Josef Mengele - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

5/19/12 Josef Mengele - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Josef Mengele

Birth name Josef Rudolf Mengele

Nickname Angel of Death (German:

Todesengel)

Born March 16, 1911

Günzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria

Died February 7, 1979 (aged 67)

Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil

Allegiance Nazi Germany

Service/branch Schutzstaffel

Years of

service

1938—1945

Rank Hauptsturmführer, SS (Captain)

Commands

held

Human medical experimentation

performed on prisoners at

Auschwitz concentration camp,

and selection of prisoners to be

gassed at Auschwitz

Battles/wars World War II

Awards Iron Cross First Class

Black Badge for the Wounded

Medal for the Care of the German

Josef MengeleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Josef Rudolf Mengele (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf

ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈmɛŋɡələ],[1] March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979),also known as the Angel of Death (German: Todesengel)was a German SS officer and a physician in the Naziconcentration camp Auschwitz. He earned doctorates inanthropology from Munich University and in medicine fromFrankfurt University. He initially gained notoriety for being oneof the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arrivingtransports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed andwho was to become a forced laborer, but is far more infamousfor performing human experiments on camp inmates, includingchildren, for which Mengele was called the "Angel of Death".Mengele himself repeatedly insisted that he had not committedany crime, and that instead he had become a victim of a greatinjustice: "I personally have not killed, injured or caused bodily

harm to anyone."[2][3]

In 1940, he was placed in the reserve medical corps, afterwhich he served with the 5th SS Panzergrenadier DivisionWiking in the Eastern Front. In 1942, he was wounded at theSoviet front and was pronounced medically unfit for combat,and was then promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer(Captain) for saving the lives of three German soldiers. Hesurvived the war, and after a period living incognito in Germanyhe fled to South America, where he became an abortionist andevaded capture for the rest of his life despite being hunted as aNazi war criminal.

Contents

1 Early life and family2 Military service3 Auschwitz

3.1 Human experimentation4 After Auschwitz5 In South America6 Manhunt7 In the 21st century8 Pseudonyms9 Summary of SS Career10 See also11 References

11.1 Notes



Medal for the Care of the German

People

11.2 Further reading12 External links

Early life and family

Josef Mengele was born the eldest of three children on March the 16th, 1911[4] to Karl and Walburga (née Hupfauer)Mengele in Günzburg, Bavaria, Germany. His younger brothers were Karl Junior and Alois Mengele. Mengele's fatherwas a founder of the Karl Mengele & Sons company, a company that produced farm machinery for milling, sawing,

and baling.[5]

In 1935, Mengele earned a PhD in Anthropology from the University of Munich. In January 1937, at the Institute forHereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, he became the assistant to Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer,

who was a leading scientist mostly known for his research in genetics, with a particular interest in twins.[6] In addition,Mengele studied under Theodor Mollison and Eugen Fischer, who had been involved in medical experiments on the

Herero tribe in South-West Africa, now Namibia.[7]

On July 28, 1939, Mengele married Irene Schönbein, whom he had met while studying in Leipzig. Their only son,Rolf, was born March 11, 1941. Five years after Mengele emigrated to Buenos Aires in 1949, his wife Irene divorcedhim. She continued to live in Germany with their son. On July 25, 1958 (when Mengele was 47), in Nueva Helvecia,Uruguay, Mengele was remarried to Martha Mengele, the widow of his deceased younger brother Karl. MarthaMengele had arrived in Buenos Aires in 1956 with Karl-Heinz, her son from her first marriage. Josef and Martha had

no further children.[8]

Military service

In 1937 Mengele joined the Nazi Party. In 1938, he received his medical degree and joined the SS. Mengele wasconscripted into the army in 1940, and later volunteered to the medical service of the Waffen-SS, the combat arm ofthe SS, where he distinguished himself as a soldier. Hitler declared war against the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941.Later that month, Mengele was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class for his heroism at the Ukrainian Front. InJanuary 1942, while serving with the SS Wiking Division behind Soviet lines, he pulled two German soldiers from aburning tank, and was awarded the Iron Cross First Class, as well as the Wound Badge in Black and the Medal forthe Care of the German People. Mengele was wounded during this campaign; since he was medically unfit for combat,Mengele was posted to the Race and Resettlement Office in Berlin. Mengele resumed an association with his mentor,von Verschuer, who was at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Genetics and Eugenics in Berlin.Just before he was transferred to Auschwitz, Mengele was promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain)

in April 1943.[9][10][11]

Auschwitz

In May 1943, Mengele replaced another doctor who had fallen ill at the Nazi extermination camp Birkenau. On May24, 1943, he became medical officer of Auschwitz-Birkenau's "Gypsy (Romani) camp". In August 1944, this camp

was liquidated and all its inmates gassed.[12] Subsequently Mengele became Chief Medical Officer of the maininfirmary camp at Birkenau. He was not the Chief Medical Officer of Auschwitz, though: his superior was SS-

Standortarzt (garrison physician) Eduard Wirths.[13]



Block 10 – Medical experimentation

block in Auschwitz

During his 21-month stay at Auschwitz Mengele was referred to as "der weiße Engel" ("the White Angel") by campinmates because when he stood on the platform inspecting and selecting new arrivals his white coat and white arms

outstretched evoked the image of a white angel.[14] Mengele took turns with the other SS physicians at Auschwitz inmeeting incoming prisoners at the camp, where it was determined who would be retained for work and who would besent to the gas chambers immediately. He also appeared there frequently in search of twins, for his experimentation; hewould wade through the incoming prisoners shouting Zwillinge heraus! (Twins out!), Zwillinge heraustreten!(Twins step forward!) with, according to an assistant he recruited, "such a face that I would think he's mad". Becausehe "brought such flamboyance and posturing to the selection", he was the individual best remembered for the

process.[15] He drew a line on the wall of the children's block 150 centimetres (about 5 feet) from the floor, and

children whose heads could not reach the line were sent to the gas chambers.[16]

"He had a look that said 'I am the power,' " said one survivor. When it was reported that one block was infested with

lice, Mengele ordered that the 750 women who lived inside the dormitories be gassed.[17]

Human experimentation

Mengele used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his research onheredity, using inmates for human experimentation. He was particularlyinterested in identical twins; they would be selected and placed in specialbarracks. He recruited Berthold Epstein, a Jewish pediatrician, and MiklósNyiszli, a Hungarian Jewish pathologist, to assist with his experiments.

As a doctor, Epstein proposed to Mengele a study into treatments of thedisease called noma that was noted for particularly affecting children from

the camp.[18] While the exact cause of noma remains uncertain, it is nowknown that it has a higher occurrence in children suffering from malnutritionand a lower immune system response. Many develop the disease shortly

after contracting another illness such as measles or tuberculosis.[19]

Mengele took an interest in physical abnormalities discovered among the arrivals at the concentration camp. Theseincluded dwarfs, notably the Ovitz family – the children of a Romanian artist, seven of whom were dwarfs. Prior totheir deportation, they toured in Eastern Europe as the Lilliput Troupe.

Mengele's experiments also included attempts to change eye colour by injecting chemicals into children's eyes, variousamputations of limbs, and other surgeries. Rena Gelissen's account of her time in Auschwitz details certain experimentsperformed on female prisoners around October 1943. Mengele would experiment on the chosen girls, performingsterilization and shock treatments. Most of the victims died, because of either the experiments or later infections.

"Once Mengele's assistant rounded up 14 pairs of Roma twins during the night. Mengele placed them on

his polished marble dissection table and put them to sleep. He then injected chloroform into their hearts,killing them instantly. Mengele then began dissecting and meticulously noting each piece of the twins'

bodies."[16]

At Auschwitz, Mengele did a number of studies on twins. After an experiment was over, the twins were usually killedand their bodies dissected. He supervised an operation by which two Roma children were sewn together to createconjoined twins; the hands of the children became badly infected where the veins had been resected; this also caused

gangrene.[16]

The subjects of Mengele's research were better fed and housed than ordinary prisoners and were, for the time being,



Jewish twins kept alive to be used in

Mengele's medical experiments.

These children from Auschwitz were

liberated by the Red Army in January,

1945.

safe from the gas chambers, although many experiments resulted in more painful deaths.[20] When visiting his childsubjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered themsweets. Some survivors remember that despite his grim acts, he was also

called "Mengele the Protector".[21]

Mengele also sought out pregnant women, on whom he would perform

vivisections before sending them to the gas chambers.[22]

Auschwitz prisoner Alex Dekel has said: "I have never accepted the fact thatMengele himself believed he was doing serious work – not from the slipshodway he went about it. He was only exercising his power. Mengele ran abutcher shop – major surgeries were performed without anaesthesia. Once,I witnessed a stomach operation – Mengele was removing pieces from thestomach, but without any anaesthetic. Another time, it was a heart that wasremoved, again without anaesthesia. It was horrifying. Mengele was adoctor who became mad because of the power he was given. Nobody everquestioned him – why did this one die? Why did that one perish? The

patients did not count. He professed to do what he did in the name of science, but it was a madness on his part."[23]

An Auschwitz prisoner doctor has said: "He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fondof him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire....And then, next to that,... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send

them there. Well, that is where the anomaly lay."[24] The book Children of the Flames, by Lucette Matalon Lagnadoand Shiela Cohn Dekel, chronicles Mengele's medical experimental activities on approximately 1,500 pairs of twinswho passed through the Auschwitz death camp during World War II until its liberation at the end of the war. By the1980s only 100 sets of these twins could be found. Many recalled his friendly manner towards them, and his gifts ofchocolates. The older ones "recognized his kindness as a deception—yet another of his perverse experiments to test

(our) mental endurance."[25] He would also kill them without hesitation, sometimes administering injections to thechildren or shooting them himself, and would dissect them immediately afterwards. On one evening alone he killed 14

twins.[15]

In 1960 Hans Sedlmeier returned from Asuncion, Paraguay with a statement from Mengele that said, "I personallyhave not killed, injured or caused bodily harm to anyone." Mengele repeatedly insisted that he had not committed any

crime, and that instead he had become a victim of a great injustice.[2][3]

After Auschwitz

The SS abandoned the Auschwitz camp on January 27, 1945, and Mengele transferred to Gross Rosen camp inLower Silesia, again working as camp physician. Gross Rosen was dissolved at the end of February when the Red

Army was close to taking it.[26] Mengele worked in other camps for a short time and, on May 2, joined a Wehrmachtmedical unit led by Hans Otto Kahler, his former colleague at the Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene inBohemia. The unit hurried west to avoid being captured by the Soviets and were taken as prisoners of war by theAmericans. Mengele, initially registered under his own name, was released in June 1945 with papers giving his name as"Fritz Hollmann". From July 1945 until May 1949, he worked as a farmhand in a small village near Rosenheim,Bavaria, staying in contact with his wife and his old friend Hans Sedlmeier, who arranged Mengele's escape to

Argentina via Innsbruck, Sterzing, Meran, and Genoa. Mengele may have been assisted by the ODESSA network.[27]

In South America



Josef Mengele in 1956. Photo taken by a

police photographer in Buenos Aires for

Mengele's Argentine identification

document.

Mengele's home in Hohenau,

Paraguay

In Buenos Aires, Mengele at first worked in construction, but soon came in contact with influential Germans, whoallowed him an affluent lifestyle in subsequent years. He also got to knowother Nazis in Buenos Aires, such as Hans-Ulrich Rudel and AdolfEichmann. In 1955, he bought a 50 percent share of Fadro Farm, apharmaceutical company; the same year, he divorced his wife, Irene.Three years later, he married Martha Mengele in Uruguay, the widow ofhis younger brother, Karl Jr.; she then went to Argentina with her 14-year-old son, Dieter. Mengele lived with his family in a German-ownedboarding house in the Buenos Aires suburb of Vicente Lopez from 1958

to 1960.[28] While in Buenos Aires, Mengele practiced medicine,specializing in illegal abortions, and was briefly detained by police on one

occasion for the death of a patient during an abortion.[29]

He was doing well in South America, yet Mengele feared beingcaptured, especially after news of Eichmann's capture and subsequenttrial were revealed. Thus, he left Argentina in 1962 and moved toParaguay after managing to get a Paraguayan passport in the name of

"José Mengele".[28]

Shortly after the capture of Eichmann in May 1960 by the IsraeliMossad, Mengele was spotted at his home. Agents of Mossad debatedwhether or not also to kidnap him. However, they still had Eichmann in asafe house inside Argentina, and determined that it would not be possibleto conduct another operation at the same time. By the time Eichmann had

been brought out of the country, Mengele had escaped to Paraguay.[30]

Isser Harel, Chief Executive of the Secret Services of Israel (1952–1963),personally presided over the successful effort to capture Eichmann inBuenos Aires. In his account of the operation, he reports no sightings ofMengele in 1960, but feels that they might have got him if they could havemoved more quickly. When asked about the secondary target by the co-pilot who helped transport Eichmann at the time, he claims to have told himthat "had it been possible to start the operation several weeks earlier,Mengele might also have been on the plane." They checked on the lastknown location for Mengele in Argentina, but he had apparently moved on

just two weeks earlier.[31]

Mengele hoped that Paraguay would be safer for him, as dictator Alfredo Stroessner was of German descent andeven recruited former Nazis to help the country develop. Among other locations in Paraguay, he lived on the outskirtsof Hohenau, a German colony north of Encarnación in the department of Itapúa.

According to a senior Mossad man, Israel had received reports that Mengele was in Brazil, but they kept thisinformation to themselves. The Six-Day War in 1967 forced concentration of resources. But after the war, Israeldecided to open an embassy in Asunción, Paraguay – perhaps an ideal base from which to pursue Mengele. ButBenjamin Weiser Varon, Israeli ambassador from 1968–1972, was "not given any instructions by the foreign office onMengele of any kind. It wasn't even mentioned."

"I must confess I was not so eager to find Mengele. He presented a dilemma. Israel had less of a claim

for his extradition than Germany. He was, after all, a German citizen who had committed his crimes in the



name of the Third Reich. None of his victims were Israeli—Israel came into existence only several years

later."[32]

The same year, Mengele moved to Nova Europa, about 200 km (120 mi) outside São Paulo, where he lived withHungarian refugees Geza and Gitta Stammer, working as manager of their farm. In the seclusion of his Brazilianhideaway Mengele was safe. In 1974, when his relationship with the Stammer family was coming to an end, Hans-Ulrich Rudel and Wolfgang Gerhard discussed relocating Mengele to Bolivia where he could spend time with KlausBarbie, but Mengele rejected this proposal. Instead, he lived in a bungalow in a suburb of São Paulo for the last yearsof his life. In 1977, his only son Rolf, never having known his father before, visited him there and found an unrepentant

Nazi who claimed that he "had never personally harmed anyone in his whole life".[27]

Mengele's health had been deteriorating for years, and he died on February 7, 1979, in Bertioga, Brazil, where heaccidentally drowned, or possibly suffered a stroke, while swimming in the Atlantic. He was buried in Embu das Artes

under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose ID card he had used since 1976.[33]

Mengele showed little regret or remorse for his crimes, and expressed in a letter his astonishment and disgust over the

remorseful position taken by Hitler's chief architect and Minister of Armaments, Albert Speer.[34]

Argentine historian Jorge Camarasa speculated in his 2008 biography that Mengele, under the alias Rudolph Weiss,continued his human experimentation in South America, and as a result of these experiments, a municipality in Brazil,Cândido Godói, has a very high birthrate of twin children: one in five pregnancies, with a substantial amount of the

population looking Nordic.[35] His theory was rejected by Brazilian scientists who had studied twins living in the area;

they suggested genetic factors within that community as a more likely explanation.[36][37]

Manhunt

Mengele was listed on the Allies' list of war criminals as early as 1944. His name was mentioned in the Nurembergtrials several times, but Allied forces were convinced that Mengele was dead, which was also claimed by Irene and thefamily in Günzburg. In 1959, suspicions had grown that he was still alive, given his divorce from Irene in 1955 and hismarriage to Martha in 1958. An arrest warrant was issued by the West German authorities. Subsequently, WestGerman attorneys such as Fritz Bauer, Israel's Mossad, and private investigators such as Simon Wiesenthal and BeateKlarsfeld followed the trail of the "Angel of Death". The last confirmed sightings of Mengele placed him in Paraguay,and it was believed that he was still hiding there, allegedly protected by flying ace Hans-Ulrich Rudel and possibly evenby the dictator President Alfredo Stroessner. Mengele sightings were reported all over the world, but they turned outto be false.

In 1985, the West German police raided Hans Sedlmeier's house in Günzburg and seized address books, letters, andpapers hinting at the grave in Embu. The remains of "Wolfgang Gerhard" were exhumed on June 6, 1985 and identifiedas Mengele's with high probability by forensic experts from UNICAMP. Rolf Mengele issued a statement saying that

he "had no doubt it was the remains of his father".[27] Everything was kept quiet "to protect those who knew him inSouth America", Rolf said. In 1992, a DNA test confirmed Mengele's identity. He had evaded capture for 34 years.

After the exhumation, the São Paulo Institute for Forensic Medicine stored his remains and attempted to repatriatethem to the remaining Mengele family members, but the family rejected them. The bones have been stored at the São

Paulo Institute for Forensic Medicine since.[38]

In the 21st century



Rare image of Mengele in SS uniform

(left) with Auschwitz's Rudolf Höss,

Josef Kramer and Anton Thumann at

Solahütte (image from Höcker

Album).

On September 17, 2007, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum released photographs taken from a photoalbum of Auschwitz staff, which contained eight photographs of Mengele.According to museum officials, these eight photos of Mengele are the first

authenticated pictures of him at Auschwitz.[39]

In February 2010, Mengele's diary, kept from 1960 until his death in 1979,which included letters sent to Rolf and Wolfgang Gerhard, was sold atauction in Connecticut by Alexander Autographs for an estimated $200,000(£130,000). According to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), the buyerwas an East Coast Jewish philanthropist who wished to remain anonymous.The auction caused protest amongst some Holocaust survivors, describing itas "a cynical act of exploitation aimed at profiting from the writings of one of

the most heinous Nazi criminals."[40] The previous owner, who acquired the

diary in Brazil, is said to be close to the Mengele family.[41]

Pseudonyms

Wolfgang Gerhard

José Mengele[42]

Helmut Gregor[i][42]

Dr. Fausto Rindón[42]

S. Josi Alvers Aspiazu[42]

Summary of SS Career

SS number: 317,885

Nazi Party number: 5,574,974Primary Positions: WVHA, Medical Physician (Auschwitz Concentration Camp)Waffen-SS Service:

Medical Staff Officer, Waffen-SS Medical Inspectorate (1940)Medical Officer, Pioneer Battalion #5, 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking (1941–1943)

Medical Officer, Battalion "Ost", 3rd SS Division Totenkopf (1943)

Dates of Rank

SS-Schütze: May 1938[43]

SS-Hauptscharführer der Reserve (d.R.): 1939SS-Untersturmführer d.R.: August 1, 1940

SS-Obersturmführer d.R.: January 30, 1942SS-Hauptsturmführer d.R.: April 20, 1943

Awards

Iron Cross (First and Second Class)

War Merit Cross (Second Class with Swords)Eastern Front Medal

Wound Badge (Black)



Social Welfare DecorationGerman Sports Badge (Bronze)

Honour Chevron for the Old Guard[44]

See also

After the Truth a 1999 German film depicting the fictional trial of MengeleForgiving Dr. Mengele, a documentary film about one of Mengele's victimsHöcker Album, vintage photo album with first confirmed photographs of Mengele in uniform with SS

colleagues.Nazi eugenicsShirō Ishii, leader of Japan's infamous Unit 731

Unit 731, Imperial; Japan biological and chemical warfare research unit, also notorious for their humanexperimentations

John Charles Cutler, who infected people with syphilisOut of the Ashes, a movie series recounting Gisella Perl's experience in Auschwitz, where she worked alongsideMengele.

Research Materials: Max Planck Society ArchiveSolahütte, Nazi resort frequented by Mengele and among the only places where he was photographed inuniform.

The Boys from Brazil, a 1976 novel about a fictional plot by Mengele to clone Hitler, which was adapted intoa 1978 film of the same name.

Der Verdacht, a novel by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, features a Nazi scientist reminiscent of Mengele.Marathon Man, a novel by William Goldman, includes a sadistic German physican known as "The WhiteAngel" who worked in a concentration camp and then moved to Paraguay. He is explicitly described as

Mengele's friend in the novel. In the 1974 movie, this comparison was omitted.Angel of Death, a song by Thrash/Speed Metal Band Slayer based on Josef MengeleIn the movie I Love You, I Love You Not, a Nazi soldier approaches two twin girls and introduces himself as

The Angel of Death, Josef Mengele's nickname.A People Uncounted. The Untold Story of the Roma. (http://apeopleuncounted.com/) Dir. Aaron Yeger.

2011. Film.In the movie The Unborn, the psychic explains her past in Auschwitz, where she makes reference to a doctorwho had an interest in twins, just like Mengele had.

The Debt, a 2007 Israeli film which features a character seemingly based on Mengele. A 2011 U.S. remake ofthe film bears the same title.

References

Notes

1. ^ "howjsay.com" (http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=mengele&submit=Submit) .http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=mengele&submit=Submit. Retrieved March 30, 2010.

2. ̂a b Template:Chicago Tribune[1] (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-06-09/news/8502060229_1_guenzburg-martha-mengele-dr-josef-mengele)

3. ̂a b New York Times, June 14, 1985; Baltimore Sun, June 14, 1985

4. ^ Stefan Kanfer and Peter Carls. "The Life and Crimes of a Nazi Doctor"



(http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20091148,00.html) . People.http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20091148,00.html.

5. ^ "The Gunzburg Clan (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959494,00.html) " Time, June 24, 1985

6. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Josef Mengele.” Holocaust Encyclopedia.[2](http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007060)

7. ^ Allan D Cooper, The Geography of Genocide, page 153, University Press of America, 2009

8. ^ Template:Chicago Tribune[3] (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-03-12/news/8501140167_1_martha-mengele-karl-mengele-nazi-doctor-josef-mengele)

9. ^ "Josef Mengele" (http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007060) . United States HolocaustMemorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007060. Retrieved March 23,2008.

10. ^ "Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor – The Crime Library – Crime Library on"(http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/history/mengele/nazi_3.html) . Trutv.com.http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/history/mengele/nazi_3.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

11. ^ "Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor"(http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/history/mengele/3b.html) . The Crime Library.http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/history/mengele/3b.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

12. ^ "Sixty-First Anniversary of the Liquidation of the Gypsy Camp in Birkenau"(http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=447&Itemid=8) .http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=447&Itemid=8.

13. ^ "Eduard Wirths" (http://www.wsg-hist.uni-linz.ac.at/Auschwitz/HTML/Wirths.html) . Wsg-hist.uni-linz.ac.at.http://www.wsg-hist.uni-linz.ac.at/Auschwitz/HTML/Wirths.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

14. ^ "Josef Mengele - factfile" (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/4319715/Josef-Mengele-factfile.html) . The Daily Telegraph.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/4319715/Josef-Mengele-factfile.html. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2012.

15. ̂a b "What Made This Man? Mengele" (http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/100/mengle.htm) . The New YorkTimes. July 21, 1985. http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/100/mengle.htm. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

16. ̂a b c Bülow, Louis. "Josef Mengele, Angel of Death" (http://www.auschwitz.dk/Mengele.htm) .http://www.auschwitz.dk/Mengele.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.

17. ^ Mengele – The Final Account (Documentary). New York City, United States: History Channel. July 12, 2008.

18. ^ "Page 296-297" (http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/LiftonT296.shtml) . Holocaust-history.org. July 23, 2005.http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/LiftonT296.shtml. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

19. ^ "German article at" (http://www.shoa.de/p_josef_mengele.html) . Shoa.de.http://www.shoa.de/p_josef_mengele.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

20. ^ Nyiszli, Miklos (September 1, 1993). Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-202-8.

21. ^ Lagnado, Lucette Matalon; Sheila Cohn Dekel (1991). Children of the Flames. ISBN 0-688-09695-6.

22. ^ Brozan, Nadine. Out of Death, a Zest for Life (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=1) . New York Times, November15, 1982

23. ^ "Dr. Josef Mengele, ruthless Nazi concentration camp doctor - The Crime Library on truTV.com"(http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/history/mengele/research_5.html) . Crimelibrary.com.http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/history/mengele/research_5.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

24. ^ Robert Jay Lifton. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, Basic Books, 1986, p. 337

25. ^ 'Children of the Flames; Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz' by Lucette MatalonLagnado and Sheila Cohn Dekel. 'Mengele; the Complete Story' by Gerald Posner and John Ware.[4](http://www.longwood.k12.ny.us/lhs/science/mos/twins/mengele.html)

26. ^ Chicago Tribune Magazine (http://www.posner.com/articles/mengele.htm) "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengelecheated justice for 34 years" by Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, May 18, 1986.

27. ̂a b c Völklein, Ulrich (1999). Josef Mengele: Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Steidl. ISBN 3-88243-685-9.

28. ̂a b Harel, Isser (June 2, 1975). The House on Garibaldi Street. Viking Press. p. 194. ISBN 0-670-38028-8.

29. ^ Nathaniel C. Nash (February 11, 1992). "Mengele an Abortionist, Argentine Files Suggest"



(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDF1E39F932A25751C0A964958260&scp=1&sq=Mengele&st=nyt) . New York Times.http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDF1E39F932A25751C0A964958260&scp=1&sq=Mengele&st=nyt. Retrieved July 15, 2008.

30. ^ Israeli Mossad let Nazi Mengele get away(http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080902/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_mengele;_ylt=AnNm4NTiMRGDB9xl2rO8T9gDW7oF)Replacement link: USA Today (http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-02-193282646_x.htm) (accessible asof May 12, 2010). This news item comes from AP, but their archive (http://www.aparchive.com) fails to find it as ifit never was. USA Today in Web Archive: "Blocked site error" [5](http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-02-193282646_x.htm) . Attempting toarchive it in WebCite: "WebCite is currently under maintenance We will be back up soon." (May 12, 2010)

31. ^ Harel, Isser (1975). The house on Garibaldi Street: the first full account of the capture of Adolf Eichmann. NewYork: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-38028-8.

32. ^ "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele cheated justice for 34 years – Signs of the Times News"(http://www.sott.net/articles/show/150662-How-Nazi-war-criminal-Josef-Mengele-cheated-justice-for-34-years) .www.sott.net. http://www.sott.net/articles/show/150662-How-Nazi-war-criminal-Josef-Mengele-cheated-justice-for-34-years. Retrieved July 27, 2010.

33. ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (July 22, 1985). "Scientists Decide Brazil Skeleton Is Josef Mengele."(http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C14FF3A5D0C718EDDAF0894DD484D81&scp=5&sq=Josef+Mengele&st=nyt) . New York Times.http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C14FF3A5D0C718EDDAF0894DD484D81&scp=5&sq=Josef+Mengele&st=nyt. Retrieved March 21, 2008."American, Brazilian and West German scientists announced jointly today that a skeleton recently exhumed from agraveyard near here was unquestionably that of Dr. Josef Mengele. A separate report by American experts concludedthat the bones were those of the long-sought Nazi death-camp doctor 'within a reasonable scientific certainty.' ..."

34. ^ Erich Wiedemann and Jens Glüsing (November 29, 2004). "Angel of Death" Diary Shows No Regrets"(http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,330311-2,00.html) . Der Spiegel.http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,330311-2,00.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

35. ^ Evans, Nick (January 21, 2009). "Nazi angel of death Josef Mengele 'created twin town in Brazil'"(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/4307262/Nazi-angel-of-death-Josef-Mengele-created-twin-town-in-Brazil.html) . The Daily Telegraph. UK.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/4307262/Nazi-angel-of-death-Josef-Mengele-created-twin-town-in-Brazil.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

36. ^ Linda Geddes: Nazi 'Angel of Death' not responsible for town of twins(http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16492-nazi-angel-of-death-not-responsible-for-town-of-twins.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news) New Scientist online, January 27, 2009

37. ^ "National Geographic Explorer: Nazi Mystery: Twins from Brazil"(http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/4087/Overview) . National Geographic Explorer: NaziMystery: Twins from Brazil. National Geographic Exlorer.http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/4087/Overview. Retrieved The first air date: November 29,2009.

38. ^ By MARLISE SIMONS, Special to the New York Times (March 17, 1988). "Remains of Mengele Rest Uneasily inBrazil" (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D7153CF937A25750C0A96E948260) . New YorkTimes. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D7153CF937A25750C0A96E948260. Retrieved March1, 2010.

39. ^ "Collections | Auschwitz through the lens of the SS: Photos of Nazi leadership at the camp"(http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/highlights/auschwitz/) . Ushmm.org. June 21, 1944.http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/highlights/auschwitz/. Retrieved March 1, 2010.

40. ^ http://jta.org/news/article/2010/02/03/1010457/mengeles-diary-sold-to-holocaust-survivor , "Survivor's grandsonbuys Mengele diary", February 3, 2010, accessed: 28 September 2010

41. ^ Hall, Allan. "Nazi doctor Josef Mengele's diary up for sale"(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/7128912/Nazi-doctor-Josef-Mengeles-diary-up-for-sale.html) , The Daily Telegraph, February 1, 2010, accessed April 8, 2011.

42. ̂a b c d Christian Zentner, Friedemann Bedürftig. The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, p. 586. Macmillan, New



York, 1991. ISBN 0-02-897502-2

43. ^ Mengele's enlisted service is mentioned on only a single document of his official SS file. His entry date into the SS isstated to have occurred in the spring of 1938, and by the date of his commissioning in 1940, Mengele was serving asan SS-First Sergeant in the Waffen-SS Reserve (Source: SS Service Record of Josef Mengele, National Archives,College Park)

44. ^ Mengele's SS service record indicates this decoration, even though Mengele was not a Nazi Party or SS memberprior to 1933, which was a primary requirement for the Old Guard Chevron. (Source: SS Service Record of JosefMengele, National Archives, College Park)

Further reading

Astor, Gerald (1986). Last Nazi: Life and Times of Doctor Joseph Mengele. Weidenfeld & N. ISBN 0-297-78853-1.

Harel, Isser (1975). The House on Garibaldi Street: the First Full Account of the Capture of AdolfEichmann. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-38028-8.

Lieberman, Herbert A. (1978). The Climate of Hell. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-82236-5.Levin, Ira (1991). Boys from Brazil, The. London: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-29004-5.Miklos Nyiszli's At Last the Truth About Eichmann's Inferno Auschwitz and Auschwitz—A doctor’s

eyewitness account describes his experience working involuntarily for Mengele.Children of the Flames: Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz by LucetteMatalon Lagado and Sheila Cohn Dekel—a collection of witness accounts pieced together in a biography of

sorts about Dr. Mengele and his experiments.Ware, John; Posner, Gerald (1986). Mengele: The Complete Story. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-

050598-5.

External links

"In the Matter of Josef Mengele A Report to the Attorney General of the United States

(http://www.justice.gov/criminal/hrsp/archives/1992/10-01-92mengele-rpt.pdf) ." United States Department ofJustice. October 1992.

A timeline of Mengele's life (http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blmengele.htm)Chicago Tribune Magazine: "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele cheated justice for 34 years"(http://www.posner.com/articles/mengele.htm) by Gerald Posner and John Ware

Declassified U.S. CIA information on Mengele and other NSDAP war criminals(http://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-263-cia-records/rg-263-report.html?template=print)"Skeletons in the Closet of German Science," (http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1587766,00.html)

Deutsche Welle September 18, 2005United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Auschwitz through the lens of the SS

(http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/ssalbum//) . Recently discovered photographs of SS leadership,among them the first authenticated pictures of Mengele at AuschwitzJoseph Mengele (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6992618) entry at Find a Grave

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