José A. Faria, Ph.D. - Florida International University

Master of Science inMaster of Science in Construction

Management – UNIBEModule 4

José A. Faria, Ph.D.,

BCN 5618 Fundamentals of Construction Estimating 1

DIV. 5 METALS

BCN 5618 Fundamentals of Construction Estimating

MetalsMetals

• IncludesIncludes– Structural metal framing– Metal joistsj– Metal decking– Metal fabrications– Ornamental metal– Expansion control assemblies

• Materials:– Iron, steel, aluminum, brass, bronze, etc.


Structural steelStructural steel

• Has replaced much of the structural concreteHas replaced much of the structural concrete in multi‐story buildings.

• There are three structural categories:• There are three structural categories:– Heavy structural steel

Li h l l– Light‐gauge structural steel

– Miscellaneous steel


Heavy structural steelHeavy structural steel

• Minimum of ¼” thick.Minimum of ¼ thick.

• Wide‐flange structural steel beams (W, WF), structural narrow‐flange beams (I,S), miscellaneous g ( , ),or junior structural beams (M), channel steel (C), angle iron (L), structural tubing (TS), Pipe (Pipe) and plates

• Need to count pieces, their weight and then calculate l h h f h dtotal weight. This is for purchasing purposes and to

select the crane size.


Heavy Structural SteelHeavy Structural Steel

• Denomination of beams channels and tees isDenomination of beams, channels and tees is the letter followed by nominal depth and weight per footweight per foot– W12x40 is a Wide‐Flange beam with a nominal depth of 12inches and a weight of 40lb/ftdepth of 12inches and a weight of 40lb/ft

– S18x70 is an American Standard beam with nominal depth of 18” and a weight of 70lb/fto a dep o 8 a d a e g o 0 b/

– C12x30 is a Standard Channel wit h nominal depth of 12 in and weight 30lb/ft


g /


• Angles are designated by an L followed by theAngles are designated by an L followed by the longest leg, the length of the other leg, and the thickness of the anglethe thickness of the angle– L5x3x1/2 is an angle with one leg measuring 5in, the other leg measuring 3inches and a thicknessthe other leg measuring 3inches and a thickness of ½ inch



• Structural tubing used for columns and crossStructural tubing used for columns and cross bracing in the construction of steel trusses designated by TS followed by the length of thedesignated by TS followed by the length of the longest cross sectional axis, the length of the other axis and the thickness of the wallother axis, and the thickness of the wall– TS4x4x1/2 is a structural tubing with a cross section of 4”x 4” and wall thickness of ½”section of 4 x 4 and wall thickness of ½



• Pipe is typically used for columns DesignationPipe is typically used for columns. Designation is “Pipe” followed by the nominal diameter of the pipe and the type of pipethe pipe and the type of pipe– Pipe 4 std is a pipe 4” in diameter and standard weight.weight.

– The 4” standard pipe has a wall thickness of 0.237 in, a weight of 10.79 lb/ft, inside diameter 4.026 , a e g o 0 9 b/ , s de d a e e 0 6in and outside diameter of 4.5 in



• Plates are used as base plates and connectorsPlates are used as base plates and connectors, the designation is the thickness

• Weight is 490 lb/cft• Weight is 490 lb/cft



• Joists are designated by the depth followed byJoists are designated by the depth followed by a letter (K is the most common) and the section number The larger the sectionsection number. The larger the section number the strongest the joist– 24K3 is 24” depth K series joist with a section– 24K3 is 24 depth K series joist with a section number of three



• Girders are designated by the depth followedGirders are designated by the depth followed by the girder series, number of spaces and load on each panel pointload on each panel point– 24G5N8K is a 24” deep joist girder with five spaces and each panel supports 8k (8000) poundsspaces and each panel supports 8k (8000) pounds

• The number of spaces is one more than the number of joists that are supported by thenumber of joists that are supported by the girder


Steel symbols and shapesSteel symbols and shapes


Light‐gauge structural steelLight gauge structural steel

• Structural light‐gauge steel refers to metalStructural light gauge steel refers to metal studs and joists ranging in thickness from 18 gauge to 12 gauge. The smaller the gauge the thicker the steel

• Punched studs are used in areas where it might be necessary to install other materials, plumbing or electrical work.

• Unpunched studs are commonly called joist, used for floor and ceiling and roofing.


Light‐gauge structural steelLight gauge structural steel

• Steel decking is also part of the light‐gaugeSteel decking is also part of the light gauge steel. It is available in several patterns .


Miscellaneous steelMiscellaneous steel

• The most common is the open‐web steel joistThe most common is the open web steel joist constructed with a combination of structural iron and tubular steel pieces welded or boltediron and tubular steel pieces welded or bolted together.

• These are very common in large flat roof• These are very common in large flat roof construction for industrial and commercial applicationsapplications.


Open web joistOpen web joist


CostsCosts

• Cost of the structural steel at the millCost of the structural steel at the mill

• Freight

C f h d i• Cost of shop drawings

• Cost of assembling and fabrication including templates, bolts and welds

• Cost of paintingp g

• Cost of labor and equipment to erect the steel


Steel ShapesSteel Shapes

W S C WT

PLATEPIPETSL


Weight of Beams and ColumnsWeight of Beams and Columns

• Weight = Length × Weight Per LengthWeight = Length × Weight Per Length

• Approximate weight is 490 lb/cft

l i l h i l b f• Multiply the cross sectional area by 1ft to obtain the weight per linear ft

• Aluminum and steel are sold by weight, the takeoff is made in pounds and converted to tons (1ton = 2000lb)

• Cost about $30 / 100 lb


$ /

ConnectionsConnections


Productivity and costProductivity and cost

• BoltsBolts– An iron worker places about 150 – 200 bolts per 8hr day

– Need compressor and operator– Cost about $3.70 per bolt

• Welding– Depends on wall thickness, location, ease of access, etc.

– Need to go to tables or ask a contractor


Steel JoistsSteel Joists


Joists and Joist GirdersJoists and Joist Girders

• Joists are counted items• Joist girders are counted items


Metal DecksMetal Decks


Metal DeckMetal Deck

• Metal deck is a sheet goodeta dec s a s eet good


Trusses and HandrailsTrusses and Handrails

• List componentsp– Include welding and bolts


Roof Frame PlanRoof Frame Plan


Steel JoistsSteel Joists


End AnchorageEnd Anchorage


Erecting SteelErecting Steel

• CraneCrane

• Operator

k• Iron worker

• Cost about $47 / ton


DIV. 6 WOOD, PLASTICS, AND , ,COMPOSITES


SubdivisionsSubdivisions

• 06 00 00 Wood Plastics and Composites06 00 00 Wood Plastics and Composites• 06 10 00 Rough Carpentry• 06 20 00 Finish Carpentry• 06 20 00 Finish Carpentry• 06 40 00 Architectural Wood Work• 06 50 00 Structural Plastics• 06 50 00 Structural Plastics• 06 60 00 Plastic Fabrications

06 70 00 Structural Composites• 06 70 00 Structural Composites• 06 80 00 Composite Fabrications


WoodWood• Has been used for thousand of years as a source ofHas been used for thousand of years as a source of

heat and as a construction material for millions of items• It is an abundant renewable resource

Good resistance to compression• Good resistance to compression• Available in different shapes, colors, treatments, • Wood for construction is commonly known as lumber in y

America. The sawn planks ready to be used are known as timber

• Engineered wood is a group of wood based products• Engineered wood is a group of wood based products that are glued together to form a more efficient composite product.


PlasticsPlastics• Is a synthetic or semi-synthetic solid that is y y

moldable. Usually organic polymers of high molecular mass derived from petrochemicals.

• Usually classified by their chemical structure:Usually classified by their chemical structure: acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethane, and halogenated plastics.

• There are many other classifications depending• There are many other classifications depending on their physical characteristics, chemical content, molecular structure, thermal response,

d thand others.• Their use is very wide in our society due to the

low cost and high versatility


g y

CompositesComposites

• These are engineered materials that areThese are engineered materials that are made as a combination of other materials to obtain desired physical characteristicsto obtain desired physical characteristics


Wood uses in ConstructionWood uses in Construction

• One of the most common applications of wood in construction is the wood framewood in construction is the wood frame construction.

• See the handout "Details for conventionalSee the handout Details for conventional wood frame construction by the American Wood Council"Wood Council


Measurement of Wood Items

Platform frame constructionconstruction

•Linear•Area•Volume


Floor SystemsFloor Systems

• Sills are a linear componentSills are a linear component– Must be a naturally durable or pressure-treated wood

• Posts are a counted itemPosts are a counted item• Girders are a counted item• Joists are a counted itemJoists are a counted item• Rim joists are a linear component• Blocking is a linear component• Blocking is a linear component


Heavy timber constructionHeavy timber construction

• Commonly used as shoring for miles railCommonly used as shoring for miles, rail ties, poles, support for wooden bridges, etcetc.

• Some buildings such as barns or barn-like use heavy timber beams and columnsuse heavy timber beams and columns.

• In other applications heavy timber can be used as decoration to provide a rustic lookused as decoration to provide a rustic look


Fabricated structural woodFabricated structural wood

• Glue-laminated wood beams are used toGlue-laminated wood beams are used to replace large timber beams.

• A smooth finish beam is called architectural• A smooth finish beam is called architectural beam, when a semi-smooth finish is used the beam is called structural beamthe beam is called structural beam

• Solid truss is common in residential applicationsapplications

• Open web joist similar to metal ones can be made with wood


be made with wood

• WoodWood structure


Wood treatmentWood treatment

• There are three typical wood treatment:There are three typical wood treatment:– Fire retardant– Termite protectionTermite protection– Moisture resistant


Sill platesSill plates

• Whenever wood meets masonry orWhenever wood meets masonry or concrete or where wood is used below grade a sill plate is required it could begrade a sill plate is required, it could be redwood or treated lumber

• Sill plates are most commonly 2 x 6 2 x 8• Sill plates are most commonly 2 x 6, 2 x 8, and 2 x 10 and are typically placed around the perimeter of the buildingthe perimeter of the building


Floor SystemsFloor Systems

• Engineered I-Joists often require webEngineered I Joists often require web stiffeners at bearing points


Floor systemsFloor systems

• Floor joists • Joist hangersFloor joists• Header joists

Joist hangers• Bridging


Floor framingFloor framing• Girders• When the building is of a width greater

than which the floor joists can span, a beam of some type is required.

• A build up wood member, referred to as girder is used.


GirdersGirders


Floor SystemsFloor Systems• Openings require:

D bl d t i if 4 f t id– Doubled trimmers if over 4 feet wide– Framing anchors on joist headers if over 6

feet widefeet wide


Floor SystemsFloor Systems• Floor sheathing is a sheet good• Wood decking is a sheet good• Separate each item into the various

length and sizes required then convert at the end to thousand feet-board measure (mfbm)measure (mfbm)

Where:N= Number of feet-board measureP = number of pieces of lumberT=thickness of lumber in inchesW = width of lumber in inchesL = length of pieces in feet


L length of pieces in feet

One board foot is equal to the volume of a piece of wood 1 inch thick and 1 sqft

WallsWalls

• Top and bottom plates are linear goodsTop and bottom plates are linear goods• Studs are a counted item

– Two extra studs are needed at cornersTwo extra studs are needed at corners– Two extra studs are needed at intersections– About two extra studs are needed for door openings

U t t t d d d f i d i– Up to seven extra studs are needed for window openings eight feet or less in width


WallsWalls

• Headers are a counted itemHeaders are a counted item– Headers constructed of 2× materials require

a ½ inch plywood spacer (for 2×4 walls) ora ½ inch plywood spacer (for 2 4 walls) or two ½ inch plywood spacers (for 2×6 walls).

• Hold downs are a counted item• Blocking is a linear component• Wall sheathing is a sheet goodWall sheathing is a sheet good• Nails are estimated by weight


NailsNails


Wall OpeningWall Opening


Wall Openingg


Typical Wall Sectiony


Roof SystemsRoof Systems

• Rafters are a counted itemRafters are a counted item• Trusses are a counted item• Roof sheathing is a sheet good


Typical Wood Truss Shapesyp p


Roof SystemsRoof Systems

• Soffit is a sheet goodSoffit is a sheet good


Finish Carpentry and CabinetsFinish Carpentry and Cabinets

• Trim is a counted itemTrim is a counted item• Shelving is a counted item• Paneling is a sheet good• Paneling is a sheet good• Cabinets are a counted item


DIV. 7 THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION


SubdivisionsSubdivisions• 70 00 00 Thermal and Moisture Protection• 07 10 00 Damp-proofing and Water-proofing• 07 20 00 Thermal Protection• 07 30 00 Steep Slope Roofing• 07 30 00 Steep Slope Roofing• 07 40 00 Roofing and Siding Panels• 07 50 00 Membrane Roofing

07 60 00 Fl hi d Sh t M t l• 07 60 00 Flashing and Sheet Metal• 07 70 00 Roof and Wall Specialties and

Accessories• 07 80 00 Fire and Smoke Protection• 07 90 00 Joint Protection


Thermal and Moisture ProtectionThermal and Moisture Protection

• Include all materials used to seal the exterior of the building to prevent moistureexterior of the building to prevent moisture, heat and air penetration



• Thermal protectionThermal protection– Include insulation materials to reduce the

transmission of heat through the exteriortransmission of heat through the exterior envelope.

• Moisture protectionp– Waterproofing and dampproofing: Include

coatings below and above grade to prevent moisture migration



•Insulation and Damp-Proofing - membranes used to keep heat and moisture outside of the building

•Roofing – uppermost surface of structure•Siding – vertical surfaces of structureFl hi thi t l l ti h t i t ll d t t th f t•Flashing - thin metal or plastic sheet installed to prevent the passage of water into the structure

•Caulking and sealants to seal areas•Skylights roof accessories gutters downspouts•Skylights , roof accessories, gutters, downspouts•Fireproofing - application of materials that make the structure more resistant to fire

•Joint Sealants and Caulking - materials used to seal joints or seams in various g jstructures or piping


Masonry veneerMasonry veneer

• Water penetration in masonry veneerWater penetration in masonry veneer construction can occur at the base of the wall Ideally flashing should be installedwall. Ideally, flashing should be installed continuously along the base of the wall. This would eliminate the need to lap theThis would eliminate the need to lap the flashing. However, this is rarely possible, so laps must be made Flashing should beso laps must be made. Flashing should be lapped a minimum of 6 inches.



• The cavity can include insulation which isThe cavity can include insulation, which is typically in the form of rigid foam, increasing the thermal performance of theincreasing the thermal performance of the wall.


InformationInformation

• Look at architectural drawings for detailsLook at architectural drawings for details– Roof sections for flashing, sheet metal,

insulation, and accessories– Wall sections for insulation, air barriers and

vapor barriers– Building sections for floor insulation – Walls and foundations


Waterproofingt ftcost per sqft

• Methods:Methods:– Integral method: additives mixed with concrete– Membrane: synthetic material applied to theMembrane: synthetic material applied to the

surface (include lap as additional material)– Metallic or trowel-coat waterproofing: requires p g q

surface preparation, cleaning, repair and application.

– Liquid membrane: requires surface preparation, cleaning, repair and application.


Dampproofingt ftcost per sqft

• Typically applied below grade not intendedTypically applied below grade not intended to resist water pressure

• Methods:• Methods:– Spraying– Painting– Painting– Troweling a bituminous coat on areas– Parging: plastering a cement based mixture onParging: plastering a cement based mixture on

areas– Liquid-applied


q pp

RoofingRoofing

• These are the materials included to coverThese are the materials included to cover the roof deck. Including:

– Bituminous materials placed over the deckBituminous materials placed over the deck– Flashing– Shingles and nails (allow one extra course ofShingles and nails (allow one extra course of

shingles at the eaves)– Include 5 – 8% waste and consider 1-1/2 to 3 lb

of nails per 100 sqft


Insulationt t i ll ftcosts typically per sqft

• Need to specify R value (higher values of p y ( gR provide better protection) and width

• Blankets or rolls of insulation called battsare installed between the studs.

• Rigid insulation required in some cases to i t i h N d t i l d f tmaintain shape. Need to include fasteners,

glue, and caulking.Some ins lation comes ith apor barrier• Some insulation comes with vapor barrier

• Loose-fill insulation measured in bags


Vapor BarrierVapor Barrier

• Calculated per sqft and separated byCalculated per sqft and separated by different thickness

• Consider laps add 5% - 10% of overall• Consider laps, add 5% - 10% of overall area.


Air infiltration barriersAir infiltration barriers

• Calculated per sqft of wall area andCalculated per sqft of wall area and converted to rolls

• Installed at exterior of sidewall under the• Installed at exterior of sidewall, under the siding.

• Popular with changes in energy codes• Popular with changes in energy codes


Vapor Barrier

Example


Exterior sidingExterior siding

• Available in different materials accountedAvailable in different materials accounted per sqft

• Include trim and accessories accounted• Include trim and accessories accounted per lft

• Include soffit and fascia accounted per sqft• Include soffit and fascia accounted per sqft


RoofingRoofingMajor components:

– Insulation

Types– Built-up

– Waterproofing membrane– Protective surfacing– Flashing and counterflashing

– Single Ply– Metal– Shingles/tiles g g

– Metal perimeter terminationTake off quantities:Roof insulations and felps: per sqftBitumen: weight per sqft converted to total weightBitumen: weight per sqft converted to total weightMineral surfacing: weight per sqft convereted to total weightFlashings, counterflashings, gravel stop and wood: per lftSealant material: per lftT i i b lftTrim pieces: by lftShingles and tiles: Gutters and downspouts: by lftStucco: by sqft may be converted to sqy


y q y qyExterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS): bysqft

Firestop systems and sprayed fi fifireproofing

Firestop systems Sprayed fireproofingFirestop systems• Materials used to fill the

space around

Sprayed fireproofing• Material is directly

sprayed on a building’s ppenetrations through walls and floors

• Measured in cft

p y gstructural component to achieve fire endurance rating• Measured in cft rating

• Measured in cft


DIV. 8 OPENINGSDIV. 8 OPENINGS


SubdivisionsSubdivisions

• 08 00 00 Openings08 00 00 Openings• 08 10 00 Doors and Frames• 08 30 00 Specialty Doors and Framesp y• 08 40 00 Entrances, Storefronts, and

Curtain Walls08 50 00 Wi d• 08 50 00 Windows

• 08 60 00 Roof Windows and Skylights• 08 70 00 Hardware• 08 70 00 Hardware• 08 80 00 Glazing• 08 90 00 Louvers and Vents


08 90 00 Louvers and Vents

OpeningsOpenings

•Openings consist of:Openings consist of:– Doors– FramesFrames– Glazing– Hardware to cover the openingsa d a e to co e t e ope gs

For both interior and exterior openingsFor both interior and exterior openings


DoorsDoors

• Include residential prehung doorsInclude residential prehung doors, commercial wood and hollow metal doors

• Most plans have a door schedule with an• Most plans have a door schedule with an ID

• Each door has a unique identification• Each door has a unique identification, each type of door typically has a unique identification tooidentification too.

• Doors are counted items


Door typesDoor types

•Doors typically are swing or slidingDoors typically are swing or sliding•Glass residential sliding doors are provided by window suppliers and are accountedby window suppliers, and are accounted under windows.


DoorsDoors

• Doors can be classified as panel flush orDoors can be classified as panel, flush or slab and combinations of them.

• Doors can be made of metal wood or• Doors can be made of metal, wood or plastic.

• For metal doors there is a metal frame• For metal doors, there is a metal frame welded together and installed during the rough framing or masonry installation Therough framing or masonry installation. The door can be installed at a later day.


DoorsDoors

• Doors can be manufactured in standardDoors can be manufactured in standard size or custom made

• Doors are counted items• Doors are counted items


Door HardwareDoor HardwareSometimes the door comes with frame and all hardware If not you need to include:• Hinges• Locksets

hardware. If not you need to include:

• Cylinders,• Doorstops• Thresholds• Weather stripping• ClosersClosers• Panic hardware


WindowsWindows

• Windows can be classified as fixed glassWindows can be classified as fixed glass, sliding glass, single or double hung, awning hopper casement projectedawning, hopper, casement, projected, jalouisie or a combination of them.

Awning Windows Fixed Windows Jalousie Windows

Casement Windows

Double Hung Windows Bay Windows

Hopper Windows


WindowsWindows

• Include windows and sliding glass doorsInclude windows and sliding glass doors• Each window has a unique identification,

each type of window typically has a uniqueeach type of window typically has a unique identification too.

• Windows are counted items• Windows are counted items


José A. Faria, Ph.D. - Florida International University

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