John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High School.
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The Age of Revolution John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High School
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Transcript of John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High School.
The Age of Revolution
John ErmerAP World History
Miami Beach Senior High School
Dutch, French, & English replace Spain & Portugal as main
economic and colonizing powers England & France compete for superiority
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) “The Great War For Empire” fought between France & Britain in
India & N.A. Called “French & Indian War” France ran N.A. colonies like trading area (fur, leather, fish &
timber) British N.A. more populated, wealthier (1750: 1 million people) Two main areas of fighting:
Gulf of St. Lawrence Ohio River Valley
War, Crisis, & the Enlightenment
French & Indian War
British Prime Minister William Pitt, wants to destroy French Empire, replace it with a British Empire Concentrates British resources on the war in the colonies,
not the European theater France winning at first, but naval losses leave it unable to
support army 1759: Britain wins battle of the Plains of Abraham
(Quebec) under Gen. Wolfe British take Montreal, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio River
Valley from France Treaty of Paris: France gives Britain Canada, land east of
Mississippi River As ally of France, Spain gives Britain control of Florida,
but get Louisiana from France 1763: Great Britain is world’s greatest colonial power
The Enlightenment
New philosophy applies Scientific Revolution to social and governmental problems
John Locke: Gov’t gets legitimacy from the people, individual rights are paramount
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Same thoughts on legitimacy, but thinks people act collectively due to past shared experiences Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations—Laissez-Faire Economics Rene Decartes, Cesare Baccaria, Francis Bacon
Counter Enlightenment breeds conservative & anti-democratic movements
Benjamin Franklin is standard barer for critics of Old World
Two policies upset American colonists:
Britain raises taxes on its N. Amer. colonies to mitigate war debt and any future military expenses to defend colonies The Stamp Act of 1765
Britain closes western frontier from colonial settlement Sons of Liberty—New English activist organization
Boycotts cut British imports by 2/3 Parliament cuts taxes Upsets colonists by granting tea monopoly to British E.
India Co. Boston Tea Party & Boston Massacre
Rebellion In British N.A.
1775: First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia
Fighting erupts in New England (Lexington & Concord) Assumes power of gov., raises army, issues currency George Washington chosen to lead army
Declaration of Independence Constitutional Convention creates democratic republic
Only white, male property owners can vote Women gain modest influence with independence
Many European powers see helping Americans as way to spite British France: arms, money, officers for training; king recognizes the United
States (1778) Spain & The Netherlands also offer support
1781: General Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown
1783: Treaty of Paris ends war, establishes an independent American state
The American Revolution
French revolution directly challenges the power of
monarchies, the Catholic Church, and landed aristocracy
French society divided into three classes (estates): First Estate: Clergy Second Estate: Nobility/Aristocracy Third Estate: merchants, bourgeoisie, peasants
All three estates represented in Estates General, one vote per
Wars almost bankrupt France Kings Louis XV & XVI issue emergency financial
controls Parliament and local govs unhappy with kings’
power/rule
Revolution Spreads
King Louis XVI calls first meeting of the Estates-
General since 1614 to raise taxes, Third Estate overruled by others Many priests join Third Estate to form National
Assembly Locked out of Parliament, meeting places, find tennis
court The Tennis Court Oath
July 14, 1789: Storming of the Bastille Declaration of the Rights of Man Women storm palace, seizure of church lands, war
The French Revolution
July 14: Bastille Day
New gov. the National Convention to run the war Jacobin radicals dominate Convention
Girondine: feared mobs, king alive Mountain: wanted king dead
Maximilien Robspierre King put to death by guillotine—1793, form republic Committee of Public Safety (CPS) assumes executive power
40,000 people executed, 300,000 arrested (women & Catholics) New calendar, Notre Dame converted to “temple of reason”
Robspierre overthrown, executed—July 27, 1794 New government=the Directory
The Reign of Terror
Directory=dictatorship
1799: Directory overthrown by Napoleon 1803: New war against Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Prussia Austria, Russia and Prussia quickly defeated Grand Empire= French Empire, “dependent states” and allies of
France 1802-1812: Napoleon is master of Europe Britain survives because of powerful navy Naval superiority makes British almost invulnerable Britain defeats French-Spanish navy at Trafalgar Napoleon tries to cut British goods from reaching European markets Other Europeans don’t like being told who to do business with, rebel British colonies still making it money
Napoleon Bonapart
Coronation of Napoleon
Fall of Napoleon
French revolutionary ideals promote a cultural unity known as Nationalism
1812: Napoleon invades Russia, when they refuse Continental System Napoleon wants to make example of them Russians refuse to fight, run for hundreds of miles, burning cities so
French can’t use them French arrive in a burning Moscow French army heads home in winter, freeze Other Europeans stand up to Napoleon Paris captured in March 1814 Napoleon exiled to island of Elba Bourbon monarchy restored—King Louis XVIII—former king’s brother King not supported, Napoleon slips back into Fr. Soldiers sent to arrest Napoleon, they take his side and escort him to
Paris in triumph Battle of Waterloo: Britain & Prussia defeat N
Napoleon Leaving Russia
Slave rebellion in French colony of Saint Domingue
Army lead by Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture
Plantations over run, French lose grip on control Napoleon sends army to reestablish colonial control 1804: Haiti declares independence
Congress of Vienna (1814-15) reestablishes Old Order
Revolutions of 1848 Revolts against the Old Order across Europe, fueled
by Nationalism
Other Revolutions
