO2/L 500

Total Phosphorous mgP/L 10

Total Nitrogen mgN/L 60

Suspended solids mg/L 600

AOX 5

Salmonellae Absence

Hydrocarbons mg/L 20

Phenol index mg/L 5

Oil and Grease mg/L 50

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 750

Ammonia (NH4+) mg/L -

Silver (Ag) mg/L 0.1

Aluminium (Al) mg/L 10

Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.1

Barium (Ba) mg/L 2

Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.2

Cobalt (Co) mg/L 1

Chromium total (Cr) mg/L 2

Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI) mg/L 0.2

Copper total (Cu) mg/L 1

Iron total (Fe) mg/L 5

Mercury total (Hg) mg/L 0.05

Manganese (Mn) mg/L 1

Nickel total (Ni) mg/L 2

Lead total (Pb) mg/L 1

Antimony (Sb) mg/L 0.3

Tin total (Sn) mg/L 2

Zinc total (Zn) mg/L 10

Cyanides (CN-) mg/L 1

Fluoride (F-) mg/L 15

Nitrate (NO3) mg/L -

Phosphate (PO43-) mg/L -

Sulphate (SO42-) mg/L 1000

Sulphide (S2-) mg/L 1

Table 2-17: ELV for waste water discharged in sewage system



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Pollutant or parameter Limit (milligrams per liter, except for pH, bacteria, and temperature)

PH 6-9

BOD 50

COD 250

Oil and grease 10

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 50

Metals

Heavy metals, total 10

Arsenic 0.1

Cadmium 0.1

Chromium

Hexavalent

Total

0.1

0.5

Copper 0.5

Iron 3.5

Lead 0.1

Mercury 0.01

Nickel 0.5

Selenium 0.1

Silver 0.5

Zinc 2

Cyanide

Free

Total

0.1

1

Ammonia 10

Fluoride 20

Chlorine, total residual 0.2

Phenols 0.5

Phosphorus 2

Sulfide 1

Coliform bacteria < 400 MPN/100 ml*

Temperature increase < 3°C

*MPN, most probable number

Table 2-18: Limits for Process Wastewater, Domestic Sewage, and Contaminated Stormwater Discharged to Surface Waters, for General Application



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2.5.4 Noise standards 4

Table 2-19 and Table 2-20 present respectively the noise levels and the occupational Noise Exposure standards allowed for and set in Decision 52/1. Table 2-21 displays the World bank ambient noise level guidelines.

Type Limit dB(A)

Day time

7 a.m.- 6 p.m.

evening time

6 p.m.- 10 p.m.

Night time

10 p.m.- 7 a.m.

Residential areas having some

construction sites or commercial activities

or that are located near a road

50-60 45-55 40-50

Urban residential areas 45-55 40-50 35-45

Industrial areas 60-70 55-65 50-60

Rural residential areas 35 – 45 30 – 40 25 – 35

Table 2-19: Maximum Allowable Noise Levels

Duration per day (hrs) Sound level (dB(A)))

8 85

4 88

2 91

1 94

½ 97

¼ 100

Table 2-20: Permissible Noise Exposure Standards

Maximum allowable log equivalent (hourly measurements), in

dB(A)

Receptor Day (7:00-22:00) Night (22:00-7:00)

Residential, institutional,

educational

55 45

Industrial, commercial 70 70

Table 2-21: World Bank ambient noise level guidelines5



5 IFC: Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, noise management.



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2.5.5 Solid Waste standards

Most if not all of the industrial waste generated in Lebanon is managed with little or no environmental controls. Industrial solid waste continues to be either co-disposed with the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream in the country’s landfills and dumps or otherwise dumped into the environment, either directly or indirectly through sewer networks. MoE is drafting pertinent legislation, including:

• a decree to classify and manage industrial hazardous waste, • a decree to manage healthcare waste, and • a permitting and authorization decree for handling any kind of hazardous

waste. This decree will set environmental guidelines and procedures for the safe handling of hazardous waste including its temporary storage, transport, treatment and final disposal. MoE also will draft technical guidelines for managing specific types of waste, such as used oil, asbestos, solvents, lead batteries and printing waste. Concerning the municipal solid waste, it has been managed in the Greater Beirut Area (GBA), in accordance with the 1997 Emergency Plan for Solid Waste Management. The plan called for closing the Bourj Hammoud dump and for establishing an integrated MSW management system.



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3 Project description

3.1 Introduction

Lebanon’s electricity supply is earmarked but frequent current interruptions and by important energy imports6. Therefore, the extension of the power plant in Jiyeh is an important project for the national electricity provider EDL towards a reliable a stable electricity supply in the greater Beirut area and in Lebanon.

3.2 Project location and plant layout

3.2.1 Project location

The extension of the plant is foreseen on the area of the already existing Jiyeh plant (see Figure 3-1).

Fig. 3-1: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant (marked in red on the photo taken from a model of the plant on the 7 April 2011)

6 In 2009, 1.114 billion kWh electricity imports and a national consumption of 9.793 billion kWh

(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_le.html).



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This land is owned by EDL and is currently not used (beside interleaving not needed materials, see Figure 5-2). The only building on the plot foreseen for the extension is the chemical storage which will be removed before the constructions begin (see Figure 3-2).

Fig. 3-2: The area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant. The white building is the chemical storage which will have to be removed. In the background the existing plant can be seen (photo taken 7 April 2011)

Fig. 3-3: The existing Jiyeh plant and the area foreseen for the extension seen from the sea side (photo taken from a model on the 7 April 2011)



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The project site is located in the southern part of greater Beirut. It is directly on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (see Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4). The precise location is

• Latitude: 33° 38 N • Longitude: 35° 23 E

An area of up to 25,600 m² is available for the extension of the Jiyeh plant. The altitude of the plateau at the plant site is 13,5 m above sea level.

3.2.2 Traffic system

Fig. 3-4: The project location of the Jiyeh power plant. The cooling water outlet into the Mediterranean Sea can clearly be seen, as well as the direct neighbourhood to the highway Beirut – Saida and to the buildings of the Jiyeh community on the other side of the highway (photo by Google Earth).



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The access to the power plant by road is very easy as a concrete road leads directly from the plot foreseen for the extension of the plant to the highway Beirut – Saida by two ways (see Figure 3-4). Only a few buildings are on that way, no major community has to be crossed.

Fig. 3-5: Easy access o the extension area of the power plant (Photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

According to the tender documents for the extension of the Jiyeh power plant, “the

Contractor shall use every reasonable means to prevent any of the highways or bridges communicating with or on the routes to the Site form being damaged or injured by any traffic of the Contractor or any of his sub-contractors”.7 The fuel delivery to the power plant will continue to be by ship, thus, no impact from overland fuel transports will be generated.

3.2.3 Plant layout

The extension of the existing Jiyeh Power Plant will be installed next to an already existing plant. The facilities to be newly erected can be divided in different functional building as the power house, control room, switchgear room or engineering office. According to the tender documents8, the power house will be structurally separate in order to avoid the transmission of vibrations, but “the Power House and all the

7 General conditions of the contract, Chapter 11.3: Extraordinary Traffic, March 2011. 8 Chapter 4.3 of the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011.



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various ancillary buildings are to form one architectural pattern which shall be based

and designed on professional architectural advice“.

3.3 Plant concept9

The Plant process may be summarised as follows:

3.3.1 Mechanical plant

The mechanical part of the new plant will comprehend:

• Identical 4-stroke diesel engines running on heavy fuel oil of a total net output of 80 MWe with medium speed, complete with excitation system, AVR, engine and alternator control and instrumentation system, air intake, exhaust, cooling systems, lubricating oil system and fuel oil systems as specified, and suitable for parallel operation.

• The plant should be capable for conversion for burning natural gas. The option for conversion will be exercised in the future.

• The minimum capacity of each engine should not be less than 7 MWe. • Centrifugal lubricating oil purifier • Lubricating clean oil tanks and tanks for dirty and refurbished oils • Lubricating oil transfer pumps, and associated piping and structures • Complete cooling system air-cooling) • Fuel oil daily tanks • Heavy fuel oil (HFO) centrifugal purifier clarifies and accessories • LFO storage tank for 30 days as fuel using as a pilot and for start-up, if it is

necessary • Storage HFO tank sufficient for 30 days of operation with all unit in base load

mode • HFO and LFO transfer pumps • Complete equipment for HFO system • Ventilation system for the engine room and AC for control room, MCC room

and switchgear room • Fire fighting system - extinguishers and detecting systems • Overhead crane in the engine room • Oily water treatment plant

3.3.2 Electrical plant

The electrical plant consists of the following:

9 An in-depth description of the plant concept is given in the technical specifications and other

tender documents for the project.



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• 11 kV Switching Station, • Copper bars adequate to withstand maximum load current at site conditions

and short circuit current impacts, • generator circuit breakers (according to proposed number of generator units), • station transformer circuit breakers (according to proposed generation number

of units, • outgoing circuit breaker(s)., • Bus-section circuit breaker, • Measuring voltage and current transformers, • Protective and supervisory relays, • Switches, push buttons, indicating lamps, • Measuring instruments, • Refurbishing of one existing empty 150 kV bay within the existing 150 kV

indoor switchyard of the steam power plant Jiyeh, • This one bay will be available to receive 80 MW from the new diesel power

plant ICE Jiyeh, • New 150 kV Switching Station, • Power Transformers 11/150 kV, • Generator Transformers 11/150 kV, • a new control system & control desk with synchronizing equipment, circuit

breaker control, measuring instruments and alarm and signalling, • Auxiliary transformers (11/0.4 kV), • Control Desk which includes overall power station control procedures, • Auxiliary unit and station electrical motors together with their control and

protective devices, • Medium Voltage (11 kV) power cables which includes the following

connections to the relevant 11 kV equipment: Generators to Busbar, Station transformers to Busbar, Busbar to 150/11 kV Step-up power transformers,

• High Voltage (150 kV) power cables which includes the following connections: Generator transformer to 150 kV switchgear, 150 kV switchgear to existing 150 kV switchgear building Jiyeh and to the relevant 150 kV equipment,

• Low Voltage power cables for all units and station auxiliaries, • DC system including battery, block Battery charger, DC cables, DC

distribution, distribution board, • Earthing system, • Lightning Protection System, • Insulation Coordination system, • Control cables, • Control and instrumentation system, • Power protection system, • Two low voltage distribution boards, • Lighting system including all indoor, outdoor and emergency lighting, • Communication system.



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3.3.3 Civil plant

The civil works for the construction and installation for the new power station in Jiyeh will cover but not limited to the following:

• Preparing the site from “brown field” to “green field”. • Power house. • Electrical annex: switchgear room, control room, LV room. • Office and sanitation. • Store room. • Roads. • Trenches. • Drainage system.

3.3.4 Fuel supply

Fig. 3-6: The fuel tanks of the Jiyeh power plant can be seen in the background. The red pipes are for the fire fighting system. The white tank in the forefront contains distillated sea water (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

The fuel supply for the already existing plant and for the extension will be by ship from the Mediterranean Sea (see Figure 3-6).



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The fuel oil burnt in the Jiyeh power plant has a sulphur content of less than 1%. It has been reported from the management of the power plant that, recently, there are higher amounts of ashes from the burning process which may result from sludges in the fuel oil with a higher sodium and vanadium content (see Figure 3-7). It has been suggested by the management to install a filtering system for the fuel to remediate this too high ash generation.

Fig. 3-7: Oil sludges found in the fuel (photo taken at the Jiyeh power plant on the 7 April 2011)

The measures quality parameters of the fuel delivered in the plant as well as the quality parameters for the fuel are given in the Annexes.

3.3.5 Gaseous pollutants and noise emissions

In the tender documents for the extension of the power plant 10, there are no specific requests for the treatment of the gaseous pollutants. However, the respective national Lebanese standards as well the World bank Standards must be fulfilled (see Chapter 2). According to the tender documents the noise level is to be tested11 on completion of the plant and “The noise level shall preferably be limited to the following values:

10 According to the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011. 11 According to Chapter 5 of the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011.



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a. Inside the power station while all engines are at MRC shall be 100 dB(A).

b. Outside the power station one meter from the wall of the Engine Hall Building shall be 80 dB(A).

c. Inside the control room shall be 60 dB(A).” 12

Different measures are requested in the tender documents to prevent the generation or transmission of vibrations. 13

However, the emissions of gaseous pollutants, vibration and noise must follow the requirements of the Lebanese environmental legislation as described in Chapter 2 of this report.

3.3.6 Waste water treatment

In the existing plant, the wastes from the sanitary rooms are discharged without any treatment into the Mediterranean Sea.

The extension of the plant will be equipped with an oily water treatment system14. The function of the oily water treatment system is to collect the oily water and separate it into clean water and sludge. After the treatment the clean water can be discharged into the water sewage system while the sludge shall be collected for further disposal or incineration. The main components of the system shall include but not limited to the following:

• Oily water collecting pits • Oily water transfer pump units • Oily water setting tank • Sludge transfer pump units • Oily water treatment unit • Sludge tanks • Sludge loading pump units •

A treatment or discharge system for the sanitary waste water is not requested in the tender documents for the extension of the power plant. 15

3.3.7 Solid waste disposal

In the tender documents for the extension of the power plant 16, there are no specific requests for the treatment of the solid wastes.

12 According to Chapter 1.5 of the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011. 13 According to the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011. 14 According to Chapter 2.1 of the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011. 15 According to the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011. 16 According to the “Technical specifications” in the version of March 2011.



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However, there are a number of different types of solid wastes which are generated in the power plant and which must be discharged. These include:

• the oily slags from the oily water treatment system, • all wastes from the technical / operational works on the plot (e.g. from repairs

or maintenances), • all wastes from non- technical / non-operational activities on the plot (e.g. from

the lounges for the staff), • eventually the oil sludges from the fuel filtering system (see Chapter 3.3.4 of

this report) and • all other wastes.

The storage and disposal must follow the respective requirements of the Lebanese environmental legislation as well as the World Bank Standards as described in Chapter 2 of this report. This also includes the amounts of plastic waste and sands transported into the plant with the sea water used for cooling the existing plant (see Figure 3-8, Figure 3-9 and Figure 3-10).

Fig. 3-8: The plastic waste swept with the sea water into the cooling water inlet of the power plant (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)



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Fig. 3-9: The cumulated plastic waste swept with the sea water into the cooling water inlet of the power plant [1] (photo by courtesy of the Jiyeh power plant management)

Fig. 3-10: The cumulated plastic waste swept with the sea water into the cooling water inlet of the power plant [3] (photo by courtesy of the Jiyeh power plant management)



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However, these amounts of plastic wastes constitute a non-negligible impact from the environment on the power plant (see Figure 3-9). Currently, these amounts are brought back into the sea which is a not environmentally sound way of disposal. A waste concept should foresee an environmentally friendly solution. Its realisation should be in the responsibility of the Jiyeh Environmental Management Group (see Chapters 8 and 9 of this report).



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4 Baseline study for the situation before the project

4.1 Description of the relevant physical conditions

4.1.1 Topography

Please refer to the output of task 3: Topographic Survey.

4.1.2 Geology

Please refer to the output of task 4: Soil Investigation and Geotechnical survey.

4.1.3 Seismic data

The overall theme for the last sixty million years has been that the great oceanic seaway, the Tethys, which once lay to the north of the Arabia, has almost been entirely consumed as Africa and Arabia have collided with Eurasia.

Figure 4-1: Modern day regional tectonic map



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The Arabia Plate kept on moving north and rifted away from the larger African body. The spreading ocean that resulted is the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. The movement of this new plate past the Levantine protrusion of the African Plate has given rise to the Dead Sea Transform Fault zone. The Dead Sea Fault System forms an excellent transform margin between the Arabian Plate and the Levantine part of the African Plate. Both are moving northwards but the Arabian plate is moving faster. Figure 4-1 shows the region diagrammatically. Concerning Lebanon, it is cut by faults of every scale. Figure 4-2 merely shows some of the main ones.

Figure 4-2: Simplified structural map of Lebanon

The longest fault in Lebanon is the Yammouneh Fault that runs along the western margin of the Bekaa and links the major fault of the Jordan Valley to the Ghab Valley Fault of Northern Syria. This is a lateral, or strike slip fault and is the Lebanese segment of the Dead Sea Transform Fault. It originated around 12 to 10 million years ago as the boundary between the Arabia Plate and the Levantine part of the African Plate and has been moving since. The result of this is that the Bekaa has moved some 50 km northwards with respect to Mount Lebanon.



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The Roum Fault, which runs from near Marjayoun towards Beirut is probably where most of the plate tectonic motion is going on now and may be the present plate boundary between the Arabian and the African Plate. The last recent earthquakes in Lebanon have been along this fault including the Chhim earthquake of 1956 that caused many deaths and much damage.

There are other major faults particularly in the Anti-Lebanon. The main highway to Damascus shows a good deal of faulting in the road cuts as it passes through this area. The Serghaya Fault in particular is apparently another major strike slip fault. It is important noting that in the south of Lebanon several earthquakes were registered in the past few years especially in 2008, with a magnitude ranging from 3 to 4.2 on the Richter scale. The last registered earthquake was felt along the coastal area stretching from Khaldeh to Sidon on 3 January 2011 with a magnitude of 3.4 on the Richter scale.

4.1.4 Climate

The climate of Lebanon is typically Mediterranean, humid to sub-humid in the wet season to sub-tropical in the dry season. The wet season coincides with winter period that lasts from November till April. In winter, the atmospheric pressure perturbations originating from South Europe cause abundant rainfall at the coast and on the mountains parallel to it. The dry season coincides with summer period, which starts in June till the end of September. During this period, no rain is recorded and a state of high pressure dominates the whole country.

Fig. 4-3: Monthly precipitations recorded at Beirut Airport Station (2009-2010)17

17 Source: Beirut International Airport.



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The proposed project falls in a coastal area characterized by abundant rainfall distributed over winter season and a hot and dry weather in the summer season. 4.1.4.1 Precipitation

Rain fall is regular where the majority of precipitation occurs between January and March. Figure 4-3 presents the average monthly precipitation as recorded at Beirut airport stations, the closest station to the project location. 4.1.4.2 Temperature

According to Beirut Airport Station, the coldest month of the year is January while the warmest month is August. Figure 4-4 shows the temperature recorded at Beirut Airport Station Stations, the closest station to the project location.

Fig. 4-4: Temperature recorded at Beirut Airport Station (2009-2010) 18

4.1.4.3 Wind

According to Figure 4-5, the general wind direction is southwest. The average wind speed varies from about 1.6 m/s to about 4.7 m/s over the year. The data from the station of Beirut International Airport were used in this section due to lack of data from other stations.




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Fig. 4-5: Wind rose for Beirut for the year 2005 19

4.1.5 Hydrology

Caza of Chouf is located on the Mohafazah of Mount-Lebanon. It’s surrounded on the north by the Damour River and El Aouali River at its southern boundary. Concerning the project area, no water resources such as springs or rivers are found in this region. Ii is important noting that Jiyeh is a coastal town, located on the Mediterranean Sea.

4.1.6 Ambient air quality

Air quality, at the existing conditions, has not been monitored in the study area. The proposed project will be implemented next to the existing power plant which is present in a residential and commercial area. There are several existing sources of ambient air pollution in this region which include vehicles and the emissions from the industrial activities.




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Fig. 4-6: The settlements of the community of Jiyeh come very close to the power plant (photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

The emission is one of the major environmental issues of the thermal power plant due to the characteristics of the plant, the type of fuel and the vicinity of the plant to many houses and human activities. It has been reported by the power plant management that there have been no complaints on the exhaust smokes up to now, although the settlements of the community of Jiyeh are very close, the topography with its hills is very unfavourable (see Figure 4-6) and in the surrounding area of the power plant, there are sensitive zones like high price recreational areas.

4.1.7 Noise pollution

It is evident that at any setting, both the frequency and magnitude of environmental ambient noise may vary considerably over the course of the day. In fact, the proposed project will occur next to the existing power plant where businesses and residential buildings stand. Noise levels in the plant are in general acceptable, even if no measurements are done by the regulatory authorities, nor by the power plant organization. This implies that noise sources in the surrounding of the plant are traffic jam, and daily business transactions. Concerning the noise-sensitive receptors to the proposed project, several residential buildings and businesses are located next to the existing power plant, where the closest ones are at less than 200 m form the plant. These might be potential receivers to the ambient noise pollution caused during the operation phase of the



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project. The potential nuisance from ambient increased noise levels during the phases of construction and operation are subject to preventive and mitigation measures (by noise muffling and attenuation).

4.2 Description of the relevant biological conditions

Lebanon's biological wealth has been influenced by successive civilizations, and is closely related to its geomorphology and micro-climates. Roughly three quarters of the total surface area of the country is mountainous, which gives rise to many micro-climates, favourable to the occurrence of many plant and animal species and communities. There are 5 geomorphological regions in Lebanon: (1) the coastal zone, (2) the Mount Lebanon range, (3) Bekaa Plain, (4) The Anti-Lebanon Range and (5) South Lebanon (Figure 4-7). The number of known species in fauna and flora in Lebanon are 4,486 and 4,633 respectively.

Fig. 4-7: Distribution of geomorphological regions of Lebanon



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4.2.1 Flora

Fig. 4-8: Breakdown of flora species by habitat

Relative to its size, Lebanon boasts one of the highest densities of floral diversity in the Mediterranean basin, which in turn is one of the most biologically diverse regions in the world. More than 80 percent of plant species in Lebanon are terrestrial plants (Figure 4-8). Lebanon has a high percentage of endemic plant species. According to the Biodiversity Reports, approximately 400 plants are endemic to Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, of which 92 are presumed endemic to Lebanon only.

Fig. 4-9: Approximate forest coverage by Caza in percent



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Concerning the forest, in 1996, the MoA reported that forests in 1966 covered 6.7 % of the country’s surface area and were distributed across cazas as shown in Figure 4-9. The main forest species in Lebanon are the following: Kermes Oak (Q. calliprinos), Kermes Oak (Q. calliprinos), Haired Oak (Q. cerris), Aleppo Pine (P. halepensis) ,

Brutia Pine (P. brutia) , Stone Pine (P. pinea) , Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani) , Fir (Abies cilicica) , Juniper (Juniperus excelsa) , Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens).

Figure 4-10 shows the distribution of forest species.

Fig. 4-10: Percentage distribution of forest species20

4.2.2 Fauna

Of the 4,486 known fauna species in Lebanon nearly half are terrestrial (Figure 4-11). Insects and butterflies total 1,216 known species, or 27 % of the total number of fauna species.

Fig. 4-11: Breakdown of faunal species by habitat21

20 Source: MoA/UNEP, 1996c.



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There are 52 reported mammal species and at least 372 species of birds in Lebanon. The National Center for Marine Sciences (NCMS) has inventoried 218 marine fish species. Zooplankton account for the largest share of marine faunal diversity with more than 747 species recorded. Other families of marine organisms include the cephalopods (octopuses, cuttlefish and squids), reptiles (loggerhead turtle and green sea turtle) and mammals (dolphins and porpoises and, less common in local waters, whales and seals). The biodiversity surrounding the project area has become threatened due to the uncontrolled urban expansion destruction, the absence of a good urban planning and permanent alteration of the coastal zone. In fact, many industries are located in Jiyeh Mosbeh, and discharge their effluents in the surface and sea water leading to a destruction of these ecosystems. In addition, the uncontrolled urban extension and the absence of an appropriate infrastructure have contributed to an additional alteration of the biodiversity in the area. Though, some agricultural activities take place in the area, such as greenhouses for vegetables production and the cultivation of fruit trees.

4.3 Description of socio-economic conditions

4.3.1 Overall situation in Lebanon

4.3.1.1 Demographics and Population

Mouhafaza Cazas Cadastral zones Surface area (Km2)

Beirut - 12 19.6

Mount Lebanon 6 495 1968.3

North 7 387 2024.8

South 3 227 929.6

Nabatiyeh 4 147 1098

Bekka 5 224 4160.9

Total 25 1492 10201.2

Table 4-1: Administrative regions and localities at mouhafaza level

Lebanon is an upper-middle-income country, with a GDP per capita of US$4 360.

According to “Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO and Lebanon 2005–2009”, the population density has reach a total of 4 million with over 80% living in urban areas. Lebanon is divided into six administrative regions (mouhafaza), which are further subdivided into 25 districts called cazas, not including Beirut (Table 4-1). Each caza is made up of several cadastral zones (mantaka ekarieh). In total, there are 1492 cadastral zones. The Bekaa is the largest mouhafaza (4161 km2), followed by the 21 Source: MoA/UNEP, 1996c.



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North (2025 km2) and Mount Lebanon (1968 km2). The capital Beirut is home to about 1.6 million persons. Other major cities are Tripoli, 91 km north of Beirut, with about 350 000 inhabitants; Saida (Sidon), 41 km south of Beirut, with about 80 000 persons; Tyre (Sour), 79 km south of Beirut, with about 30 000 inhabitants; and Zahle, 47 km east of Beirut, with about 80 000 persons.

The average family size was 4.76 persons, with the highest number in North Lebanon, 5.5 persons per household. Information on gender and age distribution of the Lebanese population is provided by CAS (1998) and has not been updated since 2001 (Table 4-2). The male to female ratio is approximately 1:1. This ratio varies slightly according to the age group.

Age group ( years) Total (1997) Male (%) Female (%)

0-19 1558083 51.5 48.5

20-39 1342447 49.5 50.5

40-59 703977 48.6 51.4

>60 391232 51 49

Unknown 9286 35.5 64.5

Total 4005025 50.2 49.8

Table 4-2: Population breakdown by age group and gender22

4.3.1.2 Public Health and Health Care Services

In the past few years, various reports have shown a steady increase in life expectancy (up to 72.6 years at birth, combined sexes) and decline in mortality rates (crude death rate down to 5.4 per 1000). Life expectancy at birth is 69 for men and 72 for women, and the infant mortality rate, estimated to be 27 per 1000 live births in 2000, appears to have continued to improve over the past 10 years. The total fertility rate declined from 3.1 children per woman in 1991 to 2.29 in 2003.

Mohafaza No. of Hospitals

Share of Total

Private

Hospitales (%)

No. of Beds Share of Total

No. of Beds (%)

Beirut 34 21.1 3672 27.2

Mount Lebanon 56 34.8 5044 37.3

North 23 14.3 1561 11;6

South 24 14.9 1784 13;2

Beqaa 24 14.9 1454 10;7

Total 161 100 13515 100

Table 4-3: Distribution of Private Hospitals and their Bed Capacity by Mohafaza

22 Source: CAS study, No.9/1998.



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The national target with respect to reduction of the infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate for 2001 was below 24 and 28 per 1000 live births respectively at the national level, and 35 and 45 per 1000 live births respectively in under-served areas. The main causes of child morbidity are respiratory infections and diarrhea. The maternal mortality ratio is 104 per 100 000 live births.

Lebanon’s health service delivery is dominated by the private sector which accounts for more than 90% of health care services.

Lebanon has 182 private and public hospitals, with a total capacity of 15,780 beds. In Beirut and Mount Lebanon only, there are 96 hospitals with a bed capacity of 9,738 (about 62% of total bed capacity). Tables 4-3 and 4-4 depict the geographical distribution of hospitals and contracted beds by Mohafaza.

Mohafaza No. of Hospitals No. of Avilable Beds No. of Utilizable Beds

Beirut 2 739 14

Mount Lebanon 4 328 310

North 5 380 229

South 3 255 214

Nabatiyyeh 3 227 197

Beqaa 4 335 171

Total 21 226 1135

Table 4-4: Distribution of Public Hospitals and their Bed Capacity by Mohafaza

In 2001, there were 787 and health centres in Lebanon. Mount Lebanon has the lion’s share (30.3%), followed by the South (26.8%), North (24%). Beirut and Beqaa have the lowest share, with 12.8% and 6.1% respectively.

4.3.1.3 Cultural Properties

In 2002, there were 1,024,238 students, 2,698 schools and 36 colleges and universities in Lebanon. There were 396 vocational and technical training schools with an enrolment of 82,647 students. The languages taught are Arabic, French and English.

The total number of students enrolled at all levels in both the private and the public sectors has reached 899,508; compared with 258,854 students who were enrolled in 1970-1971 and represents a 248% increase. Some 351,177 students are enrolled in public schools, 113,658 students in free private schools, and 434,673 in private schools. The percentages of students included in the three types of schools are fairly evenly distributed throughout Lebanon. Beirut and Nabatiyyeh have the lowest percentage of students attending schools (9.6% and 6.9% respectively), while the Mohafazas of North Lebanon and Mount Lebanon have the highest (23.5% and 23.2%). Table 4-5 shows the distribution of schools per mohafazat and per school type.



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Lebanon has 396 vocational and technical training schools, with an enrolment of 82,647 students who are unevenly distributed between 44 public schools with 25,918 students and 352 private schools with 56,729 students.

The University System is constituted of 36 universities and colleges in Lebanon, with 124,730 students enrolled, of which 54.7% are females.

Mohafaza Public

Schools

Free Private

Schooling (%)

Paid Private

Schooling (%) Total (%)

Beirut 2.2 0.8 4.3 7.3

Mount Lebanon (incl. Beirut

Suburbs) 4.2 2.6 10.6 17.4

Mount Lebanon (without

Beirut Suburbs) 6.9 1.5 5.3 13.7

North 16.3 2.7 5.6 24.6

Beqaa 9.9 3.4 4.8 18.1

South 5.6 1.3 3.2 10.1

Nabatiyyeh 5.3 1.4 2.1 8.8

Total 50.4 13.7 35.9 100

Table 4-5: Distribution of Schools according to Mohafazat and School Type

Having a percentage of 31.8% in 1970, the illiteracy rate marks a sharp decrease and reaches 11.6 % in 1997, leading to an adult literacy rates are 92% for males and 80% for females in 2004.

4.3.1.4 Employment and Distribution of Income

Lebanon is characterized by a service-oriented economy with a weak agriculture sector. In 2004, it contributed less than 7 percent of the GDP (12 percent in 1994). In this context, agriculture plays a minor role in the economy. Major sub-sectors are commerce, tourism and financial services. The industry and manufacturing sector accounts for 21 percent of the GDP. Figure 4-12 shows the distribution of the labor force on the different economical sectors in Lebanon.

According to a study made by the USJ (Université Saint Joseph) in 2003 “La Population Libanaise et Ses Caractéristiques”, the rate of unemployment reaches 11.5% at the national level.



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Fig. 4-12: Distribution of the labor force in Lebanon23

4.3.1.5 Existing Land Use

The total agricultural land was approximately 270 000 ha in 2006, of which nearly 50 percent is under irrigation. With 39 % of the nation’s agricultural area, the Bekaa Valley has the largest acreage of agricultural land in Lebanon. North is second to Bekaa, with 26 % of the agricultural land, followed by South, Nabatiyeh and Mount Lebanon, with 12, 11 and 10 %, respectively.

Forests in Lebanon constitute an important natural resource. The forests cover 139 376 ha, while the other wooded land extends over 108 378 ha. The total area covered by the forests and other wooded land represents about 23 % of the surface area of the country. Other lands with trees (including fruit and olive trees) extend over a surface of 113 000 ha or 11 % of the country. Figure 4-13 shows the main existing land uses in Lebanon.

23 Source: Damage and Early Recovery Needs Assessment of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry,

November 2006.



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Fig. 4-13: The main existing land uses in Lebanon



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4.3.2 Overall situation in the site area

The town of Jiyeh is a coastal town, located in the Caza of Chouf, 33 kilometers (20.5062 mi) away from Beirut the capital of Lebanon. The elevation is of 20 meters above sea level. Jiyeh has a surface of 805 hectares.

Fig. 4-14: Location of caza of Chouf

It is a residential and agricultural area. Some private residences are located at the east of the power plant. Workshops, recreational activities (swimming) and tourist activities are dispersed nearby the plant. There are 20 companies with more than 5 employees in Jiyeh. In Jiyeh is a mine extraction of rock located at 2 km from the plant, currently closed. There is one port in Jiyeh located at 200 m form the power plant. It is essentially reserved for petroleum products and other fuels activities. Moreover, in the area there are lots of greenhouses for vegetables production and agricultural activities especially fruit production. Jiyeh has one public school and one private school. Thus, 220 students are schooled in the public institution, and 802 are schooled in the private one.



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Figure 4-15: Location of Jiyeh in caza of Chouf

4.4 The current existing plant in Jiyeh

The existing power plant in Jiyeh comprehends five units: three units à 72 MW and two units à 62 MW, in total ca 350 MW. However, as these installations have been built in in 1980 and 1959 respectively, the capacity which currently can be used is now 3 * 68 MW and 2 * 50 MW.

4.5 Changes predicted before the project commences

For the consideration of the changes from the extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant, two different situations must be considered:

4.5.1 Construction phase

It is anticipated that during the construction phase of the project road traffic to/from the site will increase over a short period. This may have a negative impact on the local environment (exhaust fumes, dust, noise, etc.). These potential negative impacts will pose an intermediate impact to the local communities and once the new plant enters the operation phase this will no longer apply.



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On the positive side is predicted that during the construction phase the project will offer additional short-term employment opportunities for construction workers, and once the plant enters commercial operation additional high quality long-term employment will be ensured.

4.5.2 Operation phase

Fig. 4-16: The community of Jiyeh in direct neighbourhood of the power plant (Photo taken on the 7 April 2011)

The operation of an additional block of 80 MW in the Jiyeh power plant will generate unavoidable additional effects on the environment. Examples for this are additional

• amounts of exhaust fumes emitted into the air,

• additional amounts of cooling water taken from the Sea and let into the Sea, or

• a visual impact.

It is obvious that any emission from the power plant will have a direct impact, seeing the close neighbourhood of the power plant and the community (see Figure 4-16). However, seeing the current operation situation of the power plant with (on one hand) an operation of more than 300 MW of older machines without any filters for the exhaust gases and (on the other hand) the new installation being equipped with modern diesel engines (which have to fullfill national Lebanese and World Bank



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Standards), the additional impact from the extension of the power plant is considered to be a slight additional impact. A mitigation from the current situation would come from the equipment of the existing plant with and exhaust gas cleaning system. Furthermore the extension of the Jiyeh power plant will allow to increase the generation capacity in Lebanon by 80 MW which will allow to mitigate the existing tense situation in electricity supply in the country and to meet the future demand.



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