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Journal Publishing in the Global Age: Tips for Navigating the Publication Process Tor D. Berg, Managing Editor Charles E. Irwin, Jr., M.D., Editor-in-Chief Journal of Adolescent Health

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Disseminate findings Replication Inform clinical care Inform interventions Inform policy Improve research methodology Career considerations Why publish?

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Choosing the type or form of the article Observing the formal requirements of scientific publication Writing or composing the article Choosing a journal Submitting your manuscript Revising your manuscript Accepting rejection Arranging publication A Publication Strategy

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Review articles Full length empirical articles Brief reports Case studies or observational reports Editorials, commentaries, and letters Choosing the Type of Article to Submit

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The Formal Requirements of Scientific Publishing

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International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE): Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts http://ww.icmje.org

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Solving problems Clarify your thoughts Distill those thoughts and ideas Identify the most important Connecting with editors Getting reviewed Getting found Getting read Getting cited The Abstract: A Tool for Success

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Section I: Introduction Progress from the general to the specific Present the general subject or problem Review the literature Statement of hypothesis: Your argument in the context of other work What is the aim of the study? What is the point of all this?? The Structure of a Scientific Article

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Section II: Methods Design Sample Context and setting Materials and Instruments Validity and reliability Protocols and IRB The Structure of a Scientific Article

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Section III: Presenting the data From the specific to the general Results: Describe the findings Discussion: Place the research in the context of other work Limitations: Do not be afraid Conclusion: Application of the results; implications for future research; Main Message for clinicians/researchers/administrators/policymakers Works cited/References The Structure of a Scientific Article

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Origin of the idea Development of the outline Design and writing of the approved protocol Data acquisition Scientific leadership in conducting the study Analysis and interpretation Writing the manuscript Responsibility for the final paper Ability to defend the content Authorship Issues

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Authorship must be based up four criteria: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content ; AND. Final approval of the version to be published AND Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Minimum Basis for Authorship

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An author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work Authors should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors Those who do not meet all four criteria should be acknowledged Authorship criteria should not be used as a means to disqualify colleagues from authorship by denying them the opportunity to contribute to the composition Multiple authors: suggested that brief statements of exact contribution of each author be prepared for interdisciplinary studies (to clarify potential concerns) More Authorship Issues

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Create a written agreement: Number of manuscripts expected to evolve from project Subjects to be covered Identity of all person assigned to co-author reports Authorship: Early Considerations

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Definition should be clear Potential, Perceived, or Real conflict Disclose on the title page of the manuscript If no conflict, then say that Explicitly state the role of the study sponsor If no role, then say that Avoid entering into agreements that interfere with complete and independent access to data Conflict of Interest

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All studies of human subjects must be evaluated by an appropriate institutional review board Even for secondary analyses, you should apply for an exemption from your IRB Report IRB approval in the Methods section of your manuscript Protection of Human Research Subjects

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Increasingly, journals are requiring registration of clinical trials Broad definition: drugs, surgical procedures, devices, behavioral treatments, process-of-care changes, etc. JAH does not, though it is highly recommended Several public registries available U.S. National Institutes of Healths ClinicalTrials.gov Australia New Zealands ANZCTR.org.au Global ISRCTN Register ISRCTN.org Registration of Clinical Trials

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Writing the Article

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Good research question Rigorous design, good response, clean data Clear and reliable analysis Abstract to Discussion But Telling a good story

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Such as: 1.Too busy 2.Teaching preparation takes up all time 3.I will write as soon as I ________ 4.Making writing your #1 goal 5.Inability to reach writing site 6.Needing to read one more book 7.Inability to start 8.Fear of controversial topic and permanency of publication 9. Not in the mood 10. Childcare responsibilities 11. Inability to move forward 12. Dog ate my flash drive Anticipate Writing Obstacles

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1.First and foremost, get writing! 2.Make it social 3.Persist despite rejection 4.Pursue your passion Four Keys to Academic Writing Success

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There is so much to read! Make a plan to read what you can Skim the piece and focus on what you need to know Topic Approach Argument Reading the Scholarly Literature

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Spend mornings reading/taking notes on journals that arrived (or were posted online) the previous day Read/skim 5 pieces for a set amount of time each day Mark paragraphs that contain important organizing ideas, then copy/paste to a new document Read articles from your target journal; familiarize yourself with the tone or melody or the journal Ideas for New Habits

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Choosing a Journal

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Try to focus on 23 messages or takeaways Theoretical contribution Focus on behavior and predictors of behavior Methodological contributions Clinical focus Public health or policy Message and Contribution of the Article

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Healthcare providers Researchers Methodologists Which journals have you cited? Regional, national, or international? Audience for the Message

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The Journal of Adolescent Health is a multidisciplinary scientific Journal, which seeks to publish new research findings in the field of Adolescent Medicine and Health ranging from the basic biological and behavioral sciences to public health and policy. We seek original manuscripts, review articles, letters to the editor, commentaries and clinical observations from our colleagues in Anthropology, Dentistry and Oral Health, Education, Health Services Research, International Health, Law, Medicine, Mental Health, Nursing, Nutrition, Psychology, Public Health and Policy, Social Work, Sociology, Youth Development, and other disciplines that work with or are committed to improving the lives of adolescents and young adults. Journal Adolescent Health Mission Statement

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Where else have you published? What journal is best for your career? How quickly do you need to publish? Career Considerations

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Total number of citations, during 2013, to articles published in 2011 and 2012 Calculating Impact Factor Total number of citable items published in 2011 and 2012 2013 impact factor 2.748

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Until recently, journals restricted published findings to paid subscribers and licensees Journal owns copyright and sells access to cover publication costs Digital distribution lowers costs for journals and enables far broader dissemination New models to distribute publication costs Open Access Dissemination of Results

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Full open access BioMedCentral, PLoS Author fee, institutional subsidies, advertising Sponsored articles JAH, and all Elsevier titles Delayed access Manuscript posting National funding bodies; NIH access policy and PubMedCentral Open Access

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JAH Review Process, 2013 1,229 manuscripts reviewed internally 782 desk reviewed/ rejected (63.66% of all) 447 peer reviewed (36.4% of all manuscripts) 13 invited to resubmit as a Brief (1.7% of desk rejected manuscripts) 236 rejected (52.8% of peer reviewed manuscripts 211 accepted (47.2% of peer reviewed manuscripts)

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Submitting Your Manuscript

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Cover letter Process of uploading manuscripts Suggesting reviewers Submission process

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Check instructions Often this is the first part the editor sees Make it clear how and why the study is important Explain why the manuscript is important for this journal List other publications cited in journal Identify your similar or related publications or submitted manuscripts Cover Letter

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Increasingly journal-specific forms Must be signed by all authors Electronically submitted Upon submission, or Upon review, or Upon acceptance Statement of Authorship

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Why? Gesture of goodwill, and it moves the paper along Good evidence that author-suggested reviewers rate manuscripts more favorably Who? Not your mentor, co-author, colleague, etc. Not someone you have formally acknowledged Authors you have cited in references Suggesting reviewers

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Revising Your Manuscript Submission

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Virtually never accept first drafts Revision letter is an indication of interest Revision increases odds of eventual publication Must revise to resubmit elsewhere May see the same reviewer at another journal Review process is didactic; improves the paper To Revise or Not to Revise

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Distancing strategy But be prompt Respond with a clear and constructive revision and response letter Respond to all comments Be systematic; a table format is helpful Juxtapose divergent comments Revision process is a conversation amongst peers Approaching the Revisions

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The Revision Letter

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Checklist of documents necessary for revision Response letter Revised manuscript Revised tables and figures Re-review by editors and/or original reviewers Final acceptance at editors discretion Resubmit

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Accepting Rejection

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Replicative, confirmatory, or localized findings Causation ascribed to associations Poor English usage Poorly contextualized results Common reasons for rejection

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Replicative and confirmatory results, while important, are generally not published in top journals Findings from a specific local population might be most useful to a local audience Novelty

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JAH publishes very few studies that are based only on correlational or cross-sectional data In most cases, longitudinal data is necessary to inform interventions and clinical work Associations, correlations, and prevalence are nearly always most useful to a local or regional audience Correlational data

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English is a difficult language Scientific vocabulary and usage can idiosyncratic and archaic Attempt to enlist the help of a native English speaker Professional editors specializing in technical English Can be expensive Establish links to individuals and organizations that already publish in English UNICEF, UNFPA, WHO, etc. English usage

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Emerging research from LMICs is interesting to an international audience if it is properly contextualized Describe the local context and how it relates to the results The dilemma is well-described in PA Michauds JAH editorial, The International Journal of Adolescent Health, JAH 2010;42:421-422. Same dilemma occurs in papers from HICs Poorly contextualized results

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Of total submitted manuscripts, 55% are non-U.S.based studies But Of those non-U.S. papers: High-Income Countries: 373 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: 298 International Submissions, 2013

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Arranging Publication

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Copyright and funding sources Press Embargo In press Articles Online First Citing In-Press articles using DOIs Post-Acceptance

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Dinaj-Koci V, Lunn S, Deveaux L, et al. Adolescent Age at Time of Receipt of One or More Sexual Risk Reduction Interventions. J Adolesc Health 2014. Advance Online Publication. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.01.016. Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/

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The Journal of Adolescent Health: http://www.jahonline.org http://ees.elsevier.com/jah http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1054139X ICMJE http://www.icmje.org/ Web sites

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Tor D. Berg, Managing Editor tor.berg@ucsf.edu (415) 502-1373 or (510) 301-4680 Charles E. Irwin, Jr., M.D., Editor-in-Chief jahlth@ucsf.edu (415) 502-4850 Contacts

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Thank you for your interest! Questions?

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This presentation was prepared with the invaluable assistance and insights of Linda Holm Bearinger, Ph.D., M.S., R.N., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Acknowledgements