John Locke Second Treatise on Government. Locke’s Second Treatise I.Biographical/Historical...
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Transcript of John Locke Second Treatise on Government. Locke’s Second Treatise I.Biographical/Historical...
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John Locke
Second Treatise on Government
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Locke’s Second Treatise
I. Biographical/Historical Background
II. State of Nature One
III. Freedom, Liberty, and License
IV. Property and Labor
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I. Historical Background
John Locke (1632 – 1704) Enters Oxford in 1651
Studies philosophy, natural history, medicine
Becomes physician and advisor to First Earl of Shaftesbury (big Whig politician)
Reign of Charles II, Charles dies in 1685
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I. Historical Background
Line of succession issue (Catholic vs. Protestant)
Locke – through Shaftesbury – gets implicated in plot to assassinate James
Leaves England for Holland in 1683 Begins to write anonymous political pamphlets,
including the Two Treatises on Government (1689)
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I. Historical Background 1688 “Glorious Revolution” in
England Replace the Catholic line from
James with William and Mary (both Protestant)
Locke was an advisor to William while the two of them were in Holland together
In exchange for throne, William & Mary agreed to a more limited, constitutional monarchy
Signed “Toleration Act” which allowed for religious toleration for most faiths (except Catholicism and Unitarianism)
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I. Historical Background
Locke lives out his days on government pension
… without further ado, Locke’s Second Treatise
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II. State of Nature 1
Locke begins Chapter 2: “To understand political power right, and derive it
from its original, me must consider what state all men are naturally in…”
What we need to know, then, is the natural condition of mankind
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II. State of Nature 1
Continuing with the quote from the opening of Chapter 2
“… and that is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions, and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of Nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man.”
What does that mean?
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II. State of Nature 1
Individuals living in state of nature Also seems we need to know 3 things:
1. Freedom
2. Law of nature
3. Property Rights
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
Two senses of freedom at work here Free from any social bonds, which means
Not dependent on the will of any other people I can do “X” without asking someone else’s approval
to do “X” Bear in mind, he is saying that this freedom is natural;
that we naturally are free from any social constraints or relations
Note: to this point in human history, very few people could be said to enjoy freedom in this sense
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
But it’s not just any freedom, rather it’s freedom in accord with “the law of nature”
And that law is: “The state of Nature has a law of Nature to
govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions” (chp.2, par 6).
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
We get 2 arguments to support this view:1. Religious
Each of us is created in God’s image We don’t have the right to destroy ourselves (as we
are God’s creatures), so we can’t have the right to destroy others like us
2. Secular “equal and independent” phrase Moral sympathy and rationality
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
Summary In state of nature we have freedom, which is life in
accordance with the law of nature Distinction between liberty and license For Locke, liberty is not the right to do everything,
but rather to do anything in accordance with the law of nature
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
But…How can I be free if I must obey a law?
??
?? ?
??
?Does freedom mean doing anything you want to do?
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
Drug addict example Do I want to be the kind of person who smokes
crack? Do I want to smoke crack now? Or now? Or.. Only the first person is truly free Freer in that life is more fully an expression of
your own will When following the laws of nature, you are
following the dictates of your own reason and nothing else
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
In other words, freedom does not mean war… it means peace!
Think of interpersonal interaction … do we need a sovereign to tell us what is right?
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
So, for Locke, a state of nature is when we are all free, indeed it is a state of perfect freedom
Also a state of equality, since no one is forced to submit to any authority higher than the dictates of her own reason
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
Chapter 2“A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another: there being nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species and rank promiscuously born to all the same advantages of Nature, and the use of the same faculties, should also be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection, unless the Lord and Master of them all, should by any manifest declaration of his will set one above another, and confer on him by an evident and clear appointment an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.”
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
For Hobbes, freedom and equality were in large measure responsible for the state of nature being a war of all against all
For Locke, freedom and equality lead to a radically different situation
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
“Men living together according to reason, without a common superior on Earth, with authority to judge between them, is properly the state of Nature” (chp. 3, par. 19).
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III. Freedom, Liberty, License
Which raises the question of why we would ever leave the state of nature? Why not anarchy?
Do we find any problems lurking in the state of nature????
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IV. Property & Labor
Source of Private Property?
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IV. Property & Labor
2 Caveats though: no spoilage must leave as good in kind for others to
appropriate that is, after you take your share, there’s still enough
left for others to take their share
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V. State of Nature 2
Add money economy Effect on our relations?
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Individuals
Wealth
A B C D
Inequality in the State of Nature I
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Individuals
Wealth
A B C D
Inequality in the State of Nature I
Rough Equality
(chp. 5,par. 37; par 41)
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Individuals
Wealth
A B C D
Inequality in the State of Nature 2
After the introduction of a money economy,inequality becomes much more extreme
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Individuals
Wealth
A B C D
Inequality in the State of Nature 2
After the introduction of a money economy,inequality becomes much more extreme
But everyone is better off(chp. 5, par. 47)
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VI. Mutual Advantage & the Social Contract
If we have social relations... And we have economic relations... Why do we need political relations? Why won’t people be able to get along? Why do we need politics?
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Don’t Cooperate
Don’t Cooperate
Cooperate
Cooperate
Prisoners’ Dilemma
4 , 1
3 , 3 1 , 4
2 , 2
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VII. Prisoners’ Dilemma
Symbolic Form: We’re in a Prisoner’s Dilemma situation
whenever:
T > R > P > S
Temptation to defect > Rewards of Cooperation
Rewards > Punishment for Not Cooperating
Punishment > Sucker’s Payoff
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VII. Prisoners’ Dilemma
Note that even if we start at the cooperative outcome, that outcome is not stable
Each player can improve his/her position by adopting a different strategy 4 = best option (Temptation) 3 = 2nd best option (Reward) 2 = 2nd worst option (Punishment) 1 = worst option (Sucker
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Don’t Cooperate
Don’t Cooperate
Cooperate
Cooperate
Prisoners’ Dilemma
4 , 1
3 , 3 1 , 4
2 , 2
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VII. Prisoners’ Dilemma
But since both players have changed strategy we end up at the non-cooperative outcome, where both players are worse off than if they had chosen to cooperate
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Don’t Cooperate
Don’t Cooperate
Cooperate
Cooperate
Prisoners’ Dilemma
4 , 1
3 , 3 1 , 4
2 , 2
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VII. Prisoners’ Dilemma
And, as we noted, this non-cooperative outcome is also a Nash equilibrium outcome
Neither player has any incentive to change strategy since whoever changes will do immediately worse by making the move
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Don’t Cooperate
Don’t Cooperate
Cooperate
Cooperate
Prisoners’ Dilemma
4 , 1
3 , 3 1 , 4
2 , 2
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VIII.Mutual Advantage and the Social Contract
Prevent defections and allow for cooperative behavior
What kind of political life? Need to insure that everyone agrees to terms of
contract What sort of terms would arise?
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Sovereign
We the People
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Sovereign
We the People
Reciprocal Obligations
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Sovereign
We the People
The Social ContractBinds the Sovereign andthe People
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VIII.Mutual Advantage and the Social Contract
Locke’s Social Contract then includes: Rights to protect us against the government Popular sovereignty Legislative power supreme (rather than the
executive as in a monarchy) Basis for this -- fundamental equality of all human
beings