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Transcript of Jyothi
INTRODUCTION TO
PHYSICAL PHARMACY
BY-K.JYOTHIRMAI(084Q1R0024)
Physical pharmacy:-
Deals with Physical and Chemical properties of matter
MATTER:- Collection of Molecules
States Of Matter:-
1.Solid2.Liquid3.Gases
Factors Determining State Of Matter :-
1.Intensity of intermolecular forces2.Pressure3.Temperature
Gaseous state
Intermolecular forces of Attractions are weak
1. Ideal Gas Equation PV = nRT
2. Kinetic Molecular Theory E = 3/2 RT 3.Grahams Law Of Diffusion µ = √3p/ d
4.Vanderwal’s Equation For Real gases (P + a/V²) (V-b) = RT
5.Dalton’s Law Of Partial pressure P = P1 + P2 + P3 ………….
Applications of Gases: 1.Anesthetic Gases – Cyclopropane, Nitrous oxide
2.Sterilization Gases – Ethylene Oxide
3.Fuel Gases – Useful for Sealing of Ampoules Ex: Propane and Butane.
4.Gases in chemical Process – Hydrogen and Chlorine gases are used in
5.Hydrogenation and Chlorination Reactions.
6.Refrigeration Gases – Freon 12, Ammonia and Propane.
7.Compressed gas – Nitrogen, Nitrous Oxide. (Used in product such as
8.Dental creams, hair preparations etc...)
9.Liquefied gases - Dispense the medicament as a fine mist or Foam. Ex: Propellant 114
Liquid State
Methods Of Acheving liqueFaction :1. Faradays Method 2. Lindes Method3. Claude’s Method Characteristics Properties of Liquid:Dielectric ConstantSolubility ParameterViscosity Dipole MomentRefractive IndexSurface TensionOptical activity
Applications:
Clove Oil - AntisepticWater, Glycerin - Vehicles for Elixir, SyrupChloroform, Petroleum - Solvent for Extraction of DrugsHydroCarbons - Refrigerants
Solid State
It contains of ions, atoms & molecules which are held in fixed position and closely packed.
Classification1.Based on nature of bonds (Metallic,Ionic,Molecular)2. Based on structure (Crystalline,Non Crystalline)3. Based on physical properties (Isotropic,AnIsotropic)
Applications:
•Drug & Excipients are employed as Crystals.•Formulations in this state-easy for packaging & transportation.•Several dosage forms.•More stable.
Crystallinity is co-ordination of matter resulting from orderly cohesive three-dimensional arrangement. This is also called as Crystal lattice.
Crystal habit description of outer appearance of a Crystal.
Various forms of crystal: 1. Cubic - Sodium chloride 2. Tetragonal - potassium dehydrogenate phosphate urea 3. Hexagonal - Ice, Thymol 4. Orthorhombic - Barium sulphateBased on Crystal habit: 1. Plate - Naphthalene 2. Tabular - Tolbutamide 3. Equant - Sodium chloride 4.Cloumnar - Fluoro cortisone acetate
Crystal habit influences the followingPlate like crystals are easy to inject then that of needle like Flow properties and ease of compression
Crystalline Solids
Polymorphism
It is the ability of a compound to crystallize as more than one distinct crystalline species with different internal lattices
Ex:- chloramphenicol palmitate - A,B,C forms Phenobarbitone - form I, form II, form III
Applications:-Enhanced solubilityImproved dissolutionEnhanced absorptionManufacture of dosage forms
The polymorphic transitions can be presented by additives such as hydrocolloids and surface active agents which will poison the crystal lattice.
Liquid Crystal
These have the properties of both solids and liquids
They have liquid properties such as mobility and rotation and solid properties such as birefringence
The two main type crystals are
• Smectic [ soap or grease like]• Nematic [Thread like]
Nematic
Change In The State Of Matter:
Latent HeatVapour pressureVapour pressure- temperature Phase Diagrams:-
The phase diagrams help in selecting experimental conditions for transformations. Applications:•It is used in design and administration of Aerosol Products.•It is employed in distillation and purification methods.•It is used for freeze drying of pharmaceutical purpose and for evaporation in concentrating drugs.
Sub limitation – critical point:-
•In case of water, the temperature and pressure for triple point are 0.0098ºc and 610.25pa •Application
Freeze drying is used for manufacture of dosage forms involving biological, vacancies,sera and several antibiotics.
A B
c
o
Eutectic Mixtures(Eutectic Easy melting): Substances such as menthol, Thymol, camphor etc when mixed in particular proportion tend to liquefy due to reduction in their respective melting points.
This phenomenon is mainly used in pharmaceutical practice toimprove dissolution behavior of drugs.
For ex: Aspirin-acetaminophenAcetaminophen-propyphenazoneGriseofulvin-succinic acid
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