1

Board of Editors

Chief Editor Dr. Refaat Rashad President of AIN

Members H.E.Dr. Yousry El Gamal Ex-Minister of Education, Egypt.

Dr. Ahmed El Rabbany Professor, Ryerson University,

Canada.

Dr. Mohamed El Fayoumi Faculty of Commerce, Alexandria

University, Egypt.

Capt. Mohamed Youssef Taha Arab Institute of Navigation

R. Adm. (Rt.) Dr. Sameeh

Ibrahim

Arab Institute of Navigation

Capt. Hesham Helal

Arab Institute of Navigation

Dr.M.Abdel El Salam Dawood

Dean of College of Maritime

Transport and Technology,

AAST&MT

Capt. Sameh Rashed

Arab Institute of Navigation

Journal of

The Arab Institute of Navigation

Semi Annual Scientific Journal Issue 31 – January 2014

ISSN (2090-8202)

Contents Editorial

English Papers

The Endeavor of Using the Venturi Effect in the Applications Field of

the Oil Spill Recovery. Moheeb Mohamed Fakhry

Resilience and Challenging of GNSS in Maritime Application. Rerfaat Rashad Arab Institute of Navigation

Real-time Monitoring of Detailed Regional Ionospheric Activities by

GPS CORS Networks

Kwang Ho Choi, Hee Sung Kim, Je Young Lee, Joon Hoo Lim, Hyung Keun Lee

The Effect of Space Weather on maritime

Aids-to-Navigation Service Provision. Martin Bransby

Resilient PNT for e-Navigation Martin Bransby, Nick Ward

An overview of intentional and unintentional interference on GNSS

applications and mitigation techniques Tarek M. Attia

Arabic Papers

Evaluating the Financial performance of cargo transport companies

(public sector ) ( an empirical study).

Madeha Metwaly

The Role of the Logistic port to development the Singapore.

Saad ebreek , Mohamed Ali

AAST&MT

The role of the Insurance Industry in the Maritime piracy risk

Management.

Ali Hassan Youssef

The Role of Marine Geographical Information system in maritime

disaster management and search and rescue operations.

Abd El khalek Kamal Eldin

AAST&MT

The position of Saudi ports of evolution incident in seaports and

strategy development Abd El Hameed Al Alian

Mandate and Ephemeris of the Easter Sameeh Ibrahem Arab Institute of Navigation

Arab Institute of Navigation Cross Road of Sebaei Street &

45 Street, Miami,

Alexandria, Egypt

Tel: (+203) 5509824

Fax: (+203) 5509686

E-mail: ain@aast.edu

Website: www.ainegypt.org

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EDITORIAL

The world has seen substantial advances in the design, modernization, and

applications of GNSS. Location-based technologies have triggered the go-

ahead for smart phones, future phones for communication and navigation,

autonomous operation of unnamed vehicles, and urban challenges. This

conference will provide an update on satellite-based navigation systems and

integrated navigation systems. The conference will also cover the latest

developments in navigation and positioning for land, sea and air with

special focus on GNSS augmentation.

Resilience Navigation Conference is of particular interest to service

providers, manufactures researchers, educators, officials and policy maker,

The outstanding research papers accepted and presented in the conference

will have an additional advantage of being published in the journal of AIN.

Therefore, both the conference and the accompanied exhibition will meet

all your interest.

Refaat Rashad

3

The Endeavor of Using the Venturi Effect in the Applications Field of

the Oil Spill Recovery

Moheeb Mohamed Fakhry Ibrahem

Abstract

The international world deal with the oil pollution phenomenon, in view of the fact that the

International Maritime Organization (IMO) endeavored to update the international legal system, by

approving of international instruments more responsive to marine pollution prevention. Approving of

new specifications for oil tankers depends on conditioning double structure to minimize drowning in

case of collision. This, in addition to offering and facilitating international cooperation in the field of

combating oil pollution and encouraging countries to develop and build adequate capabilities to

combat and resist oil pollution, providing assistance when needed.

In this study, the researcher presents a new design of an oil skimmer which is simple, economic and

effective. The development of equipments contributes to diminishing the efforts exerted and the task

preparation time for missions. All companies involved in oil exploration and extraction, water

desalination plants and power generation facilities, free zones and sea ports should have this kind of

anti-pollution equipment in addition to immediate response plans that are clear enough, easy to

understand, detailed and including all available equipments in addition to their storing places and

instant usage, provided the responsibility of each authority for cases of marine pollution resulting

from the different activities performed and directly affecting, and leading to the extinction of fish,

living organisms, sea plants ,weeds, shells and shellfish. Hence, the importance of developing and

improving of the anti-pollution equipment effectiveness become evident, since it is not only enough to

protect the ship from the sea, but also to protect the sea against the ship.

4

Resilience and Challenging of GNSS in Maritime Application

Refaat Rashad

Abstract

This paper review the current status of GNSS, highlights the role of national and international boards

and committees affiliated to GNSS developments. It also focus on the reliance of marine navigation

and their applications using GNSS, include on-board navigational aids such as, AIS, ECDIS, VDR,

GMDSS, and other such as, mapping hydrographic surveying pipe-line laying and dredging control.

This paper also specified the threats of maritime interference and spoofing over the GNSS signals.

Alternatives and backup equipage systems such as e-loran, and low cost Inertial Navigation Systems

INS are suggested. The paper concluded with recommendations to enhance the operator’s capacity

building in order to detect the interferences to the GNSS and vote along with the enabling

organizations to support the e-loran as a backup system for PNT.

5

Real-time Monitoring of Detailed Regional Ionospheric Activities by

GPS CORS Networks

Kwang Ho Choi, Hee Sung Kim, Je Young Lee, Joon Hoo Lim, Hyung Keun Lee School of Electronics, Telecomm. & Computer Eng. Korea Aerospace University

Abstract

This paper proposes a decentralized method to monitor detailed regional ionospheric activities by a network of

continuously operating reference stations. The proposed method consists of two different algorithms, Kalman

filtering and Kriging. Kalman filtering is applied to the basic GPS measurements from each continuously

operating reference station to estimate the absolute ionospheric delays corresponding to several ionospheric

pierce points and the receiver differential code bias autonomously. Kriging is applied to the outputs of multiple

local Kalman filters to generate an accurate regional ionospheric map corresponding to dense ionospheric

pierce points. Compared with the conventional methods to generate ionospheric delay information by a single

centralized estimator, proposed method is more advantageous for real-time applications since it is based on

multiple distributed estimators to alleviate computational burden. Performance of the proposed method is

compared with the reference information provided by IGS. It is shown that the proposed method is also

advantageous in tracking non-stationary ionospheric activities in detail.

KEYWORDS: GPS, ionospheric dealy, differential code bias, estimation

6

The Effect of Space Weather on maritime

Aids-to-Navigation Service Provision

Martin Bransby GLA Research & Radionavigation

The Quay, Harwich, Essex UK

Abstract

The General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland (GLA) provide marine aids-

to-navigation (AtoN) for the benefit and safety of all mariners within their waters. These AtoN

include traditional lighthouses, buoys and various radionavigation systems.

It is recognised that GPS, or more generally Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), have

become the primary means of obtaining Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information at sea.

Mariners may have come to believe that GPS is infallible, yet it is known to be vulnerable to solar

activity, interference and system failures.

The Sun continuously releases random bursts of energy and highly charged particles. The impact of

these emissions on the Earth is known as space weather. Bursts of electromagnetic energy can result

in radio blackouts; bursts of high energy particles can increase ionising radiation and affect space

craft performance; and bursts of magnetised plasma can result in the degradation and potential loss

of radionavigation signals on Earth.

The amount of solar activity is linked with the natural sunspot cycle, which shows the number of

sunspots peak approximately every 11 years, with the next peak due in 2013. Sunspots occur almost

continuously, but normally give rise to weak solar events that generally go by unnoticed. However,

significant storms can occur at any time and as we approach peak activity, the number of space

weather events will increase.

AtoN generally report their position using radio systems, through the Automatic Identification System

(AIS), public networks or dedicated links; they often use GNSS to calculate their position and to

obtain timing information. Mariners use GNSS for PNT information. Powerful solar storms can

affect GNSS performance and the reception of their signals, which may lead to different correlated

events, both on and off the ship. During extreme and rare storms, power systems may be switched off

to protect the infrastructure which would clearly affect those services relying on mains power without

backup.

This paper reports the output of a study into the potential effects of space weather on AtoN service

provision and presents mitigating actions, where appropriate. The outcome of this study will help the

GLA to continue to provide the highest level of AtoN availability, ensuring the safety of all mariners

7

Resilience and Challenging of GNSS in Maritime Application

Refaat Rashad

Abstract

This paper review the current status of GNSS, highlights the role of national and international boards

and committees affiliated to GNSS developments. It also focus on the reliance of marine navigation

and their applications using GNSS, include on-board navigational aids such as, AIS, ECDIS, VDR,

GMDSS, and other such as, mapping hydrographic surveying pipe-line laying and dredging control.

This paper also specified the threats of maritime interference and spoofing over the GNSS signals.

Alternatives and backup equipage systems such as e-loran, and low cost Inertial Navigation Systems

INS are suggested. The paper concluded with recommendations to enhance the operator’s capacity

building in order to detect the interferences to the GNSS and vote along with the enabling

organizations to support the e-loran as a backup system for PNT.

8

An overview of intentional and unintentional interference on GNSS

applications and mitigation techniques

Tarek M. Attia National Telecom Regulatory Authority (NTRA)

Abstract

The global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are highly effective and a valuable asset to modern

society for enhancing safety, protecting assets, managing resources more efficiently. The use of GPS

signals is now commonplace in data and communication networks, financial systems, shipping and air

transport systems, agriculture, railways, tourism and emergency services.

The European Commission has estimated that 6-7% of GDP in Western countries is already

dependent on satellite radio navigation. Widespread use of GNSS derived data within economies

means that the secure provision of position, navigation and timing (PNT) data is now a matter of

national security as well as a major economic asset.

A number of different systems already have GPS as a shared dependency, so a failure of the GPS

signal could cause the simultaneous failure of many services that are probably expected to be

independent of each other. All GNSS are vulnerable to failure, disruption and interference and this

increase the risks to the security and the economies.

Much work has been done to assess the possible failure modes and their effects on services and how

to countermeasure this problem. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of

intentional and unintentional interference on GNSS applications and to develop strategies to detect

interference and mitigating them.

KEYWORDS: Global Navigation Satellite Services, Interference, Mitigation techniques

9

) قطاع األػال انؼاو ( دراست يذات حقى اداء انانى بشركاث قم انبضائغ

يذحت يحذ يخونى

Abstract:

Cargo transport has great effect either at the national level or at the productive units' level , in

addition to its important strategic role, In the transportation of strategic goods such as supply goods,

where in case of delay its transportation ,it may threat the internal security of the country, also it

shares in the total amount of goods transportation with a rate of (93%) of the national level , The

companies of Cargo transport – belongs to public business sector – share in this role ,but these

companies face several problems which lead to great losses and financial insolvency. This paper aims

to evaluate the financial performance of these companies, considering the limit of the financial

insolvency they exposed to and helping –accordingly- the decision makers to plan the suitable

financial strategies to deal with this financial insolvency, and how to avoid it in the future.

انسخخهص :

م تدعثبع شأظ١ش ود١ش عتء ع تغص تم أع غص تـذتز ت٦صثؼ١ر ، خث٦ظثفر إ دس ت٦عصشتش١ؽ تث ف م

تص ٠صغدح شأخش مث إ ـذض أصثز ش١٠ر شذد ت٤ تذتخ دذ، ٠عح م تغع ت٦عصشتش١ؽ١ر ع تغع تص١٠ر

% إؼث ـؽ م١ثز تدعثبع ع تغص تم ، شؾثسن 93تدعثبع خثؾثـثز دست ثث ف ره ـ١ط ٠غ خغدر

ف زت تذس، إال إث شتؼ خؾثو وع١شذ أدز ف ؽث إ شفم١ك -تصثخعر مطثع ت٤عثي تعث –ؽشوثز م تدعثبع خثؾثـثز

خغثبش ث١ر غتز صصث١ر ت٤ش تز أد إ شععشث ث١ث.

٠ذف تدفط إ شم١١ ت٢دتء تث خصه تؾشوثز ره ـ١ط ذ شعشظث صععش تث عذ ، ظ غثعذذ صخز

تمشتس ف سع تغ١ثعثز تث١ر ت٦عصشتش١ؽ١ثز تص١٠ر تثعدر عثؽر زت تصععش تث ن ـذظ غصمدال .

11

وجسخ ف حطور سغافورةدور اناء انه

يحذ ػهى إبراهى، سؼذ ابرك انسوس

ت٤وثد١٠ر تعشخ١ر ع تصىؼ١ث تم تدفش

انسخخهص

ظس تم تصعذد تعثبػ تصص٠ع تع١ ؼغتص١ثز، أد ف ظ تصطستز ت٤لصصثد٠ر تعث١ر، ظسذ تعثز، تصف٠ر

شصصتع ، شفتث إت تتء ؼغتص١ر أصمثي ف تتا وث طمر خذ١تر لت خت١ تغتف١ر طمتر تإ١تش إتره إ

ختتأع تتلتتفثز تؽيشتف١تتر تف١تتر، ؽتتضذ خأـتتذض تعتتذتز شخغتتر خؾتتدىر متت صعتتذد تعتتثبػ، ٠إتتش ف١تتث وتت تصطدتتثز

، غ١شث تخذثز، خؽثح أصذتدث إ تذتخ خالي تتثغك تفتشذ، تتتء تؽثفتر، تصثع١ر تصخض٠ تص٠ تم

تشتوض تؼغص١ر، صفم١ك تم١ر تعثفر تفعر عالء ع أخصالف صثف، شغؿ خصم١ت شىتث١خ خذتر تشتفتذ إت أدت

، شاللك تؾشت١٠ تشب١غ١ر الـر، خف١ط ٠ ى ذ تفشتف تغف١ر ع خػ ع١شث تشب١غ ف أدت ـتذ ىت، تث ٠ؽعت ـذ

تث ٠فمتك تمتذسذ تصثفغت١ر ختذثز شتذفك تدعتثبع ت خص ت٦خفثس ع شه تؾشت١٠ ألصش ث ٠ى، ع تعتصخذت ستفتذ عتش٠عر،

شتتفش تشتر فت ختذثز تصتشدد تعط تتض تصىفتر، تدثج إ تدثج خصخ عالع تم، خذء تشـتر ـصت ث٠صتث ت ـ١ت

تدثؽتتش عتت تتتتء تفس٠تتر، شعتتذد تخ١تتثستز تتذخي تتز تتتتء شدعتتث صي١تتشتز تإتتشف، فعتتال عتت أعتتصخذت ت٤عتتث١ح

صفتتذد ؾتتىر تدفتتط فتت تتذ ختتزت ش ت٤ؾتتطر تؼغتتص١ر تصىؼ١تتث تفذ٠عتتر فتت تصؾتتي١، شغتتع١ش ختتذثشث خغتتص٠ثز شثفغتت١ر.

غثر تتء تؼغص١ر ف أصدثس تذي.

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انقرصت انبحرت إدارة خطردور صاػت انخأي فى

ػه حس وسف انؼقوب

Abstract:

One of the main problems this paper will focus on is the marine insurance’s definition of piracy, as it

differs from the legal definition, as shown in the difference between a terminological meaning of

piracy by insurance companies, and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Article 101. In addition, the paper reviews the risk of piracy on the insurance policy. It is clear that

this form of evolving piracy puts maritime underwriters, insurance companies, re-insurance

companies, and owners' ship companies, at serious risk. Piracy is an old problem, but now it has

evolved with new dangers, like war risk: Ships exposed to piracy in the current year ended mostly

with the retrieval of the ship, crew and cargo, after the kidnapping, without real direct harm, as

epitomized in the financial loss in the amount of ransom paid to the pirates, plus other amounts of

required spending to reach to this release. From this point, in order to develop solutions in the global

market for marine insurance, there was introduced a policy covering the kidnapping and ransom,

serving owners and shipping companies, to expedite procedures for the release of ships when exposed

to piracy and kidnapping.

انسخخهص:

ي تؾىالز تشب١غ١ر تص عف شصح ز تسلر تدفع١ر ع عالؼث، تصعش٠خ تصأ١ مشلر ف تؼر تصعش٠خ تمث. تذ

1982تاللطالـ مشلر شأ١١ث، خث٦ظثفر إ تشفثل١ر ت٤ تصفذذ مث تدفثس عث تثدذ سل 101 تسلر . ثـ١ر أخش شصثي ز

أ زت تؾى تمشل تصطس ٠عع ىصصد تصأ١ تدفش، ف ؽشوثز تصأ١، ؽشوثز خطش تمشلر ف ظ١مر تصأ١؛ فمذ خذت تظفث

تص خى١ف١ر ع ؼذ٠ذ، ٠ؾد تخطش تفشخ؛ فثغف إعثدذ تصأ١، تؾشوثز تثىر غف، ف تؼر ؼذ٠ر ع خطش خفش لذ٠، ى

خثعصشؼثع تغف١ر تطثل تفر، خعذ تصثء ع١ر تالخصطثف، د ظشس دثؽش ٠زوش شعشظس مشلر ف تعث تؽثس تصس عإث

زت د إ٠زتء ـم١م، إر شؽغذز تخغثسذ تثد٠ر ف دغ تفذ٠ر تز دفع مشتلر، عثفث إ١ دثغ أخش تلصع تفثلث لي إ

ت٦فشتغ.

12

ف إدارة انكوارد انبحرت وػهاث (Marine GIS )دور ظاو انؼهوياث انجغرافت انبحري

انبحذ واإلقار ػبذ انخانق كال انذ سها سه

ت٤وثد١٠ر تعشخ١ر ع تصىؼ١ث تم تدفش

انسخخهص:

خثغالر تدفش٠ر فذ تفتدض تدفش٠ر خالي تصم١ثز تفذ٠عر تالشفثل١ثز IMO إر تدفش٠ر تذ١ر خثشغ إصث ت

تعثذتز تذ١ر ى تؾىر أث ٣ شغصطع تفذ تفتدض تدفش٠ر تص شصفي إ وتسض ع تشغ تخغثبش

ظف١ر تشوثج 1133تص خفس 98د١ةر تدفش٠ر أؽشث وثسظر تعدثسذ تغال تثبر ف ت٤ستؾ تصىثز شض

ف تع أ عشعر تالعصؽثخر ع١ثز تدفط ت٦مثر شعصدش تعث تشب١غ صفم١ك تذف تؾد غثل تغف١ر غء ت٦دتسذ

ز خطر غتسئ صىثر ظعر غدمث. تفذ تخغثبش ٠ص ره ع غش٠ك إدتسذ فعثر شف

أإر خشتػ لتعذ خ١ثثز تىد١شش رتز تصم١ر تفذ٠عر تصطس (Marine GIS)٠عصدش إث تعثز تؽيشتف تدفش

تالصشس تخشتبػ تصس تؽذتي خثل١ر شف١ GNSS تغصش غصخذث تإر شفذ٠ذ تلع خث٤لثستصثع١ر

تع ره خثمش ع تخش٠طر عث خع تخثلر تعثز ع ؼ١ع تفصي تغصخذ تعصشؼثع تد١ثثز ـ١ط ٠غصط١ع

تت تطثستز تصغ١الز تصؽثس٠ر تغ١ثـ١ر تطد١ر تدفش٠ر تخذثز ع خىزه ٠ى إث أ ٠م خإعذتد إـصثب١ثز

٠ى دع صخز تمشتس ٦عذتد تعثز زفدصف١ تغتـ لش٠در طمر خى تصفشذ تخدشتزخثطمر تغىثشعذتد

∙شخط١ػ شف١ز شفذ٠ط خطػ تطتسئ تص شغشع تالعصؽثخر فس لع تفثدض

د أ لشثلؼ ز تسلر تدفع١ر إىث١ر تعصخذت إث تعثز تؽيشتف تدفش فذ تخغثبش خعذ لع تفتدض تدفش٠ر

شصفي إ وتسض ره خالي شعش٠خ خثإث ىثش تعثز تص ٠غثعذ خث ف ع١ثز تدفط ت٦مثر خشتـ تخصفر

٦عصؽثخر تشخثر تمشتس ظث وفثءذ تصطد١ك تصثخعر.ره خذف عشعر ت

إث – (( Rescue Coordinate Centre R C Cشوض شغ١ك ع١ثز تدفط ت٦مثر تدفش - GIS: إث انكهاث

Search And Rescue Information (SARIS)إث عثز تدفط ت٦مثر – Marine GIS تعثز تؽيشتف

System

13

يوقف انوائ انسؼودت ي انخطور انحادد فى انوائ انبحرت

واسخراحجت حطورها ػبذ انحذ ب ػهى انؼها

انسخخهص:

% ـؽ ٠91صصع لطثع تم تدفش خأ١ر تلصصثد٠ر ودش؛ إر ٠ع تم تدفش تتعطر تشب١غ١ر م تذ دعثبع ؛ ـ١ط ٠م ف

١ؽر ؽذز تصؽثسذ تذ١ر، خزه ف ٠صصذس وثفر عثبػ تم. لذ تس تىر تعشخ١ر تغعد٠ر أ١ر لص صط٠ش تم تدفش خث. وص

تعمد تعالظر تثظ١ر ، إؽثصتز ظخر أث:

( سل١خ ضدذ خأـذض تصؽ١ضتز.183تا سب١غ١ر ؽع تسلفصث ) 8إؾثء أودش إر تا ف تؾشق ت٤عػ ، شع -

% تسدتز تىر لثدستشث ألدفس شش عدش تتا تدفش٠ر.95 -

.2116( ١ غ تدعثبع تخصفر ـص ث٠ر عث 1911ثر ث ٠ض٠ذ ع ) -

% تؾفثز غ١ش تفط١ر 71% تصؽثسذ تخثسؼ١ر ىر تعشخ١ر تغعد٠ر ، وث تث شغصأظش خأوعش 95ف م تغعد٠ر شغ تتا

% إؼث تؾفثز تص شش عدش تا دي 61تص شص مث. وث شع ـشور تدعثبع ف تتا تغعد٠ر )عذت تفػ تخث( أوعش

تخ١ػ تعشخ١ر. ؽظ تصعث ذي

ثز ٠ذف تدفط إ دستعر تظع تفث تا تغعد٠ر تفؽذ خ١ تتا تغعد٠ر غ١شث تتا تثظشذ تلف ع صطد

تصط٠ش خثتا تغعد٠ر خث ٠شفع لذسشث تصثفغ١ر خالي سفع وفثءذ تخذثز تؼغص١ر تمذر خثتا.

14

انخوقج انفهكى

سح أحذ إبراهى

تؽع١ر تعشخ١ر الـر

انسخخهص

ثسط ـ١ط شى تؾظ ف تالعصذتي تشخ١ع 21تسشدػ ؽ تغ١ ف أرث تثط خثشخ١ع ، ـ١ط ٠دذأ فص تشخ١ع ؼيشتف١ث ف

صعثذذ ع خػ تالعصتء، ف١صغث غي تثس ع غي ت١، ف١عصذي تطمظ شدذأ تضس ف تصفصؿ خأتث تضت١ر تؽ١ر.

، تخصصش "شو"تضث، لذثء تصش١٠ ف تالـصفـــــثي خزت ت١، فىثت ٠طم ع زت تع١ذ تع تعصثد تثط لذ٠

، ٠شؼع تالـصفثي خزت تع١ذ إ "شى انسى"فألدؿ تالع "انسى"ظ أظ١فس إ١ ور "شى"تالع ف تعصش تمدط إ تع

صش٠ ٠خشؼ ف زت ت١ إ تفذتبك تعثر ـ١ط تخعشذ تؽ١ر، ـث١ ع غعث ق.. عذث وث لذثء ت 2711عث

وشض ف١ثذ مػ ع١ دعتش إ هللا، تفغ١خ، تدص تزت ٠طشدت ت٤س تد١ط ت ى تؾ تصم١ذ زت ت١ ت

ض تشخ١ع، ت٣ر وثس شع ٠ذ عطثء تشخ١ع. وث أ شه ت٤لثف تخظ وثس تؾش٠شذ، تخظ تز وث أظش ف عالغ أشت

شع تفتط تخظ ـ تدصش، تغع، تصزق، تؾ، تظ ـ تص ال ٠ى فصث ع خعط. لذ ظ زت تصم١ذ عثس٠ث ـص

تز تعذ ف١ فشع صش ع١ذث ع ع١ تغال ١صم ع ت١. تالعصمثد تشتعخ ذ تصش١٠ أ زت ت١ ٠ تض٠ر

عسذ غ : خغ هللا تشـــ تشـ١ـ "لثي عذو ٠ تض٠ر 59تغفشذ ١عدس عؽضتش أث، ـ١ط سد ف ت٠٢ر تىش٠ر سل

ـ١ط تشخز ؼؾ١ذ أـذ "ػذ انروز"ت١ ٠غ أ ٠فؾش تثط ظف" لذق هللا تعإ١ . وث وث تفشط ٠فصف أ٠عث خزت

ؽش ١غث 14أ خذت٠ر تخك تؽذ٠ذ ف تطد١عر. ٠فصف ت١د خ و عث ٠ "انوو انجذذ"ن تفشط ٠ ع١ذ عـــث

.Pass-over، خث٦ؽ١ض٠ر Pesachت١د أ ٠ تعدس "ػذ انفصح" تؾش تغثخع فمث صم٠ ت١د، ٠غ

ص أ ز ـت ١غث وث ت١د ٠فصف خزت ت١ فمث صم٠ ت١د، 14عر، ف ٠ تؽعر ٠1984فى إؽ١

م تمدط ع تغ١ذ تغ١ؿ، ألذس فؽأذ تص٥ تغ١ خشتبفر تؽش٠ر شخعدس تخعشذ خثذ، ـذظس تخ١ثر تعإ. ـ١ط أ

ؽظ تغذس٠ ـى ع١ خثز، و١خ الل تصعز٠ح ت٦ثر تىع١ش، ـ١ط أ ؼذ أوــعش أسخع١ ؼذذ، ألص

عذد تؽذتز تص شغؿ خث تؾش٠عر تع٠ر، ظ ؼع ٠ف تص١ح ع وصف، ضعت ع الخغ أدغ ت٤سد٠ر تمشض٠ر ـ

أسد٠ر تن ـ إعثث ف تالعصضتء خ، ظفشت شثؼث تؾن ظع ع سأع، وث ظعت لصدر ف ١٠ وأث

ؽعر )أ ظع تؽؽر(. لد خعذ أ دلت تغث١ش ف ٠ذ٠ سؼ١، خذال أ ٠عط تصؽث. ـص خيت ىثث ٠غ تؽ

ثط١ح صخف١خ آال، أعط وأعث ءت خثخ تضغ خثشتسذ، ١ظ زت فمػ ، خ لدت ع ص١ ع وأعث تخش ضؼث خ

١٠ ع ٠غثس إعثث ف تغخش٠ر . إرت ـؽثج ت١ى لذ تؾك صف١ أعال إ أعف، شضضس ت٤سض، شؾممس

خشؼت تمدس خعذ ل١ثص دخت تذ٠ر تمذعر ظشت ىع١ش٠. ىزت تصخس، لث وع١ش أؼغثد تمذ٠غ١ تشتلذ٠،

إر ٠فصف ت٤خذ تغ١ف١ خع١ذ تم١ثر تؽ١ذ ف ٠ تؽعر ع زت ت١ و عث. تسشدػ ٠ ؽ تغ١ وزه خزت تع١ذ فى١ث

د تص شصدع تصم٠ تمدط ى١غر تصش٠ر. ٠مع ف ٠ تالظ١ تصث ع١ذ تم١ثر تؽ١ذ عذ تدال

ى لد تذخي ف و١ف١ر تفغثخثز تفى١ر ع١ذ ؽ تغ١، الخذ أ عد إ تستء عشفر دزذ ع خعط تصم٠ثز تذستز

ص إ ت٤عظ تص خ١س ع١ث تفى١ر تص١مر خزت تظع ـ د تذخي ف تصطس تصثس٠خ صم٠ تض شفص١١ث ـ ـص

.شه تفغثخثز تفى١ر ع١ذ تفصؿ فمث ىثبظ تخصفر خثصث شفذ٠ذ ٠ ؽ تغـ١ شدعث ث

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