Jurnal-Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy Reactions in Integrated Services

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Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy Reactions in Integrated Services - The Patients' Perspective in Nepal: e2089 Raffe, Sonia F ; Thapa, Min ; Khadge, Saraswoti ; Tamang, Krishna ; Hagge, Deanna ; dkk. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7.3 (Mar 2013): e2089. Abstract Leprosy care has been integrated with peripheral health services, away from vertical programmes. This includes the diagnosis and management of leprosy reactions, which cause significant morbidity. We surveyed patients with leprosy reactions at two leprosy hospitals in Nepal to assess their experience of leprosy reaction management following integration to identify any gaps in service delivery. Methods Direct and referral patients with leprosy reactions were interviewed in two of Nepal's leprosy hospitals. We also collected quantitative and qualitative data from clinical examination and case-note review to document the patient pathway. Results Seventy-five patients were interviewed. On development of reaction symptoms 39% presented directly to specialist services, 23% to a private doctor, 17% to a district hospital, 10% to a traditional healer, 7% to a health post and 4% elsewhere. Those who presented directly to specialist services were 6.6 times more likely to start appropriate treatment than those presenting elsewhere (95% CI: 3.01 to 14.45). The average delay between symptom onset to commencing corticosteroids was 2.9 months (range 0-24 months). Obstacles to early presentation and treatment included diagnostic challenge, patients' lack of knowledge and the patients' view of health as a low priority. 40% received corticosteroids for longer than 12 weeks and 72% required an

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jurnal tentang diagnosis dan treatment untuk penderita lepra.

Transcript of Jurnal-Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy Reactions in Integrated Services

Page 1: Jurnal-Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy Reactions in Integrated Services

Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy Reactions in Integrated Services - The Patients' Perspective in Nepal: e2089

Raffe, Sonia F; Thapa, Min; Khadge, Saraswoti; Tamang, Krishna; Hagge, Deanna; dkk. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7.3 (Mar 2013): e2089.

Abstract

Leprosy care has been integrated with peripheral health services, away from vertical programmes. This includes the diagnosis and management of leprosy reactions, which cause significant morbidity. We surveyed patients with leprosy reactions at two leprosy hospitals in Nepal to assess their experience of leprosy reaction management following integration to identify any gaps in service delivery.

Methods

Direct and referral patients with leprosy reactions were interviewed in two of Nepal's leprosy hospitals. We also collected quantitative and qualitative data from clinical examination and case-note review to document the patient pathway.

Results

Seventy-five patients were interviewed. On development of reaction symptoms 39% presented directly to specialist services, 23% to a private doctor, 17% to a district hospital, 10% to a traditional healer, 7% to a health post and 4% elsewhere. Those who presented directly to specialist services were 6.6 times more likely to start appropriate treatment than those presenting elsewhere (95% CI: 3.01 to 14.45). The average delay between symptom onset to commencing corticosteroids was 2.9 months (range 0-24 months). Obstacles to early presentation and treatment included diagnostic challenge, patients' lack of knowledge and the patients' view of health as a low priority. 40% received corticosteroids for longer than 12 weeks and 72% required an inpatient stay. Treatment follow-up was conducted at locations ranging from health posts to specialist hospitals. Inconsistency in the availability of corticosteroids peripherally was identified and 41% of patients treated for leprosy and a reaction on an outpatient basis attended multiple sites for follow-up treatment.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that specialist services are necessary and continue to provide significant critical support within an integrated health system approach towards the diagnosis and management of leprosy reactions.

Author Summary

The global strategy for leprosy has moved patient care to general health services with the aim of improving access to treatment. We suspected that leprosy patients with a common complication,

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leprosy reactions, are not being diagnosed and treated promptly in integrated services. Leprosy reactions cause nerve damage and, if not treated early, can cause significant disability. We interviewed 75 patients with a leprosy reaction in Nepal, a country with a fully-integrated leprosy service. Patients were experiencing average delays of 2.9 months between developing leprosy reactions and starting treatment. Many required extended courses of treatment, an inpatient stay or experienced a recurrence of their reaction. Patients also continue to attend specialist services for both diagnosis and follow-up. Patient care could be improved by utilising specialist knowledge for training and the management of complex cases. Health care workers and patients need to be educated about leprosy reactions. A wider implication of the study is that health policy-makers need to be cautious not to over-simplify medical conditions when restructuring services.

Citation: Raffe SF, Thapa M, Khadge S, Tamang K, Hagge D, et al. (2013) Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy Reactions in Integrated Services - The Patients' Perspective in Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(3): e2089. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002089

Editor: Joseph M. Vinetz, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, United States of America

Received: July 16, 2012; Accepted: January 22, 2013; Published: March 7, 2013

Copyright: © 2013 Raffe et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/, contributed approximately £1000 in support of the work. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the final manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Leprosy reactions play a significant role in the morbidity associated with the disease. These immune-mediated complications, seen in up to 50% of patients [1], can cause rapid nerve damage resulting in anaesthesia and weakness, which in turn increases risk of injury and deformity [2]. Two types of reactions are recognized: type 1 (T1R, also known as reversal or downgrading) and type 2 reactions (erythema nodosum leprosum, ENL). They can occur at presentation, during treatment for leprosy with multi-drug therapy (MDT) and occasionally following completion of MDT [3].

Type 1 reactions, caused by an increase in cell-mediated immunity, result in skin or nerve inflammation at sites of Mycobacterium leprae infection. Skin lesions become tender, erythematous and oedematous while nerve involvement produces pain, paraesthesia or a sudden deterioration in function [4], [5]. Prompt and appropriate treatment is essential to prevent

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permanent neurological deficit with observed recovery rates of 60-70% in those identified and treated within six months of onset [3].

Type 2 reactions (ENL) are immune complex-mediated [1]. Symptoms are diverse with characteristic painful, erythematous subcutaneous nodules occurring with systemic features including fever, lymphadenitis, arthritis, neuritis, iridocyclitis or orchitis [5]. ENL can run a chronic or recurrent course and is an important cause of neuropathy and consequent disability [6].

Both type 1 and ENL reactions require treatment with corticosteroids, in addition to treatment for underlying infection with Mycobacteria leprae. While effective standardized treatment exists for leprosy infection (MDT), reaction treatment is challenging. Standardized treatment regimens have been suggested but are supported by little evidence as the correct dose and duration of treatment remains unclear [7], [8]. Treatment is complicated by reaction recurrences commonly seen in both reaction types, and by the chronic course seen in up to 62.5% of ENL patients [6], [9].

In Nepal, leprosy services have been fully integrated into the peripheral setting, away from vertical programmes. This move, as part of the global strategy for leprosy, was made to promote early diagnosis and treatment and to reduce stigma by normalizing leprosy treatment alongside other chronic diseases [10]. The rural population of Nepal could benefit from closer proximity to services. Only 43% live within 2 km of a road and only 6% own a motorized vehicle [11]. Since 1996 leprosy services have been available in health posts and peripheral hospitals throughout the 75 districts of Nepal [12]. Included within the remit of the peripheral health unit is the recognition of leprosy reactions, treatment of mild reactions and the referral of severe reactions to a higher level of care which may be a district hospital or a leprosy specialist service [13].

However, our experience at a referral hospital where patients often appear to have experienced delays in the diagnosis of their leprosy reaction suggests that leprosy reactions are not yet well recognised and managed. This study tests this hypothesis and documents the experience of patients developing a leprosy reaction in Nepal, a country with a formally fully integrated health service. Data collected at interview with patients newly diagnosed with leprosy reaction details the journey that patients in Nepal make through the health service from the development of symptoms, to diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. By documenting this journey we aimed to describe the delays experienced by symptomatic patients, the obstacles preventing prompt initiation of treatment and the experience of those on treatment. We aimed to identify any gaps in current service delivery in order to help strengthen future services to ensure effective management of leprosy reactions.

Methods

Ethics Statement

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Nepal Health and Research Council and from The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee. The medical director at each study site also granted permission to access patients. Patients were provided with

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written and verbal information about the study through a translator experienced in dealing with leprosy patients in the local language (Nepali or Maithali). Participants were able to ask questions and informed that they could withdraw, without consequence, at any point. Witnessed written consent was obtained for all participants.

Patient Selection

Patients were recruited from two of Nepal's specialist leprosy hospitals and their satellite clinics: Anandaban Hospital, the main referral hospital for the Central region of Nepal, and Lalgadh Hospital, in the Terai (southern flatlands), near the Indian border.

Patients were recruited to the study over two weeks at each site. Patients attending clinics or current inpatients with reaction occurrence within the past five years were approached for enrolment. Patients were eligible to take part in the study if they were 16 years old or over and had been diagnosed with a leprosy reaction by a healthcare worker. To reduce recall bias patients were only included if the onset of their reaction had occurred in the last five years. To reduce selection bias all eligible patients were approached. Because of this study design the sample size was not pre-determined.

Data Collection

Quantitative and qualitative data were collected at patient interview, through review of case-notes (where available) and by a brief clinical examination. The interview was semi-structured based on a questionnaire tool designed by the authors with support from the staff at Anandaban Hospital. In addition, a free-text chart was also used to collect qualitative data regarding patients' journeys from first symptoms to appropriate treatment. Eighteen months later local staff collected additional data regarding treatment and reaction duration from case notes.

Data Analysis

Once collected, data were anonymised and stored in an encrypted Microsoft Access database. Epi Info version 3.5.1 was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to present the majority of the results with the Chi-squared test being used to compare the duration of travel of those attending specialist services with those attending elsewhere. Patients were categorised by reaction type (T1R, neuritis or ENL) based on the documented diagnosis in the case-notes. To provide detail on the nature and severity of the reaction episodes they were further categorised into acute single, acute multiple or chronic episodes based on definitions described by Pocaterra et al [9].

The qualitative data were analysed as an ongoing process, beginning at the data collection stage. This method, described in the literature as sequential or interim analysis, allowed for the early identification of themes which were then explored with later participants to identify common experiences or attitudes [14].

Results

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Patient Details

Seventy-eight reaction patients were identified and 75 took part in the study. Three were excluded; one due to memory problems and two as a translator was not available for their dialect at the time of recruitment.

Fifty-seven (78%) of those interviewed were male. Ages were evenly distributed in range from 16 to 78 years, with a mean age of 40 years. 93% lived in a village or rural location. 55% had never attended school and 49% were farmers (figure 1). Participants came from 27 different districts of Nepal, including 11 districts outside the immediate catchment area served by the two hospitals (data not shown).

[Figure omitted, see PDF]

Figure 1. Age, gender and education status of patients.

Patients had been diagnosed with leprosy between August 2005 and July 2010. Sixty-five (86%) of participants had multibacillary disease and 10 (14%) paucibacillary disease. Forty-nine patients (65%) were first diagnosed with leprosy at a specialist service, 15 at district or general hospitals, four by private doctors, five at health posts and two at other locations.

Of the patients interviewed, 38 (51%) were inpatients receiving reaction treatment while 19 (25%) were attending a specialist service more than once per month, 11 (15%) monthly and four (5%) less than once a month. At the time of interview, three of the patients were newly diagnosed with follow up frequency not yet established.

Reaction Details

Many patients (55%) first presented with reaction and previously undiagnosed leprosy (figure 2). Twenty-four patients were taking MDT at time of reaction diagnosis and six patients had completed their MDT course.

[Figure omitted, see PDF]

Figure 2. Timing of reaction diagnosis in relation to multi-drug therapy.

Forty-two patients had a documented T1R (including eight pure neuritis patients), 32 ENL and one patient was documented as having both a T1R and ENL simultaneously (figure 2). Changes in skin lesions were the commonest symptom in T1R and the development of painful nodules was the symptom most frequently reported in ENL, followed by joint or facial pain (table 1). At time of interview, 37% (28) had some evidence of neuropathy by voluntary muscle strength and sensory testing: 35% of T1R (12/34), 35% ENL (11/31) and 62.5% of neuritis patients.

Table 1. Symptoms reported by patients with leprosy reactions.

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Upon development of leprosy reaction, patients presented to several services. Twenty-nine presented directly to specialist services (including three who were current inpatients), 17 presented to a private doctor, 13 to a district or general hospital, eight to a traditional healer, five to a health post, one to a medical shop and two to other locations (figure 3).

[Figure omitted, see PDF]

Figure 3. Number of patients initially presenting to each service.

Patients estimated the time they spent travelling in order to consult the above services for initial advice. Most patients first sought medical care for their reaction symptoms somewhere within an hour (51%) or within a day's travel from their home (43%), which is contextually within the range of normal travel in Nepal. Only 4% initially travelled more than a day. Two (3%) were already inpatients for other reasons when their reaction developed. Most patients (56%) travelled by bus when initially seeking advice.

Experience with Integrated Services

While 29 (39%) of patients interviewed initially sought treatment from leprosy specialty care, 46 (61%) of patients accessed integrated health care services prior to attending leprosy specialty services. This group accessed an average of two facilities (range 1-4) prior to approaching specialty services. Patients did not consistently report how many times they accessed each site, though many mentioned more than once. At some point in their journeys, these patients sought reaction care in one or more of the following health care settings: district or general hospital (23, 54%), private doctor (21, 49%), traditional healer (9, 23%), health post (5, 12%) or other (3, 7%).

Twenty eight (65%) of those initially attending a peripheral service reported at least one misdiagnosis of arthritis, photosensitivity, nerve disease or other skin disease with some receiving treatments including traditional medicine, painkillers, vitamins or methotrexate.

Of the 46 patients initially seeking advice from integrated services 21 (46%) either initially or eventually encountered an integrated health professional who correctly recognized leprosy and/or the reaction and either commenced appropriate treatment of referred the patient to a specialist service.

Presentation to Specialist Services

Of the 29 patients who presented directly to a specialist service (excluding the three who were inpatients at time of reaction), 17% did so on their own initiative, 34% on advice from another patient with leprosy and 28% on advice from a relative or friend. Eighteen patients in this group had no previous diagnosis of leprosy and were therefore unknown to services. More patients travelled for over one hour to attend specialist services than those seeking advice at a peripheral service (p<0.001).

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Due to the nature of the sample all patients eventually received treatment at one of the leprosy specialist services. Over half (56%) attended on their own initiative or following the advice of a friend, relative or former patient. 19% were referred from a district or general hospital, 10% by private doctors 7% from an other or unknown source, 5% from health posts and 3% from traditional healers (figure 4).

[Figure omitted, see PDF]

Figure 4. Source of referral to leprosy specialist service.

Reaction Treatment

At initial presentation 31 patients were started on steroids. Of the 29 patients who presented directly to a specialist service 25 (86%) received steroids. Of the 18 patients who presented to a government facility (health post or district/general hospital) five (28%) received steroids. One further patient was given steroids from an unknown location. Overall, patients who presented to a specialist service were 6.6 times more likely to be started on steroids than those seeking help elsewhere i.e. RR 6.6 (95% CI: 3.01 to 14.45).

Nine patients seen in the peripheral setting were immediately referred to a specialist service at first presentation. Sixty-five (87%) did not receive steroids until arrival at a specialist service. Once seen at a specialist service, 69 (92%) received steroids that day.

Details regarding treatment duration were available for 67 patients. Nine patients were successfully treated with a 12 week course of steroids and a further 14 patients (34% in total) responded within 20 weeks. Only two ENL patients were successfully managed within 20 weeks. When categorised by duration and recurrence of symptoms, 67.7% of those with a T1R had an acute single episode while 61.3% of ENL reactions were chronic episodes, lasting more than six months (figure 5). Fifty-four (72%) of the patients required an inpatient stay with a median duration of 35.5 days (25th percentile: 14 days, 75th percentile 105 days).

[Figure omitted, see PDF]

Figure 5. Frequency of reaction by type of episode.

Delay in Presenting to Services

Delays were seen between symptom onset and treatment in those attending specialist services (average 12 months, range 0-24 months) and integrated services (average 2.9 months, range 0-12 months), with much of the delay occurring before presentation. Obstacles to early presentation with reaction symptoms included a lack of awareness of the complications of leprosy and regarding health as a low priority when compared to wage earning. Before having a leprosy reaction only four patients reported any previous knowledge of leprosy reactions, two of these as a consequence of an inpatient stay in a specialist leprosy hospital.

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Participant 55, a 32-year-old male from South East Nepal had been aware of skin changes and a tingling sensation in his right hand for two months before he attended Lalgadh Hospital for advice. When asked why he had waited so long to access healthcare he explained that he had been unable to attend sooner as it was essential that he finished planting rice in his fields, that his health was a lower priority than that of feeding his family.

Eight (12%) of the total patients consulted traditional healers in a range of 1-50 times before seeking care elsewhere. Six received ritualised therapies, one received no treatment and one patient was advised to attend leprosy specialist services.

Participant 50, a 23-year-old male initially noticed a patch of skin where sensation was abnormal but only sought help when nodules, later diagnosed as ENL, appeared some weeks later. Because of his traditional beliefs he attended the local faith healer who told him he had chicken pox and treated him with a clay paste. Three months later when the nodules continued to be a problem he attended a specialist leprosy hospital on the advice of another leprosy patient from his village.

Ongoing Care

Thirty-five patients (47%) received the majority of their MDT from a specialist service, 17 as inpatients and 18 as outpatients. Twenty-three patients (31%) received most of their MDT from a health or sub health post, 13 (17%) from a district or general hospital and two (3%) from other locations. Two patients were diagnosed with leprosy on the day they were interviewed and so had no follow-up information at time of interview.

Participant 70, a 58-year-old farmer was diagnosed with leprosy and a type 1 reaction earlier this year. He explained that while he was able to collect his MDT at the health post within his village he needed to travel back to the leprosy hospital twice a month to collect steroids, taking a full day each time. When asked why he had to travel to two different locations for follow-up he said he didn't know.

Thirty-three patients (44%) received the majority of their reaction treatment as outpatients; 25 (76%) at a specialist services, seven (21%) at district or general hospitals and one (3%) at a local health post. Thirty-one patients (41%) were taking MDT and steroids simultaneously, on a predominantly outpatient basis. Twenty-seven patients (87%) experienced no difficulty in receiving reaction medications, while four (13%) reported difficulties related to travel or expense. Of the patients treated on an outpatient basis, 18 patients (58%) were able to access MDT and steroids from the same location but 13 (42%) attended two different locations; one for MDT, a second for steroids. With both MDT and steroids available from specialist services it is not clear why patients opted for this.

Discussion

Our data shows that in Nepal, patients with leprosy reactions experienced significant delays in accessing reaction treatment. While the average delay was 2.9 months, symptomatic patients went untreated for up to two years, often because they failed to seek help early. Even following presentation to a health service many patients with reactions were not diagnosed or treated

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correctly. Most of the patients interviewed (59%) who initially presented to an integrated service were not started on treatment at their first consultation. In contrast, the majority of those attending a specialist service (86%) directly were started on steroids at first consultation. These finding suggest a lack of knowledge regarding leprosy reaction amongst patients, communities and healthcare workers which must be tackled to reduce treatment delay and consequent disability.

Leprosy reactions can be severe, recurrent or chronic. 87% of our patients did not have a satisfactory response to a 12 week standardised course of steroids. And 61% of those with ENL had a chronic reaction, a similar rate to that reported in an Indian cohort of 481 leprosy outpatients [9] and inpatient treatment was required by 72%. Those caring for patients with leprosy reactions must be able to monitor treatment response and have a clear plan for those with complex or non-responsive disease.

Steroids were not always readily available in the peripheral setting. Of the 31 outpatients receiving treatment for leprosy and reaction simultaneously, 42% attended a different location to access steroids than that supervising their MDT. The data from an RCT comparing steroids versus placebo suggests that steroids can be used safely in the field setting with an increase in only minor adverse events (RR1.6) [15]. As nerve recovery depends on prompt treatment, concerns regarding non-specialist steroid use must be balanced against risk of disability. A system of partial integration, which would inconvenience patients and threaten treatment compliance, should be avoided.

Patients continue to attend specialist services. Despite peripheral diagnostic and treatment services, 65% of those interviewed were diagnosed by a leprosy specialist service. On developing reaction symptoms 38% presented directly to specialist services including 18 previously unknown patients. Continued presentation to specialist services has been observed in other countries following integration. An evaluation of leprosy services in post-integration Sri Lanka found that while specialist services were diagnosing fewer cases of leprosy, patients were opting to attend institutions classed as secondary or tertiary care despite peripheral availability [16]. Cost may play a role as specialist services are free while some peripheral services charge a consultation fee. Patients may also feel less at risk of stigmatizing behaviour within a specialist service. A qualitative study of post-integration leprosy care in the Indian state of Orissa identified problems with stigmatizing behavior by healthcare staff towards patients with leprosy [17]. Further research to ascertain the factors influencing patient choice in Nepal would provide useful information to help reduce barriers and encourage peripheral service use.

Patients were frequently symptomatic for months prior to presentation. Patient and community education regarding the long-term implications of neglecting symptoms must be improved. As 40% of those interviewed were known leprosy patients, the need to improve education at time of diagnosis and follow-up must be acknowledged. Methods not dependent on literacy such as radio and community-based programmes should be prioritized.

The major limitation of this study was that we interviewed patients already using specialist services. This was a pragmatic decision made so that we could identify and interview enough patients in our time frame. However these patients are likely to be those with more severe

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reactions. We do not know how many patients are successfully managed in the peripheral setting. However, 65% of our sample self-referred, implying that there was a range of symptom severity. Data on both groups of patients; those managed entirely within the peripheral setting and non-users, would be needed to formally evaluate the integrated service.

This study suggests that the complexity and severity of leprosy reactions may not have been fully recognized during the integration process. With 93% of patients living in a rural location the argument for improving access through integration with peripheral services is compelling. However, peripheral workers must be supported in their expanded role. The expertise of those working in specialist services should be used for consultancy and training to aid peripheral workers to recognize and treat reactions early and to monitor for an adequate treatment response. There must be a clear referral pathway to ensure that those not responding to treatment or with complex reactions are able to access timely specialist input. Equally, to allocate resources effectively and improve access to treatment, the referral pathway back to a peripheral service for those with simple reactions should be optimized. Health policy makers, not only in the field of leprosy, need to be cautious when simplifying healthcare delivery to ensure all healthcare needs are met.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Indra Napit, medical director of Anandaban and Dr. Graeme Clugston of Lalgadh Hospital as well as all other members of staff for their permission, warm welcome and assistance throughout. We would like to thank all the laboratory and medical staff at Anandaban for their help with design of the patient questionnaire and assistance with translation. We are indebted to the patients for their participation.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DNJL SFR DH SK MT. Performed the experiments: SFR SK MT KT DH. Analyzed the data: SFR DH SK DNJL. Wrote the paper: SFR DH SK DNJL.

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© 2013 Raffe et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Raffe SF, Thapa M, Khadge S, Tamang K, Hagge D, et al. (2013) Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy Reactions in Integrated Services - The Patients' Perspective in Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(3): e2089. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002089

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Diagnosa dan Pengobatan Kusta Reaksi di Pelayanan Terpadu - Perspektif Pasien 'di Nepal: e2089Raffe, Sonia F; Thapa, Min; Khadge, Saraswoti; Tamang, Krishna; Hagge, Deanna; dkk. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7.3 (Mar 2013): e2089.AbstrakPerawatan kusta telah terintegrasi dengan pelayanan kesehatan perifer, jauh dari program vertikal. Ini termasuk diagnosis dan pengelolaan reaksi kusta, yang menyebabkan morbiditas yang signifikan. Kami disurvei pasien dengan reaksi kusta di dua rumah sakit kusta di Nepal untuk menilai pengalaman mereka manajemen reaksi kusta berikut integrasi untuk mengidentifikasi kesenjangan dalam pemberian layanan.MetodePasien langsung dan rujukan dengan reaksi kusta diwawancarai di dua rumah sakit kusta Nepal. Kami juga mengumpulkan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif dari pemeriksaan dan kasus-catatan klinis review untuk mendokumentasikan jalur pasien.HasilTujuh puluh lima pasien diwawancarai. Pada perkembangan gejala reaksi 39% disajikan langsung ke layanan spesialis, 23% ke dokter swasta, 17% ke rumah sakit kabupaten, 10% ke dukun, 7% ke pos kesehatan dan 4% di tempat lain. Mereka yang disajikan langsung ke layanan spesialis yang 6,6 kali lebih mungkin untuk memulai pengobatan yang tepat daripada yang menyajikan tempat lain (95% CI: 3,01-14,45). Penundaan rata-rata antara onset gejala untuk memulai kortikosteroid adalah 2,9 bulan (kisaran 0-24 bulan). Hambatan untuk presentasi dini dan pengobatan termasuk tantangan diagnostik, 'kurangnya pengetahuan dan pasien pasien pandangan kesehatan sebagai prioritas rendah. 40% menerima kortikosteroid selama lebih dari 12 minggu dan 72% diperlukan tinggal rawat inap. Pengobatan tindak lanjut dilakukan di lokasi mulai dari pos kesehatan untuk rumah sakit spesialis. Inkonsistensi dalam ketersediaan kortikosteroid perifer diidentifikasi dan 41% dari pasien yang diobati untuk kusta dan reaksi pada pasien rawat jalan menghadiri beberapa situs untuk perawatan tindak lanjut.KesimpulanStudi ini menunjukkan bahwa layanan spesialis yang diperlukan dan terus memberikan dukungan penting yang signifikan dalam pendekatan sistem kesehatan terpadu terhadap diagnosis dan pengelolaan reaksi kusta.Penulis RingkasanStrategi global untuk kusta telah pindah perawatan pasien terhadap pelayanan kesehatan umum dengan tujuan meningkatkan akses terhadap pengobatan. Kami menduga bahwa penderita kusta dengan komplikasi umum, reaksi kusta, tidak didiagnosis dan diobati segera dalam layanan terpadu. Reaksi kusta menyebabkan kerusakan saraf dan, jika tidak diobati dini, dapat menyebabkan kecacatan signifikan. Kami mewawancarai 75 pasien dengan reaksi kusta di Nepal, negara dengan layanan kusta yang terintegrasi. Pasien mengalami penundaan rata-rata 2,9 bulan antara mengembangkan reaksi kusta dan memulai pengobatan. Banyak diperlukan diperpanjang program pengobatan, tinggal rawat inap atau mengalami kekambuhan reaksi mereka. Pasien juga terus menghadiri layanan spesialis untuk kedua diagnosis dan tindak lanjut. Perawatan pasien dapat ditingkatkan dengan memanfaatkan pengetahuan khusus untuk pelatihan dan penatalaksanaan kasus yang rumit. Petugas kesehatan dan pasien perlu dididik tentang reaksi kusta. Implikasi lebih luas dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pembuat kebijakan

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kesehatan perlu berhati-hati untuk tidak over-menyederhanakan kondisi medis saat layanan restrukturisasi.Citation: Raffe SF, Thapa M, Khadge S, Tamang K, Hagge D, et al. (2013) Diagnosa dan Pengobatan Kusta Reaksi di Pelayanan Terpadu - Perspektif Pasien 'di Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7 (3): e2089. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pntd.0002089Editor: Joseph M. Vinetz, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Amerika SerikatDiterima: 16 Juli 2012; Diterima: 22 Januari 2013; Diterbitkan: 7 Maret 2013Hak Cipta: © 2013 Raffe et al. Ini adalah sebuah artikel akses terbuka didistribusikan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Attribution, yang memungkinkan penggunaan tak terbatas, distribusi, dan reproduksi dalam media apapun, asalkan penulis asli dan sumber dikreditkan.Pendanaan: The London School of Hygiene dan Tropical Medicine, http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/, memberikan kontribusi sekitar £ 1000 dalam mendukung pekerjaan. Para penyandang dana tidak memiliki peran dalam desain penelitian, pengumpulan data dan analisis, keputusan untuk mempublikasikan, atau penyusunan naskah akhir.Bersaing kepentingan: Para penulis telah menyatakan bahwa tidak ada kepentingan bersaing ada.PengantarReaksi kusta memainkan peran penting dalam morbiditas terkait dengan penyakit. Komplikasi imun, terlihat pada sampai dengan 50% dari pasien [1], dapat menyebabkan kerusakan saraf yang cepat menghasilkan anestesi dan kelemahan, yang pada gilirannya meningkatkan risiko cedera dan deformitas [2]. Dua jenis reaksi diakui: tipe 1 (T1R, juga dikenal sebagai pembalikan atau merendahkan) dan tipe 2 reaksi (eritema nodosum leprosum, ENL). Mereka dapat terjadi pada presentasi, selama pengobatan untuk kusta dengan terapi obat multi (MDT) dan kadang-kadang setelah selesainya MDT [3].Tipe 1 reaksi, disebabkan oleh peningkatan imunitas diperantarai sel, menyebabkan peradangan kulit atau saraf di lokasi infeksi Mycobacterium leprae. Lesi kulit menjadi lebih lembut, eritematosa dan edema sementara keterlibatan saraf menghasilkan nyeri, parestesia atau penurunan mendadak dalam fungsi [4], [5]. Pengobatan yang tepat dan tepat adalah penting untuk mencegah defisit neurologis permanen dengan tingkat pemulihan diamati dari 60-70% pada mereka yang diidentifikasi dan diobati dalam waktu enam bulan dari onset [3].Tipe 2 reaksi (ENL) kebal kompleks-dimediasi [1]. Gejala yang beragam dengan menyakitkan, nodul subkutan eritematosa karakteristik yang terjadi dengan fitur sistemik termasuk demam, limfadenitis, arthritis, neuritis, iridocyclitis atau orkitis [5]. ENL dapat menjalankan kursus kronis atau berulang dan merupakan penyebab penting dari neuropati dan cacat akibat [6].Kedua tipe 1 dan ENL reaksi memerlukan pengobatan dengan kortikosteroid, selain pengobatan untuk infeksi yang mendasari dengan Mycobacteria leprae. Sementara pengobatan standar yang efektif ada untuk infeksi kusta (MDT), pengobatan reaksi menantang. Rejimen pengobatan standar telah diusulkan tetapi didukung oleh sedikit bukti sebagai dosis yang tepat dan durasi pengobatan masih belum jelas [7], [8]. Pengobatan rumit oleh kambuh reaksi sering terlihat pada kedua jenis reaksi, dan dengan kursus kronis terlihat pada sampai dengan 62,5% pasien ENL [6], [9].Di Nepal, layanan kusta telah terintegrasi ke dalam pengaturan perifer, jauh dari program vertikal. Langkah ini, sebagai bagian dari strategi global untuk kusta, dibuat untuk mempromosikan diagnosis dini dan pengobatan serta mengurangi stigma dengan normalisasi pengobatan kusta bersama penyakit kronis lainnya [10]. Penduduk pedesaan Nepal bisa mendapatkan keuntungan dari jarak dekat dengan

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layanan. Hanya 43% hidup dalam jarak 2 km dari jalan dan hanya 6% memiliki kendaraan bermotor [11]. Sejak tahun 1996 layanan kusta telah tersedia di pos kesehatan dan rumah sakit perifer di seluruh 75 kabupaten Nepal [12]. Termasuk dalam mengampuni dari unit kesehatan perifer adalah pengakuan reaksi kusta, pengobatan reaksi ringan dan rujukan dari reaksi parah ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari perawatan yang mungkin rumah sakit kabupaten atau layanan spesialis kusta [13].Penundaan Namun, pengalaman kami di rumah sakit rujukan di mana pasien sering tampak telah berpengalaman dalam diagnosis reaksi kusta mereka menunjukkan bahwa reaksi kusta belum dikenal dengan baik dan dikelola. Penelitian ini menguji hipotesis ini dan mendokumentasikan pengalaman pasien mengembangkan reaksi kusta di Nepal, negara dengan pelayanan kesehatan formal terintegrasi. Data yang dikumpulkan pada saat wawancara dengan pasien yang baru didiagnosis dengan reaksi kusta rincian perjalanan bahwa pasien di Nepal membuat melalui pelayanan kesehatan dari perkembangan gejala, diagnosis, pengobatan dan tindak lanjut. Dengan mendokumentasikan perjalanan ini kami bertujuan untuk menggambarkan penundaan yang dialami oleh pasien bergejala, hambatan mencegah inisiasi pengobatan dan pengalaman orang-orang di pengobatan. Kami bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kesenjangan dalam pelayanan saat ini untuk membantu memperkuat layanan masa depan untuk memastikan manajemen yang efektif dari reaksi kusta.MetodePernyataan EtikaPersetujuan etika untuk studi ini diperoleh dari Health Nepal dan Dewan Riset dan dari The London School of Hygiene dan Tropical Medicine Komite Etika. Direktur medis pada setiap lokasi penelitian juga diberikan izin untuk mengakses pasien. Pasien diberi tertulis dan lisan informasi tentang studi melalui penerjemah berpengalaman dalam menangani penderita kusta dalam bahasa setempat (Nepal atau Maithali). Peserta dapat mengajukan pertanyaan dan diberitahu bahwa mereka dapat menarik, tanpa konsekuensi, pada setiap titik. Disaksikan persetujuan tertulis diperoleh untuk semua peserta.Seleksi PasienPasien direkrut dari dua rumah sakit kusta spesialis Nepal dan klinik satelit mereka: Rumah Sakit Anandaban, rumah sakit rujukan utama untuk wilayah Central Nepal, dan Rumah Sakit Lalgadh, di Terai (dataran selatan), dekat perbatasan India.Pasien direkrut untuk penelitian lebih dari dua minggu di setiap lokasi. Pasien yang datang ke klinik atau rawat inap saat ini dengan terjadinya reaksi dalam lima tahun terakhir didekati untuk pendaftaran. Pasien yang memenuhi syarat untuk mengambil bagian dalam studi jika mereka berumur 16 tahun atau lebih dan telah didiagnosis dengan kusta reaksi oleh seorang pekerja kesehatan. Untuk mengurangi pasien Bias recall hanya dimasukkan jika timbulnya reaksi mereka telah terjadi dalam lima tahun terakhir. Untuk mengurangi bias seleksi semua pasien yang memenuhi syarat didekati. Karena penelitian ini merancang ukuran sampel tidak pra-ditentukan.Pengumpulan DataData kuantitatif dan kualitatif dikumpulkan pada saat wawancara pasien, melalui review kasus-catatan (jika tersedia) dan dengan pemeriksaan klinis singkat. Wawancara semi-terstruktur berdasarkan alat kuesioner yang dirancang oleh penulis dengan dukungan dari staf di Rumah Sakit Anandaban. Selain itu, grafik teks bebas juga digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data kualitatif mengenai perjalanan pasien dari gejala pertama pengobatan yang tepat. Delapan belas bulan kemudian staf lokal mengumpulkan data tambahan mengenai pengobatan dan durasi reaksi dari catatan kasus.

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Analisis DataSetelah dikumpulkan, data diungkapkan dan disimpan dalam database Microsoft Access terenkripsi. Epi Info versi 3.5.1 digunakan untuk analisis. Statistik deskriptif digunakan untuk menyajikan sebagian hasil dengan uji Chi-kuadrat digunakan untuk membandingkan durasi perjalanan yang hadir layanan spesialis dengan mereka yang mengikuti di tempat lain. Pasien dikategorikan menurut jenis reaksi (T1R, neuritis atau ENL) berdasarkan diagnosis didokumentasikan dalam kasus-catatan. Untuk memberikan detail tentang sifat dan tingkat keparahan episode reaksi mereka lebih dikategorikan menjadi akut tunggal, ganda atau kronis episode akut berdasarkan definisi yang dijelaskan oleh Pocaterra et al [9].Data kualitatif dianalisis sebagai proses yang berkelanjutan, mulai dari tahap pengumpulan data. Metode ini, dijelaskan dalam literatur analisis berurutan atau sementara, memungkinkan untuk identifikasi awal tema yang kemudian dieksplorasi dengan peserta kemudian mengidentifikasi pengalaman atau sikap [14] umum.HasilDetail PasienTujuh puluh delapan pasien reaksi diidentifikasi dan 75 mengambil bagian dalam studi ini. Tiga dikeluarkan; satu karena masalah memori dan dua sebagai penerjemah tidak tersedia untuk dialek mereka pada saat perekrutan.Lima puluh tujuh (78%) dari mereka yang diwawancarai adalah laki-laki. Usia yang merata di kisaran 16-78 tahun, dengan usia rata-rata 40 tahun. 93% tinggal di sebuah desa atau pedesaan. 55% tidak pernah bersekolah dan 49% adalah petani (gambar 1). Peserta berasal dari 27 distrik yang berbeda dari Nepal, termasuk 11 kabupaten di luar daerah tangkapan langsung dilayani oleh dua rumah sakit (data tidak ditampilkan).[Gambar dihilangkan, lihat PDF]Gambar 1. Usia, jenis kelamin dan status pendidikan pasien.Pasien telah didiagnosis dengan penyakit kusta antara Agustus 2005 dan Juli 2010. Enam puluh lima (86%) dari peserta memiliki penyakit multibasiler dan 10 (14%) penyakit paucibacillary. Empat puluh sembilan pasien (65%) pertama kali didiagnosis kusta di layanan spesialis, 15 di tingkat kabupaten atau rumah sakit umum, empat dokter swasta, lima di pos-pos kesehatan dan dua di lokasi lain.Dari pasien yang diwawancarai, 38 (51%) adalah pasien rawat inap yang menerima pengobatan reaksi sementara 19 (25%) sedang menghadiri layanan spesialis lebih dari sekali per bulan, 11 (15%) bulanan dan empat (5%) kurang dari sekali dalam sebulan. Pada saat wawancara, tiga dari pasien yang baru didiagnosis dengan menindaklanjuti frekuensi belum ditetapkan.Rincian reaksiBanyak pasien (55%) pertama kali disajikan dengan reaksi dan tidak terdiagnosis sebelumnya kusta (gambar 2). Dua puluh empat pasien memakai MDT pada saat diagnosis reaksi dan enam pasien telah menyelesaikan kursus MDT mereka.[Gambar dihilangkan, lihat PDF]Gambar 2. Waktu diagnosis reaksi dalam kaitannya dengan terapi multi-obat.Empat puluh dua pasien memiliki T1R didokumentasikan (termasuk delapan pasien neuritis murni), 32 ENL dan satu pasien didokumentasikan sebagai memiliki baik T1R dan ENL secara bersamaan (gambar 2). Perubahan lesi kulit gejala yang paling umum di T1R dan pengembangan nodul menyakitkan adalah gejala yang paling sering dilaporkan di ENL, diikuti oleh nyeri sendi atau wajah (Tabel 1). Pada saat

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wawancara, 37% (28) memiliki beberapa bukti neuropati dengan kekuatan otot sukarela dan pengujian sensorik: 35% dari T1R (12/34), 35% ENL (31/11) dan 62,5% pasien neuritis.Tabel 1. Gejala yang dilaporkan oleh pasien dengan reaksi kusta.Setelah pengembangan reaksi kusta, pasien diberikan kepada beberapa layanan. Dua puluh sembilan disajikan langsung ke layanan spesialis (termasuk tiga yang saat ini pasien rawat inap), 17 disampaikan kepada dokter pribadi, 13 ke kabupaten atau rumah sakit umum, delapan ke dukun, lima ke pos kesehatan, satu ke toko medis dan dua lokasi lain (gambar 3).[Gambar dihilangkan, lihat PDF]Gambar 3. Jumlah pasien awalnya yang datang ke setiap layanan.Pasien memperkirakan waktu yang mereka habiskan bepergian untuk berkonsultasi dengan layanan di atas nasihat awal. Kebanyakan pasien pertama kali mencari perawatan medis untuk gejala reaksi mereka di suatu tempat dalam waktu satu jam (51%) atau dalam satu hari perjalanan dari rumah mereka (43%), yang kontekstual dalam kisaran normal perjalanan di Nepal. Hanya 4% awalnya bepergian lebih dari satu hari. Dua (3%) sudah rawat inap karena alasan lain ketika reaksi mereka dikembangkan. Kebanyakan pasien (56%) melakukan perjalanan dengan bus ketika pada awalnya meminta nasihat.Pengalaman dengan Pelayanan TerpaduSementara 29 (39%) dari pasien yang diwawancarai awalnya mencari pengobatan kusta perawatan khusus, 46 (61%) dari pasien mengakses layanan kesehatan terpadu sebelum menghadiri layanan kusta khusus. Kelompok ini diakses rata-rata dua fasilitas (kisaran 1-4) sebelum mendekati layanan khusus. Pasien tidak konsisten melaporkan berapa kali mereka diakses setiap situs, meskipun banyak disebutkan lebih dari sekali. Pada beberapa titik dalam perjalanan mereka, pasien mencari perawatan reaksi dalam satu atau lebih dari pengaturan perawatan kesehatan berikut: kabupaten atau rumah sakit umum (23, 54%), dokter pribadi (21, 49%), dukun (9, 23% ), posko kesehatan (5, 12%) dan lainnya (3, 7%).Dua puluh delapan (65%) dari mereka yang awalnya menghadiri layanan perifer melaporkan setidaknya satu misdiagnosis arthritis, fotosensitivitas, penyakit syaraf atau penyakit kulit lainnya dengan beberapa perawatan yang menerima termasuk obat tradisional, obat penghilang rasa sakit, vitamin atau metotreksat.Dari 46 pasien awalnya mencari nasihat dari layanan terpadu 21 (46%) baik pada awalnya atau akhirnya mengalami profesional kesehatan terpadu yang diakui benar kusta dan / atau reaksi dan baik memulai perawatan yang tepat disebut pasien untuk layanan spesialis.Presentasi ke Layanan SpesialisDari 29 pasien yang disajikan langsung ke layanan spesialis (termasuk tiga yang pasien rawat inap pada saat reaksi), 17% melakukannya atas inisiatif sendiri, 34% saran dari pasien lain dengan kusta dan 28% pada saran dari seorang kerabat atau teman. Delapan belas pasien dalam kelompok ini tidak memiliki diagnosis sebelumnya kusta dan karena itu tidak diketahui layanan. Lebih banyak pasien melakukan perjalanan selama lebih dari satu jam untuk menghadiri layanan spesialis daripada mereka yang mencari nasihat pada layanan perifer (p <0,001).Karena sifat dari sampel semua pasien akhirnya menerima perawatan di salah satu layanan spesialis kusta. Lebih dari setengah (56%) hadir atas inisiatif sendiri atau mengikuti saran dari seorang teman, saudara atau mantan pasien. 19% dirujuk dari kabupaten atau rumah sakit umum, 10% oleh dokter swasta 7% dari sumber lain atau tidak diketahui, 5% dari pos kesehatan dan 3% dari dukun (gambar 4).[Gambar dihilangkan, lihat PDF]

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Gambar 4. Sumber rujukan ke layanan spesialis kusta.Reaksi PengobatanPada presentasi awal 31 pasien mulai steroid. Dari 29 pasien yang disajikan langsung ke layanan spesialis 25 (86%) menerima steroid. Dari 18 pasien yang disajikan ke fasilitas pemerintah (pos kesehatan atau kabupaten / rumah sakit umum) lima (28%) menerima steroid. Satu pasien lanjut diberikan steroid dari lokasi yang tidak diketahui. Secara keseluruhan, pasien yang disajikan ke layanan spesialis yang 6,6 kali lebih mungkin dimulai pada steroid dari mereka yang mencari bantuan di tempat lain yaitu RR 6,6 (95% CI: 3,01-14,45).Sembilan pasien terlihat dalam pengaturan perifer segera dirujuk ke layanan spesialis di presentasi pertama. Enam puluh lima (87%) tidak menerima steroid sampai tiba di layanan spesialis. Setelah dilihat di layanan spesialis, 69 (92%) menerima steroid hari itu.Rincian mengenai durasi pengobatan yang tersedia untuk 67 pasien. Sembilan pasien berhasil diobati dengan kursus 12 minggu steroid dan 14 pasien (34% total) menjawab dalam 20 minggu. Hanya dua pasien ENL berhasil dikelola dalam 20 minggu. Ketika dikategorikan oleh durasi dan kambuhnya gejala, 67,7% dari mereka dengan T1R memiliki episode akut sedangkan 61,3% dari reaksi ENL adalah episode kronis, yang berlangsung lebih dari enam bulan (gambar 5). Lima puluh empat (72%) dari pasien yang diperlukan tinggal rawat inap dengan durasi rata-rata 35,5 hari (25 persentil: 14 hari, persentil ke-75 105 hari).[Gambar dihilangkan, lihat PDF]Gambar 5. Frekuensi reaksi menurut jenis episode.Keterlambatan Menyajikan ke LayananPenundaan yang terlihat antara onset gejala dan pengobatan di layanan tersebut menghadiri spesialis (rata-rata 12 bulan, kisaran 0-24 bulan) dan layanan terpadu (rata-rata 2,9 bulan, kisaran 0-12 bulan), dengan banyak penundaan yang terjadi sebelum presentasi. Hambatan untuk presentasi awal dengan gejala reaksi termasuk kurangnya kesadaran komplikasi kusta dan tentang kesehatan sebagai prioritas rendah bila dibandingkan dengan pendapatan upah. Sebelum memiliki reaksi kusta hanya empat pasien melaporkan adanya pengetahuan sebelumnya reaksi kusta, dua ini sebagai konsekuensi dari tinggal rawat inap di rumah sakit kusta spesialis.Peserta 55, laki-laki 32 tahun dari South East Nepal telah menyadari perubahan kulit dan kesemutan di tangan kanannya selama dua bulan sebelum ia menghadiri Rumah Sakit Lalgadh nasihat. Ketika ditanya mengapa ia telah menunggu begitu lama untuk mengakses layanan kesehatan ia menjelaskan bahwa ia telah tidak dapat hadir lebih cepat seperti itu penting bahwa ia selesai menanam padi di ladang, bahwa kesehatannya adalah prioritas yang lebih rendah daripada makan keluarganya.Delapan (12%) dari total pasien berkonsultasi dukun dalam berbagai 1-50 kali sebelum mencari perawatan di tempat lain. Enam terapi ritual yang diterima, salah satu tidak menerima pengobatan dan satu pasien disarankan untuk menghadiri layanan spesialis kusta.Peserta 50, laki-laki 23 tahun awalnya melihat patch kulit di mana sensasi tidak normal tetapi hanya meminta bantuan ketika nodul, kemudian didiagnosis sebagai ENL, muncul beberapa minggu kemudian. Karena kepercayaan tradisional ia menghadiri penyembuh iman lokal yang mengatakan bahwa dia terkena cacar air dan memperlakukannya dengan pasta tanah liat. Tiga bulan kemudian ketika nodul terus menjadi masalah ia menghadiri sebuah rumah sakit kusta spesialis atas saran dari penderita kusta yang lain dari desanya.

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Perawatan berkelanjutanTiga puluh lima pasien (47%) menerima sebagian dari MDT mereka dari layanan spesialis, 17 sebagai pasien rawat inap dan 18 pasien rawat jalan. Dua puluh tiga pasien (31%) menerima sebagian dari MDT mereka dari kesehatan atau pos kesehatan sub, 13 (17%) dari kabupaten atau rumah sakit umum dan dua (3%) dari lokasi lain. Dua pasien didiagnosis kusta pada hari mereka diwawancarai dan tidak ada informasi tindak lanjut pada saat wawancara.Peserta 70, seorang petani 58 tahun didiagnosa menderita kusta dan tipe 1 reaksi awal tahun ini. Dia menjelaskan bahwa sementara ia mampu mengumpulkan MDT nya di pos kesehatan di desa, ia harus melakukan perjalanan kembali ke rumah sakit kusta dua kali sebulan untuk mengumpulkan steroid, mengambil satu hari penuh setiap kali. Ketika ditanya mengapa ia harus pergi ke dua lokasi yang berbeda untuk tindak lanjut ia mengatakan ia tidak tahu.Tiga puluh tiga pasien (44%) menerima sebagian pengobatan reaksi mereka sebagai pasien rawat jalan; 25 (76%) pada layanan spesialis, tujuh (21%) di kabupaten atau rumah sakit umum dan satu (3%) di pos kesehatan setempat. Tiga puluh satu pasien (41%) memakai MDT dan steroid secara bersamaan, secara rawat jalan didominasi. Dua puluh tujuh pasien (87%) tidak mengalami kesulitan dalam menerima obat reaksi, sementara empat (13%) melaporkan kesulitan berhubungan dengan perjalanan atau beban. Dari pasien yang diobati secara rawat jalan, 18 pasien (58%) mampu mengakses MDT dan steroid dari lokasi yang sama tetapi 13 (42%) menghadiri dua lokasi yang berbeda; satu untuk MDT, kedua untuk steroid. Dengan kedua MDT dan steroid yang tersedia dari layanan spesialis tidak jelas mengapa pasien memilih untuk ini.DiskusiData kami menunjukkan bahwa di Nepal, pasien dengan reaksi kusta mengalami penundaan yang signifikan dalam mengakses pengobatan reaksi. Sementara delay rata-rata adalah 2,9 bulan, pasien bergejala tidak terawat sampai dua tahun, sering karena mereka gagal untuk mencari bantuan awal. Bahkan setelah presentasi ke layanan kesehatan banyak pasien dengan reaksi yang tidak didiagnosis atau diobati dengan benar. Sebagian besar pasien yang diwawancarai (59%) yang awalnya disajikan ke layanan terpadu tidak memulai pengobatan pada konsultasi pertama mereka. Sebaliknya, sebagian besar dari mereka menghadiri layanan spesialis (86%) langsung dimulai pada steroid pada konsultasi pertama. Temuan ini menunjukkan kurangnya pengetahuan tentang reaksi kusta di antara pasien, masyarakat dan petugas kesehatan yang harus ditangani untuk mengurangi delay pengobatan dan kecacatan akibat.Reaksi kusta dapat parah, berulang atau kronis. 87% dari pasien kami tidak memiliki respon yang memuaskan untuk kursus standar 12 minggu steroid. Dan 61% dari mereka dengan ENL memiliki reaksi kronis, tingkat yang sama dengan yang dilaporkan dalam kohort India dari 481 pasien rawat jalan kusta [9] dan rawat inap diperlukan oleh 72%. Mereka merawat pasien dengan reaksi kusta harus mampu memantau respon pengobatan dan memiliki rencana yang jelas bagi mereka dengan penyakit yang kompleks atau non-responsif.Steroid tidak selalu tersedia dalam pengaturan perifer. Dari 31 pasien rawat jalan menerima pengobatan untuk penyakit lepra dan reaksi secara bersamaan, 42% menghadiri lokasi yang berbeda untuk mengakses steroid dari itu mengawasi MDT mereka. Data dari RCT membandingkan steroid dibandingkan dengan plasebo menunjukkan bahwa steroid dapat digunakan secara aman dalam pengaturan lapangan dengan peningkatan kejadian hanya kecil yang merugikan (RR1.6) [15]. Sebagai

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pemulihan saraf tergantung pada pengobatan yang tepat, kekhawatiran mengenai penggunaan steroid non-spesialis harus seimbang terhadap risiko kecacatan. Sebuah sistem integrasi parsial, yang akan ketidaknyamanan pasien dan mengancam kepatuhan pengobatan, harus dihindari.Pasien terus menghadiri layanan spesialis. Meskipun layanan diagnostik dan pengobatan perifer, 65% dari mereka yang diwawancarai didiagnosis oleh layanan spesialis kusta. Mengembangkan gejala reaksi 38% disajikan langsung ke layanan spesialis termasuk 18 pasien yang sebelumnya tidak diketahui. Lanjutan presentasi layanan spesialis telah diamati di negara-negara lain mengikuti integrasi. Evaluasi pelayanan kusta pasca-integrasi Sri Lanka menemukan bahwa sementara layanan spesialis yang mendiagnosis lebih sedikit kasus kusta, pasien memilih untuk menghadiri lembaga digolongkan sebagai perawatan sekunder atau tersier meskipun ketersediaan perifer [16]. Biaya mungkin memainkan peran sebagai layanan spesialis bebas sementara beberapa layanan perifer mengenakan biaya konsultasi. Pasien juga mungkin merasa kurang berisiko perilaku stigma dalam layanan spesialis. Sebuah studi kualitatif pasca-integrasi pelayanan kusta di negara bagian Orissa, India diidentifikasi masalah dengan perilaku stigma oleh staf kesehatan terhadap pasien kusta [17]. Penelitian lebih lanjut untuk memastikan faktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan pasien di Nepal akan memberikan informasi yang berguna untuk membantu mengurangi hambatan dan mendorong penggunaan layanan perifer.Pasien yang sering gejala selama berbulan-bulan sebelum presentasi. Pasien dan pendidikan masyarakat mengenai implikasi jangka panjang dari gejala mengabaikan harus ditingkatkan. 40% dari mereka yang diwawancarai dikenal penderita kusta, kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan pendidikan pada saat diagnosis dan tindak lanjut harus diakui. Metode tidak tergantung pada keaksaraan seperti program radio dan berbasis masyarakat harus diprioritaskan.Keterbatasan utama dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa kita mewawancarai pasien yang sudah menggunakan layanan spesialis. Ini adalah keputusan yang pragmatis dibuat sehingga kita bisa mengidentifikasi dan mewawancarai pasien cukup dalam kerangka waktu kita. Namun pasien ini cenderung menjadi orang-orang dengan reaksi yang lebih parah. Kita tidak tahu berapa banyak pasien yang berhasil dikelola dalam pengaturan perifer. Namun, 65% dari sampel kami sendiri disebut, menyiratkan bahwa ada berbagai keparahan gejala. Data pada kedua kelompok pasien; yang dikelola sepenuhnya dalam pengaturan perifer dan non-pengguna, akan diperlukan untuk secara resmi mengevaluasi pelayanan terpadu.Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa kompleksitas dan tingkat keparahan reaksi kusta mungkin belum sepenuhnya diakui selama proses integrasi. Dengan 93% dari pasien yang tinggal di pedesaan argumen untuk meningkatkan akses melalui integrasi dengan layanan perifer menarik. Namun, pekerja perifer harus didukung dalam peran mereka diperluas. Keahlian mereka yang bekerja di layanan spesialis harus digunakan untuk konsultasi dan pelatihan untuk membantu pekerja perifer untuk mengenali dan mengobati reaksi awal dan untuk memantau respon pengobatan yang memadai. Harus ada jalur rujukan yang jelas untuk memastikan bahwa mereka tidak menanggapi pengobatan atau dengan reaksi kompleks dapat mengakses masukan spesialis tepat waktu. Sama, untuk mengalokasikan sumber daya secara efektif dan meningkatkan akses terhadap pengobatan, jalur rujukan kembali ke layanan perangkat bagi mereka dengan reaksi sederhana harus dioptimalkan. Pembuat kebijakan kesehatan, tidak hanya di bidang kusta, perlu berhati-hati ketika menyederhanakan pelayanan kesehatan untuk memastikan semua kebutuhan kesehatan terpenuhi.Ucapan Terima Kasih

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Para penulis mengucapkan terima kasih Dr Indra Napit, direktur medis dari Anandaban dan Dr Graeme Clugston Rumah Sakit Lalgadh serta semua anggota lain dari staf untuk izin mereka, sambutan hangat dan bantuan seluruh. Kami ingin berterima kasih kepada semua laboratorium dan staf medis di Anandaban untuk membantu mereka dengan desain kuesioner pasien dan bantuan dengan terjemahan. Kami berhutang budi kepada pasien untuk partisipasi mereka.Penulis KontribusiDisusun dan dirancang percobaan: DNJL SFR DH SK MT. Melakukan percobaan: SFR SK MT KT DH. Menganalisis data: SFR DH SK DNJL. Menulis kertas: SFR DH SK DNJL.ReferensiScollard DM, Adams LB, Gillis TP, Krahenbuhl JL, Truman RW, et al. (2006) Melanjutkan Tantangan Kusta. Clin Microbiol Rev 19: 338-381 doi: 10,1128 / CMR.19.2.338-381.2006. . doi: 10,1128 / CMR.19.2.338-381.2006Saunderson P (2002) Cara Mengakui dan Mengelola Kusta Reaksi. International Federation of Anti-Kusta Asosiasi. 52 ppBritton WJ, Lockwood DNJ (2004) Kusta. Lancet 363: 1209-1219 doi: 10,1016 / S0140-6736 (04) 15952-7. . doi: 10,1016 / S0140-6736 (04) 15952-7Kahawita IP, Walker SL, Lockwood DNJ (2008) jenis kusta 1 reaksi dan eritema nodosum leprosum. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 83: 75-82. doi: 10,1590 / S0365-05962008000100010.Bryceson A, Pfaltzgraff RE, editor (1990) Kusta. 3rd edition. Edinburgh: Churchill LivingstoneVan Veen N, Nicholls PG, Smith W, Richardus JH (2007) Kortikosteroid untuk mengobati kerusakan saraf pada kusta. (A Cochrane review). Lepr Rev 79: 361-71 doi: 10,1002 / 14651858.CD005491.pub2.Sundar Rao P, Sugamaran D, Richard J, Smith W (2006) Multi-center, double blind, percobaan acak dari tiga rejimen steroid dalam pengobatan tipe-1 reaksi pada kusta. Lepr Rev 77: 25.Naafs B (2006) Pengobatan Kusta: ilmu pengetahuan atau politik? Trop Med Int Health 11: 268-278 doi: 10,1111 / j.1365-3156.2006.01561.x. . doi: 10,1111 / j.1365-3156.2006.01561.xPocaterra L, Jain S, Reddy R, Muzaffarullah S, Torres O, et al. (2006) program klinis eritema nodosum leprosum: studi kohort 11 tahun di Hyderabad, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 868-879.Kusta WECO (1998) Komite Ahli WHO pada Kusta. Edisi ke-7. Jenewa: Organisasi Kesehatan DuniaBank Dunia (2007) Nepal: Transportasi Sekilas. siteresourcesworldbankorg: 1-2. Tersedia: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/1812598-1130163732725/21884244/Nepal_Transport_At_Glance_2007_update_2008.pdf. Diakses 2 April 2012Jain MC (2008) Kusta Skenario di Nepal. J Med Assoc Nepal 47: 259-263.Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (2009) Peningkatan Strategi Global untuk lebih lanjut Mengurangi Beban Penyakit akibat Kusta (Periode Rencana: 2011-2015). Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia

Paus C, Ziebland S, Mays N (2000) Analisis data kualitatif. BMJ 320: 114-116. doi: 10,1136 / bmj.320.7227.114.Richardus JH, Withington SG, Anderson AM, Croft RP, Nicholls PG, et al. (2003) Efek samping dari rejimen standar kortikosteroid untuk profilaksis dan pengobatan gangguan fungsi saraf pada kusta: hasil dari "TRIPOD" percobaan. Lepr Rev 74: 319-327.Wijesinghe PR, Settinayake S (2005) Analisis pola deteksi penderita kusta oleh lembaga dalam pelayanan kesehatan umum di Sri Lanka setelah integrasi layanan kusta ke pelayanan kesehatan umum. Lepr Rev

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76: 296-304.Siddiqui MR, Velidi NR, Pati S, N Rath, Kanungo AK, et al. (2009) Integrasi Eliminasi Kusta ke Puskesmas di Orissa, India. PLoS ONE 4: e8351 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0008351. . doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0008351Jangka Waktu kata: 4624© 2013 Raffe et al. Ini adalah sebuah artikel akses terbuka didistribusikan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Attribution, yang memungkinkan penggunaan tak terbatas, distribusi, dan reproduksi dalam media apapun, asalkan penulis asli dan sumber dikreditkan: Raffe SF, Thapa M, Khadge S, Tamang K, Hagge D, et al. (2013) Diagnosa dan Pengobatan Kusta Reaksi di Pelayanan Terpadu - Perspektif Pasien 'di Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7 (3): e2089. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pntd.0002089