EFFECTIVE TEACHING IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Judy Rink

Emeritus Professor

University of South Carolina

A CHANGE IN HOW TEACHERS ARE EVALUATED

… a change from highly qualified teachers (meaning their preparation, courses they attend and degrees that they have) to the degree to which they produce the desired student outcomes

National Council on Teacher Quality [NCTQ], 2011

MAJOR CHANGE

Systematic change in the criteria used to evaluate teachers to include student performance scores as part of required teacher evaluation programs.

TODAY’S PRESENTATION

Explore the idea of teacher effectiveness in physical education

The limitations of our knowledge base

Share some potential ways in which it might be measured and how it should be measured.

TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS The short answer to the question of what is

teacher effectiveness is that teachers are effective when students learn as a result of what teachers do.

RESEARCH BASE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION – THE EARLY RESEARCH

Given the difficulties with measuring student learning, researchers were hoping to identify a proxy for student learning: that is what do teachers do that has a high relationship with student learning?

THE SEARCH FOR THE “SILVER BULLET” From more indirect teaching

characteristics to those more consistent with direct teaching (task oriented, structured learning experiences, student activity time, clarity, active monitoring and feedback).

The product measures of most of the literature in our field focused on motor skill learning with the assumption that motor skills were the unique contribution of our field.

THE RESEARCH OF THE 60’S AND 70’S

Opportunity to learn/content;

Teacher expectations/role definitions/time allocations;

Classroom management/student engaged time;

Success level/academic learning time

Active instruction by the teacher

Group size;

Presentation of information (structuring, sequencing, clarity, enthusiasm);

Asking questions (difficulty level, cognitive level, wait-time, selecting respondents, providing feedback); and

Handling seatwork and homework assignments. Brophy and Good (1984)

PE VALIDATION STUDIES

ALT-PE- motor engaged (ALT-PE) (Silverman, Devillier, & Ramírez, 1991)

Poor management skills -decreased ALT-PE.

Clarity in task presentations (Werner & Rink, 1989)

Content Development (Gusthart & Springings, 1989; Masser, 1985; Rink, French, Werner, Lynn, & Mays, 1992)

THE PROBLEM

Most of the early work done in research focused on what the teacher did. They are necessary but not sufficient because the missing links are the student and the content.

LATER RESEARCH

The role of the student, context and content

Search to both understand the teaching/learning process and to be able to identify how best to insure high levels of student engagement

Shift from process-product studies to qualitative research methodologies (See for example Hemphill, Templin, Richards, & Blankenship, 2012).

EXAMPLES OF LATER RESEARCH

The student as the mediator of instruction and the processes involved in the dynamics of student (e.g., Roberts, 2001; Sun & Chen, 2010; Zhang, Solmon, Kosma, Carson, & Gu, 2011).

Teacher knowledge and delivery of content (Ward, 2013)

The effect of different orientations to teaching the content on student outcomes (Chen, Rovegno, Cone &

Cone, 2012; French, Werner, Rink, Taylor, & Hussey,1996; Penney, Clarke, Quill, & Kinchin, 2005; Sweeting & Rink,1999).

MEASURING TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS

The Measures of Effective Teaching (MET) project (Gates Foundation, 2013a)

Study designed to determine how to best identify and promote great teaching.

The study concluded that student achievement gains and teacher observation together have the best predictive value (Gates Foundation, 2013b).

DEALING WITH THE ISSUES OF USING STUDENT PERFORMANCE

Value added modeling Uses expected scores – what the student is expected

to achieve Below expected score – not competent; At expected

score – competent; Above expected score – super competent

States and districts across the country have embraced VAM as a way to include student performance scores in teacher evaluations

OBSERVATION OF TEACHING Recommended to be used along with

student scores Framework for Teaching Evaluation

Instrument (FFT) (Danielson Group, 2013).

Domain 1: Planning And PreparationDomain 2: The Classroom EnvironmentDomain 3: InstructionDomain 4: Professional Responsibility

NASPE – TEACHER EVALUATION Instructional variables

Evidence of student learning

Management

Class climate

Professionalism

MAJOR PROBLEMS WITH TEACHER OBSERVATION TOOLS Single snapshot of an ongoing dynamic

process

Focus on teacher behavior without considering content or student behavior

Observers need to be trained and know the content area

Minimum of 3 observations

NASPE GUIDELINES FOR OBSERVATION TOOLS Be evaluated with standards,

expectations, procedures, and rigor that parallel teachers of other curricular areas.

Be observed, assessed, and evaluated by trained evaluators.

Be observed multiple times during the academic year.

Be observed for the entire class period, from beginning to end.

Be observed and evaluated as part of a comprehensive assessment plan, which should include formal conferences, professional growth plans, etc.

Be accountable for student achievement of state standards in physical education or the National Standards for Physical Education (NASPE, 2004) in the absence of state standards. (NASPE 2007)

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY

Shared vision (DeStefano & Prestine, 1999; Fullan, 1991)

Making PE count

Teacher Development

Inspire Greater Effort

Will the education community take the time or will they have the resources to do this right?